Physical education teaching methods. Brief characteristic of sports training methods Physical culture methods

The uniform training method consists in the continuous performance of work (for example, running) of moderate intensity, which contributes to the improvement of aerobic processes in the body.

Continuous work of varying intensity is at the heart of the variable training method. Physical load with this method is increased by increasing the duration of low-intensity work (for example, alternating running at medium or high speed with slow running). The ability to switch from one exercise mode to another allows you to improve your general (and special) endurance. The value of the variable method lies in the fact that monotony can be avoided, due to the change in the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system, to ensure high efficiency of the organism.

Repetition of loads with sufficient rest intervals between them is the essence of the repeated training method. For example, in running, this method is characterized by the use of both standard and different in length and intensity segments, repeated at intervals of rest that were not planned in advance (in terms of time or distance of slow recovery running). The combination of loads creates favorable preconditions for maintaining physical strength, performing subsequent work at a sufficiently high speed.

In sports training, methods are used that allow alternating work and rest, and regulate motor activity. Taking into account the peculiarities of sports, there are continuous, alternating, repetitive, interval, competitive, game and control methods, circular training.

Continuous (uniform) method -it is continuous and prolonged work of moderate intensity for the development of general endurance. It is used in swimming, running, skiing, cycling in the preparatory period of training (training), before competitions (specifying the competitive distance), in active rest. The training is carried out at a sufficiently high functional level (heart rate - 140-160 beats / min), the duration of work is significantly increased (from 15-20 minutes to one hour or more), the intensity increases moderately.

Variable method- This is the performance of continuous work in different rhythms and with varying intensity, speed, pace and power. Such work places increased demands on the functional capabilities of the athlete's body. Used in; cyclic sports - running, long-distance swimming, rowing - for the development of general and special endurance.

This method allows you to vary the dynamics of the load and correct it, to increase the intensity of the exercises. The duration of work is significant - from 30 to 120 minutes or more (marathon, walking and long-distance running, road racing). When using this method, aerobic and anaerobic processes are improved, the ability to resist fatigue.

A variation of the variable method is fartlek(from Swedish - "speed game") - intensive running for medium and long distances over rough terrain with a change of speed (jerks) in certain sections. Fartlek is used in the training of experienced babies

Chapter 13. Selection methods in sports and sports training characteristic

guns who are able to independently and correctly assess the intensity of training.

Repeated method- Repeated performance of exercises with strictly dosed loads and rest, ensuring complete recovery of the body after exercise. It is used in cyclic and acyclic sports to improve speed-strength qualities, special endurance in the form of running with maximum speed and repetition of segments.

When using this method, athletics, weightlifting, gymnastic and other acyclic movements are performed many times, with certain intervals of rest. For example, gymnasts in one lesson do up to 400 elements, 15-20 combinations (although in competitions they need to do five). The duration of the exercises is from a few seconds (gymnastic combination, lifting the barbell) to 1 minute or more (running, walking). The repeated method has a training effect on athletes.

Interval method- This is a repetition of work of a sufficiently high power at certain, regulated intervals of rest, which do not provide a complete restoration of working capacity before performing the next series of exercises that are performed against the background of fatigue. Such training helps to increase the athlete's readiness through the use of all the functional reserves of the body.

The intensity of the exercises is equal to 75-95% of the competition, the rest for the athlete is regulated by the recovery time of the heart rate to the optimum. The heart rate can be very high (up to 200 bpm and more bpm), by the end of the rest pause - 120-140 bpm. The interval method is used in many sports for the development of endurance, strength, speed endurance, speed.

Repeated repetition of short-term exercises helps to improve aerobic processes (swimming several times 50-meter segments, "hundred meters", performing combinations in figure skating and gymnastics). Anaerobic processes improve with an increase in the intensity of the load, when the oxygen debt increases.

Rest intervals, depending on their duration, are divided into maximum, minimum and optimal. Maximum or sufficient rest helps to relieve fatigue, allows you to increase the load, while reducing the overall training effect. The minimum (hard) rest makes it possible to take

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change the next load against the background of significant fatigue, under-recovery, without taking into account the functional state of the body.

This training is done with well-trained athletes. The optimal rest intervals are individualized and allow you to carefully adjust the load. Optimal interval training involves control and self-control over the functional state. This method is one of the important ways to increase fitness, improve such qualities as speed and endurance, and contributes to the individual dosage of the load.

Competitive methodinvolves the performance of exercises and actions in conditions that copy the competition, containing elements of maximum stress, which allows the body to adapt to those loads that occur during performances, or exceed them. The conditions of competition in training, their modeling (struggle with a conditional rival, estimates, control training, sparring, handicaps) cause deep functional changes, affect the athlete's psyche, and adapt the body to future starts. This method is used in: the training process for the education of mental stability, the formation of mental readiness for competitions, comparing their readiness and competitors.

