Following the success of the London Olympics, the opening of the Paralympic Games is also accompanied by unprecedented excitement. But what is the difference between these two large-scale competitions?
Without Olympic rings
Instead of the Olympic rings - "agito"
The iconic five connected rings have no place at the Paralympics. They are replaced by "agito" - three curls: red, green and blue, symbolizing the Paralympic motto "Spirit in motion". Agito is Latin for "I am moving."
A new emblem, which was intended to highlight the idea of \u200b\u200ba competitive spirit among Paralympic athletes, appeared in 2003.
Since 1996, the anthem of the Paralympic Games has been a composition by Thierry Darnis entitled "Anthem of the Future".
IOC and IPC are different authorities
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), which host the competition, are different bodies.
The first Paralympic Games were held in Rome, a week after the 1960 Summer Olympics were held there. Four years later, the Paralympics were held in Tokyo, also immediately after the end of the Olympic Games.
British national team at the 1964 Tokyo Paralympics
However, in 1968 Mexico City, which hosted the Olympics, categorically refused to host Paralympic competitions. Instead, they took place in Tel Aviv, and for 20 years the Paralympics and the Olympics were held in completely different cities.
In 1988, Seoul, which hosted the Summer Games, hosted the Paralympics. After that, they again began to pass at the same time. In 2001, all the formalities were settled, and now the city submitting the Olympic application must proceed from the fact that in case of victory it will have to accept competitions for people with disabilities.
Classification
Athletes of approximately equal opportunities compete
Sport can be competitive only if athletes of approximately equal opportunities compete. At the Paralympics, a blind runner is unlikely to compete with a paralyzed one, but an athlete with cerebral palsy can compete, for example, with a dwarf, although, at first glance, this does not really fit.
Athletes undergo a special medical examination to determine the category of disability.
In Paralympic swimming, for example, there are 14 categories. The first ten refer to people with disabilities - from people with amputated legs or arms to people with a damaged spinal cord and dwarfs. The 11th, 12th and 13th categories are reserved for the blind, and the 14th for the mentally retarded.
Athletes can be classified in different categories depending on the type of swimming. So, an athlete of the 9th category in freestyle swimming can belong to the 10th category in the butterfly, since backstroke swimming can be more difficult for people with certain disabilities.
The classification also depends on whether the athlete can jump into the pool or must start the race in the water.
The classification of athletes is sometimes controversial. According to Paralympic champion Baroness Tunney Gray-Thompson, some athletes are trying to change their category.
"When it is done on purpose, it is tantamount to doping, but there are people who can fall into two different categories," says Gray-Thompson.
Football players in the field playing with blindfolds
Most of the Paralympic programs are similar to those in which they compete in the Olympic Games.
Swimming, cycling and athletics are much the same as in the Olympics, however they are divided into other categories, and athletes use wheelchairs and prostheses. They may have assistants.
Football for the blind and seated volleyball bear little resemblance to their Olympic equivalents. The ball in football for the blind is less resilient, and there are ball bearings inside the ball so that blind athletes can hear where the ball is going.
Teams of five take part in matches for the blind. They do not play on grass, but on a hard surface. The field surrounded by shields is smaller than a regular football field.
Shields not only prevent the ball from flying out of bounds, but also reflect the sounds of both the ball itself and the running footballers, which allows them to better navigate the field.
Since players may be blind or partially sighted, they all have blindfolds over their eyes to create a level playing field. The goalkeeper is sighted, but he is not allowed to leave the goal. The game also involves a "guide" who, standing outside the gate, tells you in which direction the gate is.
The players themselves give each other certain hints. For example, "howl" - which in Spanish means "I am coming", "I am here" - on the field means that one of the players will now try to take the ball away from the other.
Since the players are dependent on such shouts, the fans in the stands must sit silently.
Purely Paralympic views
Boccia is a sport that only Paralympians play
There are two sports that are exclusively competed in the Paralympic Games - goalball and boccia.
Goalball is played by two teams of three blind and half-blind people. The game takes place on a rectangular field with markings.
The goal of the game is to throw a heavy ball, inside which there are bells, into the opponent's net. The defenders protect the gate with their own bodies.
Boccia is played by people with the most severe disabilities. The game is somewhat similar to curling. Athletes should roll, throw or push the ball as close to the target as possible.
The sport was originally invented for people suffering from infantile cerebral palsy, but over time people with various diseases of the sensory-motor function joined it.
Boccia is divided into four categories. The third category includes people who are unable to push the ball themselves. For them, a special inclined plane is installed at one end of the field, along which they lower their balls towards the target.