Game methodit is used when conducting trainings with specially created playing conditions, performing exercises, techniques and actions. In gymnastics, for example, this is a game for the best performance of a connection or part of a combination, for a greater number of power (various lifts) or swing movements (circles with two "legs on a horse), in sports games - actions according to simplified rules." pitchfork, in running - holding relay races, in weightlifting - juggling with weights. It develops independence, increases emotions, improves physical and mental qualities.

Circular training- a special form of organizing sports activities, which is based on multiple sequential performance of exercises at separate "points" for the development of strength, strength endurance, flexibility. With the help of simulators and devices, one can selectively influence the underdeveloped "points" of the main actions in the chosen sport.

Means and methods of training, high loads increase efficiency, but cause fatigue in athletes. Therefore, such recovery means are used as rest, autogenous

Chapter 13. Selection methods in sports and characteristics of sports training

and psycho-regulatory workouts, self-massage massages, water procedures, physiotherapy, steam bath. Means of relaxation and psychohygiene have a positive effect on the central nervous system, blood circulation, improve the elasticity of the muscular system, help restore strength and relieve fatigue.

In the principles of sports trainingthe general didactic foundations of pedagogy and the requirements for the coach, due to the peculiarities of his work, are expressed. In the training process, the general principles of training and education are implemented: the connection between education and life, consciousness and activity, independence, accessibility, systematicity, clarity, consistency, individualization.

The principles require coaches to constantly care for the formation of an athlete as a person, fostering his worldview and conviction. A coach is a teacher and educator, he carries out the education of athletes in the process of training sessions.

The principle of the connection between education and life, with the tasks facing the athlete, requires the formation of an active life position, the desire to influence the solution of the tasks facing the team. Athletes should know the prospects of performing at the upcoming competitions, fight for the honor of the country at international competitions.

Features of sports training require the application of specific principles, which include: in-depth specialization and focus on higher achievements; unity of general and special training of an athlete; continuity of the training process; a gradual increase in loads and bringing them to maximum values; cyclicity of the training process.

In-depth specialization and focus on higher achievements lies in the fact that an athlete and a coach determine a sports specialty for the future, professional (in relation to sports) activities. In athletics, you can only be a jumper or a short-distance runner, in shooting - a rifle shooter, in gymnastics, where trainees master the all-around, choose their favorite sport (crossbar, floor exercise) and try to achieve great success in it.

The search for individually gifted athletes, the disclosure of their capabilities is an important part of the work of coaches. Along with specialization, sport directs the activity of an individual to achieve high results available for a given individual. High score ^

238 THEORY AND METHODS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT ___________

it is the fruit of a great deal of work, many years of training, a rational combination of physical, technical, psychological and tactical training.

The maximum achievement (record or occupied place) is of great educational value, plays a significant social and pedagogical role, as it characterizes the purposefulness, effectiveness of the training process. To achieve the planned result, the correct organization of training is necessary, the use of rational means and methods, in-depth specialists. training.

The unity of the general and special training of an athlete is an important principle that implies such a construction of training, when an athlete prepares comprehensively, learns, educates, increases his functional capabilities, i.e. develops spiritually and physically. Only on the basis of general training can special training be properly carried out. Motor skills and abilities, as well as physical qualities are more fully developed on the basis of comprehensive training; athletes with good physical training, more quickly master new forms of movements, elements, techniques and actions.

In the educational process, both general and special (based on general) training are constantly carried out. At the beginning of the training process, more time is devoted to general training, then to special training. For example, in the preparatory period of training, athletes use various general exercises (walking, running, lifting weights) aimed at fundamental training. As they improve their physical and functional capabilities, they use more training exercises that are necessary for the particular sport and the development of its inherent qualities.

Continuity of the training process is a prerequisite for achieving high results and ensuring stable performance. If earlier training was carried out depending on the calendar, now the training process is long-term and year-round, which provides functional adaptation and pedagogical effect. Adaptation of the body to high loads occurs more purposefully, and its effect in the process of each session is layered on the "traces" of the previous one, is fixed and deepened in training.

Chapter 13. Selection methods in sports and characteristics of sports training 239

Continuity of training helps to improve the performance of athletes. It has a significant effect on the formation of motor skills, since it has been established by practice that constant training stabilizes the technique of performing exercises, improves the ability to learn new elements and techniques.

During the week, outstanding athletes train two to three times a day, from 12 to 15 times a week, while the classes can be different, their number and load depend on the timing of the competition, the training period and the level of preparedness. Each lesson is built with a certain dosage and breaks necessary for recovery. This contributes to the creation of the most favorable conditions for the highest performance in an athlete.

A gradual increase in loads and bringing them to maximum values \u200b\u200bis a principle based on the body's ability to replenish energy costs and exceed the reserve capabilities of a person during the recovery period, which is commonly called "super recovery".

A gradual increase in functional loads increases the functional, mental capabilities of the body. In the process of continuous training sessions, the athlete is affected by the load, the requirements for physical, technical, mental, tactical training, which mobilizes the student to perform a large amount of work and competitive actions.