All Olympic venues have been modified for the Paralympics
The Olympic Village was transformed into a Paralympic Village in five days.
Wheelchair space has been increased at stadiums and other Olympic venues. There are now 568 of them in the main stadium. Audio guides are given to blind fans, while deaf fans are given seats in front of large screens.
London 2012 Organizing Committee Integration Director Chris Holmes says the toilets, bathrooms, sidewalks and signage were designed with Paralympians in mind from the outset.
Taper Assistants
Assistants-tappers are on duty at the sides of the pool
Blind swimmers are assisted by so-called tappers. At each end of the pool is a man with a long pole, like a fishing rod, with a soft ball at the end. When the swimmer approaches the rim, the pager touches him with the ball to warn the athlete.
“We let the swimmers know that they are approaching the curb, two to four meters from the end of the pool,” says Marcelo Sugimori, one of the Brazilian Paralympic team's two tappers.
Sugimori worked as a pianist for his sister, who won the gold medal in the 50m freestyle at the 2004 Paralympic Games in Athens.
Runners Guide
Blind runners are accompanied by a guide
Blind and partially blind runners can use the services of a guide. A sighted guide, tied to the Paralympian's hand with a rope, runs along with him and serves as the “eyes” of the athlete.
According to British Paralympic Libby Clegg, "It's like running in pairs, but you're tied not by the leg, but by the arm." Clegg runs 100 meters in 12.41 seconds.
Throughout the entire distance, the guide always explains to the athlete where they are on the treadmill, when to turn, and when to slow down or accelerate the pace. Each of them runs along its own path.
Fully blind athletes always run with a guide. Partially blind people decide for themselves whether they need a guide or not. Most female athletes choose men as their guide, as the guide must be able to run faster than the runners themselves.
At the same time, the guides are prohibited from crossing the finish line before the athlete, for which the Paralympic athlete is threatened with disqualification.
Age
Paralympics viewers may notice that many Paralympic champions are much older than Olympic winners.
During the last Wimbledon tennis tournament, many wondered how long Swiss Roger Federer, now 30, will be able to play at such a high level. British wheelchair tennis champion Peter Norfolk is 51 years old and has won gold medals at the Paralympics in Athens and Beijing.
Yes, the 71-year-old Japanese rider Hiroshi Hoketsu took part in the London Olympics, and the 39-year-old gymnast Jordan Yovchev from Bulgaria finished seventh in ring exercises. However, among Paralympians there are more older athletes.
The captain of the British football team among the blind, David Clarke, is 41 years old. Bocce team captain Nigel Murry is 48. Kate Murry, 63, is competing in archery.
Russian Press Paralympics champion in discus throw and shot put Alexey Ashapatov turns 39 in October, but he intends to travel to Rio for the 2016 Games.
Many Paralympic athletes came to the sport as part of medical rehabilitation after they became disabled. There are many veterans of the war in Afghanistan and other conflicts among the participants of the Games.
There are not so many potential Paralympians, because many people with disabilities simply do not have the opportunity to play sports - due to the lack of stadiums adapted for training, for example, or low self-esteem. Many people with disabilities do not even think about playing sports.
There are also young athletes in the British Paralympic team. Wheelchair fencer Gaby Down is 14, volleyball Julie Rogers is 13, and swimmers Chloe Davis and Amy Marren are 13 and 14, respectively.
Doping control
The list of prohibited drugs is the same for Paralympians and Olympians. Any athlete in need of medication must request a special permit, which will be reviewed by a medical committee.
Nicole Sapstead, director of the UK's anti-doping agency, says that not all Paralympians take prescription drugs.
"Of course, athletes with back injuries need pain relievers, but in general, everything is like in the Olympics - mostly it is about asthma and diabetes," says Sapsted.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists using the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
State budgetary educational institution
Higher professional education
"Samara State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation"
Department of Physical Education and Health
Abstract on the topic:
"Paralympic Games. Sports related to visual impairment"
Completed:
2nd year student, 202 gr.
Mikhalev Roman Vsevolodovich
Checked:
Senior Lecturer,
Akhmetov R.V.
Samara, 2015
Table of contents
- Introduction
- Conclusion
Introduction
The Paralympic Games are the largest sports event for people with disabilities. Every year the number of people wishing to participate in the Paralympic Games is increasing. If in 1960 400 athletes from 23 countries took part in the Games, 4,200 athletes from 160 countries took part in the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. Over the years, the number of disciplines in Paralympic sports has grown from 57 to 471. There are no age restrictions for Paralympic participants.