The dynamics of loads logically leads to the use of additional loads in the classroom, exceeding the competitive ones. If we take the competitive load as a conventional unit, then in training it increases 2-3 times or more. So, swimmers in competitions swim up to 1500 m, in training - 15-20 km per day. Gymnasts in the course of one competition day perform up to 200 elements and 10 combinations, in the classroom - up to 300-400 and 15. Weightlifters on the platform do up to six approaches to the bar, during warm-up - 15-20. In the course of training, these data increase 2-4 times. Skaters, skiers, and representatives of other sports are doing a great job.

The maximum loads must be applied taking into account the individual characteristics, functional capabilities of the athlete. You should not be afraid of heavy loads, since human capabilities are extremely high. Limiting loads are transferred (after

240 THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT ___________

gradual increase), not only highly qualified sportsmen, but also athletes involved in mass sports.

A rational increase and decrease in training loads allows you to vary with different activities during the training! cycle, which is associated with the interaction of the processes of fatigue and recovery. At the same time, the dynamics of loads is such that thanks to their rapid increase and strictly regulated rest, the athlete is trained and his body adapts to the conditions of the competition.

Loads during the week can be light, medium, and heavy. For example, athletes train with a low load on Monday, on Tuesday with an average load, on Wednesday with a large one, on Thursday with a low load, on Friday with an average load, on Saturday - with a large one. During the week, the load varies, and in the last three days it is slightly higher than in the first.

The cyclicity of the training process -one of the basic principles on which sports training is built. A cycle is a relatively complete part of the preparation process, which includes individual lessons, stages and periods. Cycles are small (microcycles), medium (mesocycles), large (macrocycles). Training is a cycle that has its own tasks, which are set for the coach and the student. The cycles are repeated, but in each new cycle the level of the training process rises, and the fitness of the athletes also improves. For successful preparation, a plan and timetable are drawn up for each cycle.

In the training and education of both young and adult athletes, an individual approach is important. Knowledge of the student's personal abilities, character traits helps to select the necessary means and methods for a rational impact on him.

Individualization contributes to the correct choice of a sports specialty and further improvement. It is especially important when using maximum loads, dosages in training simulating competition conditions.

General didactic and specific principles and methods of sports training are the foundation of the training of athletes, they are in unity and interact with each other, they "apply to each lesson and long-term training process. The main attention of coaches in training an athlete is drawn to educational work, improving all-round qualities. personality.

Chapter 13. Selection methods in sports and characteristics of sports training 241

Control tasks

1. Describe the main directions of the selection of children
for sports.

2. Make up a set of measures for the recovery of athletes after
intense workouts.

3. Expand the concept of "special exercises", for example,
for the weightlifter.

4. Determine the number of dvu in one training session.
jennies and combinations performed by the gymnast.

5. What is the way in which you can determine the dynamics on
loads from breaststroke swimmers during the training
lessons.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

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Characteristics of sports training

Sports training means a specially organized pedagogical process aimed at achieving high sports results in the chosen sport.

Sports training is organized within the framework of the systemic use of physical exercises, on the one hand, and their combination with rest and other means of restoring the body, which provide a systematic increase in fitness, on the other. Fitness is a measure of the body's adaptation to a specific job, achieved through training. It is expressed in the growth of working capacity, and ultimately in the growth of sports achievements.

The increase in athletic performance in children, adolescents and young men depends on their natural growth and training. Therefore, sports training in childhood affects not only the result, but also the course of the natural growth of a young athlete's body. This impact can be positive, negative or neutral.

Sports training of adolescents and young men can be considered correct only if it causes positive anatomical and physiological changes in the body, has a health-improving effect, promotes all-round physical development and ensures an increase in results in the chosen sport. This can be achieved only if the size of the training loads corresponds to the age characteristics of the trainees, the degree of their preparedness.

Coaching is a form of athlete training. Preparation is a broader concept than training. The training of young athletes should be considered as a long-term pedagogical process aimed at using the entire set of training and extra-training means, methods, forms, conditions (competitions, lifestyle, specialized nutrition, means and methods of recovery, lectures and conversations on ethical and other topics, independent work with literature, demonstration of videos and films, etc.), with the help of which the all-round development of the personality of young athletes and the necessary degree of readiness for sports achievements are ensured. The readiness of athletes to achieve is characterized by the corresponding level of development of physical qualities - strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, dexterity (physical fitness), the degree of mastery of technique and tactics (technical and tactical readiness), the necessary level of development of mental and personal properties (psychological readiness), corresponding level of knowledge (theoretical preparedness).

The main directions of the long-term training process are determined by the goals and objectives. In the process of sports training, a variety of general and specific tasks are solved, based on the goal - to achieve the greatest possible success in sports. Setting goals, objectives and principles of training is necessary in the implementation of training plans. The goal is a requirement that comes from the needs and functions of our state. Technological progress in the field of production does not remove, but increases the requirements for the physical development and physical fitness of students.