The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating the Paralympic Games belongs to the German neurologist Ludwig Guttmann. In 1948, at the Center for Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Injuries in Stoke Mandeville (UK), he organized sports competitions for veterans of the Second World War. By 1953, the number of competitors in Stoke Mandeville had grown to 130, which attracted the attention of representatives of the Olympic Movement. The term " Paralympic" - comes from the Greek preposition " para" - "next to, outside, apart from" and "about, parallel", and the words " Olympics" , those. along with the Olympic Games, the Paralympic Games are held in parallel, usually they are held immediately after each other.
The first Paralympic Games took place in Rome in 1960. Then the most numerous was the delegation of Italian athletes. The Roman Games program included eight sports, including track and field, swimming, fencing, basketball, archery, and table tennis. Sportsmen with spinal cord injuries took part in the competition.
The official name "Paralympic Games" appeared during the II Paralympics in 1964 in Tokyo. It was attended by 390 athletes from 22 countries. New sports were included in the Games program, in particular, wheelchair riding, weightlifting and discus throwing. Paralympic paraphernalia was used for the first time at these competitions: the flag, anthem and the symbol of the Games.
There are six groups of disabilities in the Paralympic Movement: athletes with amputees, with cerebral palsy, with intellectual disabilities, withviolationsvision, with a damaged spinal cord, as well as a group that includes other types of disabilities.
The Winter Paralympic Games have been held since 1976. They were first held in the city of Örnsköldsvik (Sweden). Competitions for amputees and visual impairments were organized on the track and in the field. For the first time, a sled racing competition was held there. Russia first took part in the 1988 Paralympic Games in Seoul.
Sports that exist in the Paralympic Games
Summer sports
· Academic rowing;
· Basketball in wheelchairs;
· Bocce;
· Cycling;
· Dressage;
· Goalball;
· Rowing in kayaks (this game for the disabled will be included in the games program from 2016);
· Judo;
· Athletics;
· Table tennis;
· Paratriathlon;
· Sailing;
· Swimming;
· Bullet shooting;
· Rugby on wheelchairs;
· Sitting volleyball;
· Archery;
· Wheelchair tennis;
· Weightlifting;
· Wheelchair fencing;
· Football 5x5;
· Football 7x7.
Winter sports
Alpine skiing (includes slalom, giant slalom, super combination, downhill skiing, para-snowboarding);
· Curling on wheelchairs;
· Ski race;
· Biathlon;
· Sledge hockey.
Of the presented, only 9 summer and 2 winter sports are suitable for people with visual impairments.
Summer sports in the Paralympic Games in which people with visual impairments may participate
1) Adaptive rowing
Rowing is the youngest sport in the Paralympic Games. The rowing competition was introduced to the 2005 Paralympic Program, and will be held for the first time at the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing. Adaptive rowing, or rowing, is a sport for athletes whose physical ability meets the criteria set by the rules. The term "adaptive" means that the corresponding equipment is "adapted" for the athletes, and not the sport itself is "adapted" for the athletes. The International Rowing Federation (FISA) is the main regulatory body.
Both men and women take part in the competition. The classification includes four classes of boats: LTA4 +, TA2x, AW1x and AM1x. Classes LTA4 + and TA2x are mixed (male and female) boats. The races are held at distances over 1000 meters for all four classes (despite the fact that the LTA4 + class competed over distances over 2000 meters before the 2005 World Rowing Championship).
Rowers with visual impairments may compete in the LTA4 + class. In this case, the commands with flags must be voiced (approx. "Red flag"). At the same time, the control commission is ordered to pay special attention to the safety of rowers with visual impairments.
2) Cycling
Cycling is one of the newest competitions in Paralympic history. The first competitions were held in the early eighties. Athletes with visual impairments took part in these cycling competitions. This type of competition fell in love with the Paralympic Games. Already in 1984, at the international games of the disabled, this type of competition was held among amputee athletes. And already in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bat the games in cycling competitions, competitions of cyclists of all three groups were held on a special track and also on the track.
Usually, such competitions are held both individually and in groups. Three cyclists from one country take part in the group classification. For disabled athletes with visual impairments, special bicycles are used paired with a seeing teammate. They can also race on the track. But amputees and cyclists with motor impairments take part in individual competitions. For this, specially equipped bicycles are also used.