Sports training tools

A tool is what is used to solve certain problems. The complex of means of sports training consists of: physical and ideomotor exercises, healing forces of nature, hygienic factors.

Physical exercise is a movement that is used to accomplish specific tasks. Physical exercise is the main and specific means of sports training. To solve the main tasks of the training process - training, education of physical qualities and improvement in the chosen sport - a variety of exercises are used. They are divided into four main groups.

The first group is competitive exercises inherent in this sport. Competitive exercises are a subject of specialization and are performed in accordance with the conditions of the competition. Young athletes begin to use competitive exercises when children and adolescents need to compete for the first time, i.e. at the stage of initial sports specialization (after one to two years of training).

The second group - preparatory special (specific) exercises designed for training and development of physical and volitional qualities. These exercises are selected according to the requirements of the chosen sport. In addition, special exercises should be similar in form and structure of movements to the elements of the chosen sport. These exercises are called specially preparatory exercises. They are subdivided into leading and developing.

Leading exercises are aimed mainly at mastering the form, technique of movements. Developing exercises are aimed at developing functional capabilities (speed, strength, agility, flexibility, endurance). Leading exercises are essential for mastering technique and improving the sport. Developmental exercises are designed to develop physical (motor) qualities.

The third group is general developmental physical exercises for all-round physical development (for example, bending, squatting, swinging, exercises with objects, etc.)

The fourth group - exercises from other sports in which the athlete does not specialize. Exercises in this group are used for versatile physical fitness.

The feasibility of practicing any exercise is determined by the benefits that they can bring to increase the functional capabilities of the body. Therefore, the trainees need to know the influence of physical exercises and the physiological "cost" of a particular exercise. Exercises involve various muscle groups in vigorous activity. Due to this, a number of physiological, mental, biochemical and other processes occur in the human body that cause changes in both the motor and vegetative spheres.

A person has more than 600 muscles. However, depending on the physical exercise, the number of their inclusion in the work is different. So, for example, in the process of walking, about 150 muscles work, in running - about 300. The more active muscle work, the more blood it requires. It should be emphasized that muscular work stimulates the activity of all human organs. And the heart is the most important organ, contracting like a powerful pump, continuously drives blood through the vessels.

Every cell, every organ and the human body as a whole are accustomed to a certain metabolic rate, which is largely determined by muscle work.

Speaking of the heart and blood vessels, several figures and facts should be cited. At rest, with beats 70 times per minute, the heart makes about 100 thousand contractions per day, 3 million per month, 36 million per year, from 3 to 4 billion and more throughout life. In one reduction, it throws 50 to 80 ml of blood into the vascular system, and in 70 years it pumps 150 - 180 thousand tons or more of blood. The total length of blood vessels in the human body reaches 100 thousand km. If you stretch the capillaries in one line, then they can "wrap" our planet 2.5 times.

Recent studies have found that the heart has "colleagues" in work - peripheral hearts. It turned out that each skeletal muscle in relation to blood circulation is not only a flow-through vascular system and a blood consumer, but also a self-sustaining organ, a powerful pump. On the basis of research, it was proved that the pumping function of the peripheral "heart" surpasses even the central heart in terms of the obtained effect. Skeletal muscle is considered as a physiological vibrator that simultaneously performs two functions: mechanical work and ensuring its own (blood supply) blood circulation.

The detection of an intramuscular peripheral "heart" makes it possible to take a new approach to the directed training of human muscles to facilitate the activity of the heart. Therefore, targeted funds must be sought for skeletal muscle. These means include exercises on training devices. Sports achievements and physical education in the present and in the future are inconceivable without special complexes of training devices that provide targeted training of intramuscular "hearts".

Additional training means are technical means and simulators necessary for general and special training of an athlete. Simulators equipped with monitoring and control devices are currently a new means, even more specialized, aimed at improving sports training. The use of technical means and simulators contributes to the rapid formation of motor skills, the development of the necessary physical qualities and diversifies the educational and training process.

Ideomotor exercises are repeated mental reproduction of a motor action with a focus on decisive phases before its actual implementation. Their effect is based on motor functional reactions that occur in a person at the time of the idea of \u200b\u200bmovement.

Repeated mental performance of a physical exercise, its part, element, ligament allows you to quickly master technique and tactics, develop creative initiative, successfully apply technical and tactical techniques in a new situation, tune in to the upcoming performance of a motor action, promotes a more complete manifestation of physical and volitional qualities.

Sports training methods

Method - a way to achieve a set goal, a certain way of ordered activity. Sports training methods are aimed at the formation and improvement of skills and abilities, as well as the education of the physical qualities of athletes. The method gives an answer to the question of how to use the means in the process of a training session.

There are three groups of methods:

methods of teaching technique;

methods of teaching tactics;

methods of performing exercises for the development of physical qualities.

Sports training methods must be selected and determined in accordance with the tasks and conditions of training: time, place, group composition, stage of sports training, the health status of athletes, and other circumstances. In sports training, methods of controlling various aspects of an athlete's readiness, methods of predicting sports results, selection methods, etc. are also used.

A separate method is revealed by many methodological techniques of different nature, which are united by a common goal and a single approach to its solution. Methodological techniques are a part of one method or another, elements expressing individual actions of the trainer and students in the process of their mutual activity, complementing and concretizing the method.

Let's consider the essence and features of the main specific methods of sports training.

Methods of using words and providing visualization. With the help of the methods of using the word, theoretical information is reported, specific tasks are set, the attitude of athletes to the fulfillment of training tasks is formed. These methods are used in the management of activities, analysis and assessment of the results achieved, mistakes made, education of moral, volitional and other personal qualities of athletes.

The main methods of the word, which are used to transfer theoretical information on technique, tactics, competition rules and other issues, are: lecture, story, description, instructions, explanations, conversation, tasks, analysis, etc. To guide the trainees during the lesson are used: orders , orders, commands, counting, verbal signaling. To evaluate and stimulate activity, value judgment, assessment, approval, self-management, self-pronunciation, self-orders are used.

Many of the methods of speech (lecture, self-orders, etc.) are used less when working with students of primary school age than in working with older adolescents, since the ability for analytical abstract thinking in young children is poorly developed. Therefore, it is necessary to explain to them the technique of physical exercises extremely concretely and expressively.

In working with older school age, word methods are used more. This is favored by the increasing role of the second signaling system in adolescents. Adolescents are increasingly showing the ability to operate with abstract concepts, distinguish the essential from the non-essential, deeply and fully and analyze the technique of the exercise being studied, etc. In classes with them, you can successfully use lectures, orders, self-orders, etc.

Methods for providing visibility are used to create visual, auditory, motor images, representations in the process of technical, tactical, physical training. These include various forms of natural demonstration: showing the technique of physical exercises (as a whole or by elements, slowly or at a normal pace); "Feeling" the movements with the help of specially designed simulators, etc. The methods of visibility also include: demonstration of posters, drawings, diagrams and other visual aids; photo-, film-, video-demonstration recreating the technical and tactical actions of individual athletes or the team as a whole; sound demonstration - recreating the sound picture of any movement with the help of voice, claps, special technical devices (metronome, tape recorder), as well as sound leaders and devices for urgent sound information about the progress of movements during their improvement; light signal demonstration - light leaders and devices of urgent light information in the study, improvement of movements and control of the speed of running, swimming, etc .; subject landmarks indicating the direction, range of motion, dynamics of applied efforts.

Methods for providing visibility are of particular importance when teaching the technique of movements for young athletes of younger age. Their attention is not stable enough, often has an involuntary character. They are prone to imitation. Therefore, in classes with them, the role of showing is essential. To create complete and accurate motor, visual and auditory sensations, it is also necessary to make wider use of object landmarks and limiters, sound and light alarms. These techniques allow children to feel if they are performing the movements correctly.

In classes with young middle-aged athletes, along with subject landmarks, sound and light demonstrations, they use drawings, posters, photo, film, video demonstrations, because adolescents already have a certain amount of knowledge, technical and tactical skills and abilities.

In classes with older boys, when studying and improving the technique of exercises, the demonstration is distinguished by greater detail, a faster pace of exercise performance and a lower number of repetitions. Simulators are used to feel the movements.

Most visualization techniques are used in conjunction with word techniques.

Exercise methods.

Sports training methods based on the athlete's motor activity are conventionally divided into two groups:

methods of highly regulated exercise;

methods regarding regulated exercise.

The first group includes: methods of holistic and dismembered exercises, used mainly when learning the technique of movements; uniform, variable, interval, repeated, complex (re-progressing, standard-variable, circular, etc.), which are used to improve motor skills, educate volitional and moral qualities.

The second group includes playing, competitive methods.

The practical use of the methods largely depends on the laws of the natural development of the organism, the specialization and fitness of the athlete.

The essence of the holistic exercise method is that the learned exercise is performed as a whole, i.e. athletes master the exercise technique immediately after demonstration and explanation. This method is used when learning the simplest exercises or when studying complex motor actions that cannot be dismembered.

The method of the dismembered exercise provides for the dismemberment of a complex technical action into relatively independent elements that are learned in isolation, and only after a certain working out they are combined into a holistic action. This method is used to study, improve, consolidate and correct individual parts of the whole exercise.

The uniform method is characterized by the fact that young athletes perform physical exercise continuously for a relatively long time with constant intensity, trying to maintain a given speed. Constant pace, rhythm, amount of effort, range of motion. Depending on the tasks to be solved, exercises can be performed at low, medium and maximum intensity. The training effect of a uniform method on the body is provided during the period of work. The increase in load is achieved by increasing either the duration or the intensity of the exercise. With an increase in the intensity of the work, its duration, of course, decreases, and vice versa. The uniform method is used at all stages of long-term studies of young athletes. However, large amounts of uniform work are unacceptable for younger athletes. When performing exercises of low and medium intensity, aerobic capabilities are developed, with high intensity, special endurance (anaerobic capabilities) is developed. Exercise with high intensity places high demands on the cardiovascular system, as well as the respiratory system of the young athlete. Therefore, it makes no sense to use high-intensity exercises in children and adolescents.