Cycling is characterized as movement on the ground for which vehicles are used, driven by the muscular strength of a person. This sport includes track racing, highway, rough terrain, mountain biking. There are also competitions in figure riding and playing ball on bicycles - cycling polo and cycling ball. The main goal in this competition is to cover the distance as quickly as possible. The cycling sport is administered by the International Cycling Union. This cycling union is based in Switzerland. But in Russia, exactly the same functions are performed by such an organization as the Russian Cycling Federation.
3) Dressage
Disabled people of various groups can take part in equestrian competitions: paralytic disabled, amputees, blind and visually impaired, mentally retarded and many others, the main desire is. Equestrian competitions are held individually, as well as group competitions. In this event, players must demonstrate to the judges their skills in passing a short segment, on which pace and direction of movement alternate. At the Paralympic Games, athletes are grouped according to a separate classification, and the winners who were able to demonstrate the best results are determined within the selected groups.
In these individual competitions, athletes demonstrate their skills in two types of riding - the compulsory program and the cur. The compulsory program includes tests that have been specially selected and approved by the rules. Kur is a free style, it is an individually prepared choreographic performance to music, including the movements prescribed by the rules.
During the team competition, teams of three to four people demonstrate their abilities, in addition, one of the team members must have qualification level 1 or 2. The result in the team competition is determined by the sum of the three best performances in the test. If the team consists of four people, then the performance with the lowest score is not taken into account.
The main thing in this competition is individuality. This activity brings a sense of fullness of life to people with physical disabilities. The most important thing is that the horse and the person feel each other subtly, be a single whole. That's when the performances turn out to be excellent. For the first time, Russian athletes were able to take part in this competition in 1999 at the World Championships in Denmark.
4) Goalball
Goalball is a sports game in which two teams compete. The main task of both teams is to throw the ball with a built-in bell into the opponent's goal.
This sport was opened in 1946, and the main purpose of its creation was humane incentives to help the rehabilitation of veterans of the Second World War, namely, the visually impaired. Goalball is part of the Paralympic Games program. This sport made its debut in 1976 in the city of Toronto, and it appeared in the official program only in 1980. In 1978, the world's first official world championship was organized.
At its core, Goalball is an adaptive team game that resembles football in some way. The goal of creating the game was really achieved, since the players could quickly adapt to their not so joyful situation. The new game gradually began to win more and more fans, it acquired the status of an interesting and gambling game and soon almost completely lost its purely therapeutic value. Now, goalball is a real hobby of thousands of visually impaired and blind people around the world.
This sport came to Russia only in the 60s of the last century. Then the first sections began to open in boarding schools for the blind or visually impaired. The game fell in love with our compatriots, and already at the beginning of the 70s, enthusiasts began to hold friendly matches between the teams.
5) Paralympic Judo
The Paralympic Games boast the presence of such a sport as judo in the program. It is, however, slightly different from judo, which is included in the program of the Olympic Games. The main difference is the textures on the mats, they are made in order to indicate the area of \u200b\u200bthe competition and the areas where it will take place. Athletes - Paralympians are fighting among themselves for the main prize, which is a gold medal. The texture of the mats is the only difference between traditional and Paralympic, but the rules of the game are identical to those of the International Judo Federation. Judo entered the Paralympic Games in 1988. And four years later, 53 disabled athletes, who represented 16 countries of the world, took part in the games in Barcelona.
In translation from Japanese "judo" means "soft way". This sport combines both spiritual and physical principles. It is he who reflects the "soft" attitude of the judoka to the opponent and to life. The competition begins with a bow and also ends. During the competition, the athlete must show his respect to the opponent 7 times, in addition, the duration of each bow is about 4 seconds. When bowing, the waist bends 30 degrees.
It was only in 2004 that women began to take part in judo competitions in the Paralympic Games. Now this sport is practiced internationally in 30 countries. Paralympic Judo is a sport for blind and visually impaired athletes. The main feature of an athlete is the ability to balance, to feel the opponent well physically and on an intuitive level. The athlete must have the qualities of the blind. There are 13 weight categories. Judo in the Paralympic Games is administered by the International Federation for the Sports of the Blind.
6) Athletics
Athletics entered the Paralympic Games program in 1960. Athletics includes a very wide range of different types of competitions. Disabled people of almost all groups with various health disorders can take part in these competitions. Wheelchair users, prosthetists, blind people, etc. can act as athletes. Interestingly, blind athletes participate in conjunction with the suggestive. Competitions in the athletics category include track, throw, jumping, pentathlon and marathon. Competitions between athletes are held in accordance with the functional classifications of the participants.
Athletics is characterized as a collection of sports that include: running, walking, jumping and throwing. It can combine running sports, race walking, technical sports, that is, jumping and throwing, as well as all-around, highway running and cross-country running. Athletics is recognized as one of the main and most popular sports.