The disadvantages of the method are the quick adaptation of the athlete's body to it, and therefore the training effect decreases.

The variable method is characterized by sequential variation of the load during continuous exercise by means of a directed change in the speed of movement, pace, duration, rhythm, amplitude of movements, magnitude of efforts, change in technique of movements, etc. An example of this is the change in distance running speed, game pace and hockey techniques during each period. The training effect of the variable method on the body is provided during the period of work. The direction of the impact on the functional properties of the body is realized by changing the mode of operation and the form of movements.

The variable method is used in cyclic and acyclic sports. In cyclic sports, the loads are regulated by varying the speed of movement. In acyclic sports (football, wrestling, boxing, etc.), the variable method is implemented by performing exercises that vary both in intensity and in the form of movements.

The speed of movement with a variable method can vary from moderate to competitive from varying the speed to the duration of the exercise, the length of the overcome segments depends on the nature of physiological changes in the body, leading to the development of either aerobic or aerobic-anaerobic capabilities. This method makes increased demands on the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the body. Therefore, it is used mainly in the training of sufficiently prepared young athletes, mainly at the end of the preparatory and competitive periods.

A variation of the variable method is "fartlek" (speed play, running game). It is running for a certain time at different speeds. The length of the distance depends on the age and qualifications of the young athletes. The speed of movement and the duration of its preservation are not planned in advance. It is advisable to spend fartlek in the forest, park, field. The participants of the run, depending on their state of health, can alternately lead in the group. Some of the accelerations can be replaced by running or jumping exercises. One of the advantages of the variable method is that it eliminates monotony in work. The disadvantage of this method is that all load components (speed, acceleration length) in the variable method are planned approximately (according to the state of health).

The repeated method is characterized by repeated execution of the exercise with certain intervals of rest, during which the working capacity is fully restored. The training effect on the body is provided only during the exercise period, as well as as a result of the summation of fatigue from each repetition. The repetitive method is used in cyclic and acyclic sports. The intensity of the load in cyclic exercises is 90 - 100%, and in acyclic exercises - 90% (sometimes 100%) of the maximum capabilities of young athletes. The duration of the exercise can be very different. For example, in running, rowing, swimming, work is used at short, medium and long distances. The speed of movement is planned based on the athlete's personal record for a given segment. The exercises are performed in series. As a rule, no more than 2-6 series are held in one lesson. The number of repetitions of exercises in each series is small and limited by the ability of athletes to maintain a given intensity. Rest intervals depend on the duration and intensity of the load, but are set in such a way as to ensure a sufficiently complete recovery of working capacity for the next repetition of the exercise. Replay example: 5? 100 m after 5 minutes of rest.

In cyclic exercises, repetitive work on short sections is aimed at developing speed qualities, on medium and long ones - special (speed) endurance. High-intensity movement in skating, walking and other exercises on relatively long segments develops a sense of the competitive pace, improves the technique of movement. In this regard, the repetitive method is sometimes called the “repetitive” training method.

In acyclic sports (weightlifting, jumping, throwing), along with strengthening and improving the technique of movements, the repeated method is used to develop strength and speed-strength qualities.

When using the repeated method, young athletes experience significant and sometimes maximum stresses in the organs and systems of the body: cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, endocrine. Especially great stress is experienced by the adrenal glands, which release hormones into the blood, which ensure the functions of the body during high-speed work in conditions of high-speed duty. This method is used at all stages of long-term training of young athletes of middle and older age (in training, education of physical qualities).

The disadvantage of the method: with its prolonged use, the energy resources of the athlete's body are exhausted and overtraining occurs.

The interval method looks like the repetitive method. Both are characterized by repeated repetitions of exercises at regular intervals of rest. But if with the repeated method the nature of the impact of the load on the body is determined by the exercise itself (duration and intensity), then with the interval method the rest intervals also have a training effect. The interval method is widely used in track and field running, rowing, cross-country skiing, swimming, figure skating, sports games, etc.

During repeated execution of the exercise, the intensity of the single load should be such that the heart rate at the end of the work was 160 - 180 beats / min. Because the duration of the load is small, oxygen consumption during the exercise does not reach its maximum values. In the rest pause, despite the decrease in heart rate, oxygen consumption during the first 30 s. Increases and reaches its maximum. At the same time, favorable conditions are created to increase the stroke volume of the heart. Thus, the training effect occurs not only and not so much at the time of the exercise as during the rest period. Rest pauses are set so that before the next repetition of the exercise, the heart rate is 120 - 140 beats / min, i.e. each new load was given at the stage of incomplete recovery. Rest can be active or passive, exercises are repeated in series. The series ends if at the end of the standard rest pauses the heart rate does not decrease to 120 - 140 beats / min. The number of repetitions of exercises can be from 10 - 20 to 20 - 30. The interval method promotes the development of the heart muscle, increases the volume of the heart and generally improves the aerobic capacity of the body. The options for the interval method are based on various combinations of component load components (duration, intensity, number of repetitions, etc.). such a variety is associated with solving specific problems, age, fitness, health of young athletes, type and nature of physical exercises. But the essence of the physiological effect in all variants of the interval method remains approximately the same.