Typically, athletics-related exercises are done for physical fitness purposes. In addition, it was them that our ancestors used to hold competitions in the distant past. It is generally accepted that the history of athletics began with the running competition at the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. These competitions took place in 776 BC. Even in ancient times they knew a lot about competitions, even then many exercises were very common. Ancient people knew a lot about physical exercise, its benefits and necessity.
Modern athletics began its journey with individual attempts in different countries to hold competitions in running, jumping and throwing. A little later, the program began to include short-distance running, obstacle course, gravity throwing, and even later - long and high jumps from a run. So gradually the arsenal of sports included in athletics increased and strengthened.
7) Swimming
Initially, swimming was part of the physical therapy and rehabilitation program for the disabled. And now it is a very common sport. Nowadays, swimming competition among disabled people is one of the most interesting and popular events of the Paralympic Games. Disabled persons of any group of functional limitations can take part in this competition. There is only one single condition, it is that you cannot use prostheses and other assistive devices in the competition.
Swimming is a sport that involves swimming different distances in the shortest time. There are limitations in this sport. For example, in a submerged position, it is allowed to swim no more than 15 m after the start or turn. However, in breaststroke competition, the bath limit is reformulated differently. But high-speed diving is no longer swimming, but underwater sports.
Swimming is also an integral part of modern pentathlon - a 200-meter swim, triathlon, that is, various distances in open water and part of some applied all-around events. Our ancestors in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Phenicia and other countries knew how to swim, and all the swimming methods known to them are very reminiscent of modern crawl and breaststroke. At that time, the smooth ones had only an applied character. It was used during fishing, in the hunt for waterfowl, underwater fishing, as well as in military affairs. And only in Ancient Greece, swimming began to be used as a means of physical education.
In 1896, swimming was added to the list of competitions in the Olympic Games, after which this competition is held constantly and is very popular. Despite their physical disabilities, athletes with disabilities have achieved very great success in this area of \u200b\u200bcompetition.
8) Weightlifting
In the Paralympic Games, this type of competition was first included in the program in 1992, competitions were held in Barcelona. Then, for the first time, 25 different countries demonstrated their sports delegations to weightlifting competitions. After this event, weightlifting became widespread in the Paralympic Games, it began to be included in the program of every competition. Even more country representatives took part in this type of competition at the 1996 Atlanta Games. 58 participants from various countries arrived here. However, 68 participating countries were announced, but ten of them were let down by funding.
Since this year - 1996, the number of applications for participation in weightlifting competitions has grown exponentially. This sport aroused great interest in itself. Everyone wanted to show themselves. Currently, approximately 109 countries on five continents regularly participate in the Paralympic Weightlifting Program.
At the moment, all groups of disabled people can participate in these competitions. They compete with each other in ten weight classes. Moreover, both men and women take part. For the first time, a weightlifting competition among the weaker sex was held only in 2000 at the Paralympic Games in Sydney. The ships were attended by 48 women from different countries of the world. After this event, women became regular participants in the Paralympic weightlifting competitions.
At the moment, the weightlifting competition is divided into two exercises - the snatch and the clean and jerk. Snatch is an exercise in which the athlete lifts the bar over his head with one continuous movement from the platform to fully extended arms. The clean and jerk is an exercise that consists of two separate movements. One is that at the moment of taking on the chest, the athlete tears the barbell off the platform and raises it to the chest. The second - with a sharp movement, sends the bar up to straight arms.
9) Football 5x5
Football 5x5 is an adapted version of the traditional mini-football, which is played by blind or visually impaired athletes (people with cerebral palsy or other neurological diseases take part in 7x7 football). The International Sports Federation of the Blind (IBSA) oversees and administers matches. The competitions themselves provide for the use of adapted FIFA rules.
The playground is slightly smaller than the standard one; it has small fences one meter high. This factor removes the offside position, and, accordingly, throwing the ball from the sideline, which makes the game more dynamic.
The team consists of four poorly visible field players and a sighted goalkeeper. There can be five people (spare) in the reserve.
In order to ensure balance in the game itself, all field players wear special armbands in order to equalize the level of visibility of all those present on the field. You can remove these masks only during the break of the game. In addition, each team can have its own guide, who is usually located outside the gate of the opposing team. Using his voice, he directs the attacker to the opponent's goal. The ball has sound effects that it emits during its movement, the diameter of the ball is 20cm. The goalkeeper is allowed to give commands to his players, but only when the game is taking place in the area of \u200b\u200bhis goal. Only the goalkeeper is allowed to handle the ball.
Free kicks have three possible violations:
· Violations of the location of the dressing;
· Going out of the goalkeeper's zone;
· Excessive physical contact of one player to another.
The match consists of two halves of 25 minutes each, and has one 10-minute break. The team with the most goals wins. In the event of an equal number of goals, the winner, as in the traditional version of football, is determined by a penalty kick.
Winter sports in the Paralympic Games in which people with visual impairments may participate
1) Alpine skiing
Alpine skiing first entered the 1976 Paralympic Winter Games in Sweden. At the moment, disabled people from more than 35 countries compete in this sport. This sport is similar to traditional alpine skiing. There is also a competition in four disciplines - downhill, super giant, giant slalom and slalom. Athletes are divided into classes depending on their physical limitations. Amputees, visually impaired, with cerebral palsy and PADA can take part in alpine skiing. Depending on the class of physical disability, they are given special equipment: monoski, ski or orthopedic aids. Visually impaired participants are guided by the voice commands of the leaders.
The end of the Second World War is considered the beginning of the development of skiing among disabled people. At that time, the soldiers who returned with injuries did not give up the desire to do what they loved. In 1948, the first courses were held to teach the technique of skiing for these very disabled.
For a relatively long time, only two groups of disabled people could do this sport - these are athletes with impaired musculoskeletal system, while they rode while standing and with visual impairment. It was only in the 1970s that monoskis were invented, which provided the opportunity to practice this sport for athletes with a violation of ODA sitting.
This transport is equipped with special poles with shortened skis at the end. They are used to control and maintain balance. And already in 1976, the slalom and giant slalom competitions were included in the Paralympic Games. Downhill competitions were first held in 1984 at the Paralympic Games in Innsbruck. It was only in 1994 that a supergiant was added to everything else. And the sedentary competition of athletes with musculoskeletal disorders on the monoski was included in the 1998 Paralympics program in Nagano.
2) Cross-country skiing
Cross-country skiing and biathlon are among the oldest sports. They originated in northern Europe a long time ago. Now this sport is practiced at the Paralympic Games. It hosts competitions between athletes in classic and freestyle riding. In this sport, there are both individual and team offsets. The skiing distance ranges from 2.5 to 20 kilometers. A racing device is characterized by the functional limitation of the athlete. It can be traditional skis, or a chair specially equipped with a pair of skis. Blind athletes ride in conjunction with the leader.
Cross-country skiing and biathlon entered the program of the Paralympic Games back in 1976 at the Winter Games in Sweden. Both men and women took part in the competition. They used a cue running style at all distances. But already in 1984 in Innsbruck, at the Winter Paralympic Games, for the first time skating style competitions were held. Since then, all competitions have been divided into two separate races - classic and skating style. However, this new technique was not used in Albertville in France. All athletes are divided into several classes, depending on their physical limitations. The following classes exist. LW 2-9 refers to athletes with physical disabilities, LW 10-12 refers to seated athletes, and B 1-3 includes athletes with visual impairments.
Medals are awarded to athletes in each category separately for each distance. The biathlon distance is 1.5 kilometers and includes two firing lines. There is also a distance of 12 kilometers with four firing lines. Athletes in the visually impaired category are issued shotguns equipped with electronic acoustic glasses.
Classification of athletes with visual impairment
International sports association blind - IBSA:
The sports classification of blind athletes is universal for all sports, and its application for different competitions may depend on the sport. For example, for judo wrestling, athletes perform without taking into account the sports class, there are only features of judging for the B1 class, and for swimming and cross-country skiing, strict compliance with the sports class is important. The classification takes into account the state of two main visual functions of the organ of vision: visual acuity and peripheral boundaries of the visual field.
Criteria for the sports medical classification of the International Association for Sports of the Blind:
Class B1 Lack of light projection, or in the presence of light projection, inability to determine the shadow of the hand at any distance and in any direction.
Class B2 From the ability to determine the shadow of a hand at any distance, to visual acuity below 2 \\ 60 (0.03), or with a concentric narrowing of the field of view to 5 degrees.
Class B3 From visual acuity above 2 \\ 60, but below 6 \\ 60 (0.03-0.1), and / or with concentric narrowing of the field of view more than 5 degrees, but less than 20 degrees.
At the same time, the classification is carried out according to the best eye in conditions with the best optical correction. Finger counting is defined against a contrasting background. The boundaries of the field of view are determined with a mark that is maximum for a given perimeter.