Interval training is very time consuming and must be used with caution. It is usually used in training with qualified young athletes in the middle of the training period.

The disadvantage of the method: monotony in the alternation of the load, which negatively affects the psyche of the athlete. It promotes rapid getting into shape, but in a short time, adaptation to this training method occurs.

Game method. It is based on game motor activity, ordered in a certain way in accordance with a figurative or conventional "plot" (intention, game plan), which provides for the achievement of a certain goal in many ways under conditions of constant and largely random changes in the situation.

The play method is not necessarily associated with any conventional game such as ice hockey, badminton, volleyball, etc. It can be used on the material of any physical exercise: running, jumping, throwing, etc. The play method is one of the most important methods in the process of training young athletes. It is used in the training of athletes of different ages and qualifications in all periods of training. This is a method of complex improvement of physical qualities: the development of speed, strength, dexterity, endurance, courage, resourcefulness, determination, initiative, independence, tactical thinking, consolidation and improvement of motor skills and abilities. It is characterized by the mutual conditioning of the behavior of those involved, emotionality, which contributes to the education of moral personality traits: a sense of collectivism, camaraderie, discipline, etc.

Disadvantage of the method: limited possibilities for dosing the load, because the variety of ways to achieve the goal, constant changes in situations, the dynamism of actions do not allow to accurately regulate the load both in terms of direction and degree of impact.

The circular method is one of the combined exercise methods. It is based on the consistent performance of a specially selected set of physical exercises using a number of methods. Young athletes move from one exercise to another, from apparatus to apparatus, from one place of performance to another, moving as if in a circle. After completing the last exercise in this series, they again return to the first, thus. closing the circle.

Combinations of different exercise methods are possible when using the circular method. There are several options for circuit training:

by the method of long-term continuous exercise (classes are carried out without interruption and consist of one, two, three rounds; it is used mainly for the development of general and strength endurance);

according to the method of interval exercise (used to improve general, speed and strength endurance, speed-strength qualities, maximum strength, agility);

according to the method of repeated exercise (used to develop speed, maximum strength, speed endurance). The circular method allows you to differentially develop not only physical qualities (strength, speed, endurance), but also their complex forms of manifestation (power, speed, speed-power endurance, etc.).

To carry out training using the circular method, a set of exercises is compiled in advance, the places where the exercise is performed ("station"); in the first lesson, maximum test (MT) tests are carried out for each exercise, provided they are performed correctly, a system for increasing the load is established; at the last lesson, it is recommended to check the MT for each exercise and compare the results with the baseline. The means of circular training can be a wide variety of general developmental and special exercises, usually not technically difficult, cyclic and acyclic. Exercises are selected depending on the tasks of the lesson, the motor capabilities of each young athlete and taking into account the transfer of motor qualities and motor skills.

The complex, aimed at all-round physical development, includes no more than 10-12 exercises, in the complex with a specialized focus - no more than 6-8. exercises can be performed on sports equipment or with sports equipment and devices.

Maximum test (MT) means the maximum motor abilities of young athletes in any exercise (task). For all young athletes, MT is held in the form of a competition. Its indicators (the maximum number of repetitions of the exercise, the maximum weight of the weights, the minimum or maximum duration of the exercise, etc.) serve as the initial data for choosing an individual load in one or a system of classes.

The individual dosage of the load is determined depending on the method of exercise in the circuit training. Individual load dosage within the standard time can be set according to the following formula: MT: 2 * 1,2,3. this means that in each training circle, 50% of the MT load is performed, and the circle is completed 1, 2 or 3 times. In the future, an increase in the load is possible due to a progressive increase in volume from MT: 2 to (MT + 2): 2, (MT + 3): 2, etc., i.e., increasing, for example, the number of repetitions of the exercise by "Station" for 1, 2, 3 or more times.

Strictly individualized loading dosage is a feature of the circular method. As a result, both physically weak and strong young athletes maintain an interest in training. Assessment of achievements on the maximum test and taking into account the increase in the load give a visual representation of the development of working capacity in terms of its quantitative indicators. When using the circular method, the tasks of the associated development of qualities and skills improvement are most effectively solved.

Distinctive features of circuit training:

regulation of work and rest for each "station";

individualization of the training load;

using well-learned exercises;

the sequence of inclusion in the work of various muscle groups.