Athletes who have a visual acuity above 0.1 and the peripheral boundaries of the field of vision are wider than 20 degrees from the fixation point are not allowed to participate in international competitions for the visually impaired. According to the accepted rules IBSA Athletes competing in class B1 must wear opaque glasses during the competition, which are controlled by the judges.
Ophthalmologists should classify blind and visually impaired athletes. It is rational to carry out a sports classification of the visually impaired even at the stage of education in schools for the blind and visually impaired, since it is easier to solve the issues of both coaching work (filling in groups, the choice of appropriate equipment, etc.), and to monitor the dynamics of the state of the visual functions.
paralympic sport impaired vision
Conclusion
In order to ensure fair competition between athletes with various disabilities and impairments, in each international sports organization of disabled athletes, athletes are divided into classes according to their functional capabilities, and not by disability group. This functional classification is based primarily on the athlete's ability to compete in a specific sports discipline, as well as on medical data. This means that athletes belonging to different nosological groups (for example, an athlete with cerebral palsy and an athlete with a spinal cord injury) may be in the same functional class in a discipline such as 100m freestyle swimming, since they have the same functional capabilities. This is done so that the Athlete can compete with other Athletes of equal or similar functionality.
Sometimes, for example in marathon competitions, athletes from different functional classes compete together. However, the places they occupy are determined according to their functional classes.
It is functional classes that ensure equal, fair and interesting competitions between athletes
Posted on Allbest.ru
Similar documents
International sports competitions for the disabled. Using sports to improve the quality of life of people with disabilities with spinal cord injury. The history of the creation of the Paralympic Games. Paralympic sports. Stereotypes for people with disabilities.
presentation added 01/13/2014
Winter sports as a set of sports carried out on snow or ice. Characteristics of the main winter sports in the program of the Winter Olympic Games. Features of playing badminton, related sports. Summer sports competitions.
abstract added on 04/09/2014
General characteristics of the state of health and features of the psychophysical development of preschoolers with visual impairment. Methodology for conducting general developmental exercises in physical education classes with preschool children with visual impairment.
term paper, added 11/19/2010
Sitting volleyball as a kind of volleyball for athletes with musculoskeletal disorders and a Paralympic sport. History of origin and basic rules of the sports game of goalball as a blindfold game by ear. Description of the goals of the game.
presentation added on 04/03/2017
The history of the origin, stages and directions of development of the Olympic Games, their current state and the sports represented, winter and summer. Symbols and talismans of the Olympic Games, their rationale and meaning. Heroes of Russian sports and assessment of their contribution.
abstract, added 12/22/2014
Military sports involved in the Olympics. First international games. World Championship in tank biathlon. Trap shooting at the Olympic Games. Orienteering: types of competitions, equipment and rules. Artillery fire masters.
abstract added on 12/31/2015
Anatomical and physiological aspects of the visual system. Etiology, pathogenesis, classification of visual impairments. Methods and tools used in adaptive physical education for children with visual impairments. Development of physical qualities and basic locomotion.
term paper, added 09/27/2014
From the history of sports - the Games of Ancient Greece. The facts of the organization of the modern Olympic Games. Features of the Winter Olympic Games. History of the organization of the Paralympic Games. Assessment of Sochi as a venue for the Olympic Games.
test, added 01/02/2012
Paralympic movement. Paralympic Committee and Federation of Physical Culture and Sports of Disabled People of Russia. Performance of the Russian national teams at the Paralympic Games. Implementation of social policy in the field of sports and physical culture.
abstract, added 09.24.2007
Basketball in sports clubs and their impact on the body and vision systems in children 9-10 years old, the main functions of vision and their disorders. Basketball as a specific sport associated with great physical exertion on the human body.
Englishman Tim Reddish from Nottingham, 55-year-old chairman of the British Paralympic Association, has won over 50 medals in his extraordinary sports career, of which 23 are gold. He is a swimmer. Reddish began to go blind at the age of 31 due to an incurable hereditary eye disease, and 17 years ago he lost his sight completely, but did not lose heart.
The renowned athlete took part in a clinical trial of a bionic eye prosthesis and is now able to distinguish the outlines of objects, for example, his medals, and to know the time on a dial clock in good lighting.
The artificial implantation operation lasted eight hours and was performed at King's College London Hospital. In addition to Reddish, 8 more people took part in testing the expensive prosthesis. Such an artificial eye costs about 100 thousand pounds, but the German manufacturer provided samples for the experiment free of charge.