Disadvantages of the method: with a large number of repetitions, excessive weights, a high rate, fatigue of the nerve centers quickly sets in, the accuracy of the exercises decreases, mistakes in technique are made, which are then gradually fixed.

The competitive method is characterized by the performance of exercises with the greatest intensity while observing the rules of the competition. This is one of the ways to stimulate interest and enhance the activity of young athletes with a mindset to win or achieve a high result in any physical exercise. The competitive method is used to develop physical, volitional and moral qualities, to improve motor skills and abilities, as well as theoretical abilities. The value of this method lies in the fact that athletes, striving to show their best results, learn to mobilize their strengths and capabilities to fight for victory, acquire tactical skills.

Characteristics of competitive activity in football

In the process of physical education, both general pedagogical methods and specific ones based on active motor activity are used:

Regulated exercise method;

Game method;

Competitive method;

Verbal and sensory methods.

The competitive method is used both in relatively elementary forms (a way of stimulating interest and activating those involved in performing a separate exercise in the classroom), and in an independent form as control and test or official sports competitions. The main feature of the competitive method is the comparison of the strengths of those engaged in an orderly rivalry for superiority or high achievement.

The competitive method is used to solve various pedagogical problems. This is, first of all, the improvement of skills, skills in complicated conditions for the education of physical, moral and volitional qualities. The rivalry factor in the process of competition creates a special emotional and physiological background, which significantly enhances the effect of physical exercises and contributes to the maximum manifestation of the body's functional capabilities. This method must be applied after special preliminary preparation. sports training football

Non-training factors.

Systematization of training and advanced training of specialists in the field of football, promoting the growth of the social status of coaches.

It is necessary to systematize the training and professional development of football coaches. The coach is the main figure in football.

The success of a sports team is largely due to the coach's leadership style. The breadth of views, the level of knowledge, skills, abilities, authority, love for one's sport and instilling perseverance, the ability to unite a friendly team, understand the psychology of an athlete, decisiveness, exactingness, self-criticism, adherence to principles - this is an incomplete list of qualities that a coach-teacher should have ...

The authority of a coach is inseparable from all his activities, knowledge of the theory and practice of sports, high demands, etc. A full-fledged relationship between the coach and the team is built on mutual respect, trust and friendship. Close contact is necessary between the coach and the athletes in all matters concerning the team and its members. However, in the final solution of this or that problem, the coach plays the main role. A good coach is always demanding and principled, first of all, towards himself, self-critical of all his work. He must be an innovator, be able to see everything that is advanced in methodology, tactics, technique, so as not to copy, but creatively, to apply them in work.

Choosing a coach is one of the very important issues in creating a friendly, cohesive sports team. When solving this issue, the organizational skills of the trainer play an important role. A person who does not possess them, even if he is a great expert in his field, cannot become a coach.

It is especially important that the coach, along with his special knowledge and abilities, is well erudite in the issues of personality psychology and sports activity, has not only theoretical knowledge in this important area for his profession, but also knows how to delve into the psychology of the athletes he supervises, the entire sports team ... The degree of effectiveness of the coach's leadership depends on the ability to assess the peculiarities of the mental states of each athlete during his interaction with a partner and an opponent, the ability to timely and correctly eliminate the causes leading to failures or conflicts.

The success of the collective activity of a sports team largely depends both on the nature of the existing relationship between the coach and the team members, and on the style and form of his leadership. A necessary condition for the effectiveness of sports activities, high team cohesion is a democratic type of management and organization on the part of the coach. Authoritarian management of the team, when the issues of choosing the strategy and tactics of team actions, organizational and methodological issues are solved by the coach without taking into account the opinion of the team, not only does not ensure the cohesion of the team, but also leads to a deterioration in sports performance.

Restraint in the external manifestation of one's own emotional states and experiences of an asthenic nature is of great importance in the work of a trainer. During the competition, an athlete is especially susceptible to all external influences, and the appearance of a dejected coach can cause completely undesirable reactions from team members, competition participants, etc.

With all his appearance, forms of communication with athletes, the coach must maintain their confidence in their abilities and the will to win. This important requirement presupposes that the coach has the ability to manage his own emotional states in order to provide the proper psychological impact on the sports team.

A large reserve for strengthening the coaching corps is to attract professional football players who played for clubs. But for this you need to create the necessary conditions. It is also necessary to develop a set of measures to return to the field of football highly qualified specialists, who had previously gone to other fields of activity for various reasons.

It is necessary to improve the quality of the seminars on improving the qualifications of football coaches in the regions, to more regularly provide coaching staff with appropriate methodological developments.

For football educators working with children, as well as for successful coaches of amateur clubs and teams, special RFU scholarships and awards should be established. The best of them (along with other forms of encouragement) should be sent for internships in leading domestic and foreign football schools and clubs, as well as for special additional training courses (with the issuance of an appropriate license, which allows them to engage in coaching activities at a higher level of the football complex).

Create a clear system of compensation payments or bonuses for all participants in the selection and training of football players for professional football clubs and various national teams (including their first coaches).

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