Electronic retina - a light-sensitive chip - is a square with a side length of 3 mm, similar to the matrix of a digital camera, consisting of 1500 microscopic sensors. It is implanted under the non-working retina of the eye, in the case of our champion - his right one.
The image from the sensor is transmitted to a magnetic signal amplifier implanted inside the skull, behind the ear, and then into the optic nerve. Each pixel of the artificial retina mimics the cells of the photoreceptor layer, called cones in ophthalmology. They convert light signals into electrical ones. The patient carries the battery to power the system in his pocket, a wire sticks out of his head, but compared to complete blindness, this is bearable nonsense.
If such bionic prostheses become cheaper, then with their help it will be possible to restore vision to 15 million earthlings who have suffered from irreversible retinal degeneration.
From the history of the Paralympic Games
The Paralympics - the Olympic Games for the disabled - are considered almost as outstanding in the world as the Olympics itself.
The emergence of sports in which disabled people can participate is associated with the name of the English neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttman, who, overcoming age-old stereotypes in relation to people with physical disabilities, introduced sports into the process of rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. He proved in practice that sports for people with physical disabilities creates conditions for successful life, restores mental balance, and allows them to return to a full life, regardless of physical disabilities.
During World War II, Ludwig Guttmann founded the Spinal Injury Center at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, England, where the first archery competition for wheelchair athletes was held. It happened on July 28, 1948 - a group of disabled people, which consisted of 16 paralyzed men and women, former military personnel, took up sports equipment for the first time in the history of sports.
In 1952, former Dutch military personnel joined the movement and founded the International Sports Federation for People with Mobility Disabilities.
In 1956, Ludwig Guttmann developed a charter for athletes, formed the basis on which the sport of disabled people further developed.
In 1960, under the auspices of the World Federation of Military Personnel, an International Working Group was created to study the problems of sports for the disabled.
In 1960, the first International Disability Competition was held in Rome. 400 athletes with disabilities from 23 countries took part in them.
In 1964, the International Sports Organization of Disabled People was created, which 16 countries have joined.
In 1964 in Tokyo, competitions were held in 7 sports, and it was then that the flag was officially raised for the first time, the anthem was played and the official emblem of the games was unveiled. The red, blue and green hemispheres, which symbolize the mind, body, unbroken spirit, have become the graphic symbol of the world Paralympic movement.
In 1972 in Toronto, more than a thousand disabled people from 44 countries took part in the competition. Only athletes with disabilities in wheelchairs participated, and since 1976, athletes with spinal injuries have been joined by athletes from other groups of injuries - visually impaired and people who have undergone amputation of limbs.
With each subsequent games, the number of participants increased, the geography of countries expanded, and the number of sports increased. And in 1982, a body appeared that contributed to the expansion of the Paralympic Games - the International Coordinating Committee of the World Sports Organization for Disabled People. Ten years later, in 1992, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) became his successor. Now the International Paralympic Committee includes 162 countries.
The sport of disabled people has gained worldwide importance. The achievements of physically challenged athletes are amazing. Sometimes they came close to the Olympic records. In fact, there is not a single sport left, of the famous and popular, in which disabled athletes did not take part. The number of Paralympic disciplines is steadily expanding.
In 1988, at the Games in Seoul, athletes with disabilities received the right to access the sports facilities of the host city of the Olympics. It was from this time that the competitions began to be held in the same arenas in which healthy Olympians compete, regularly every four years, after the Olympic Games.
Paralympic sports
(Based on materials from the site http://www.paralympic.ru)
Archery. The first organized competition was held in 1948 in Mandeville, England. Today the traditions of these games are continued in regular competitions, in which wheelchair users also take part. Introduced female and male sports categories in this type of martial arts. The outstanding results achieved by athletes with disabilities in this sport indicate the significant potential of this kind of competition. The International Paralympic Games program includes singles, doubles and team events, with the judging and scoring procedures being identical to those used at the Olympic Games.
Athletics. The track and field athletics program of the Paralympic Games includes the widest range of types of competitions. She entered the program of the International Paralympic Games in 1960. Athletes with a wide variety of health problems take part in athletics competitions. Competitions are held for wheelchair users, prosthetists, and the blind. Moreover, the latter act in conjunction with the leading one. Typically, the athletics program includes a track, throw, jumping, pentathlon and marathon. Athletes compete according to their functional classifications.
Cycling. This sport is one of the newest in the history of Paralympicism. In the early eighties, for the first time, a competition was held in which athletes with visual impairments took part. However, already in 1984, paralyzed athletes and amputees also competed at the International Games for the Disabled. Until 1992, Paralympic cycling competitions were held for each of the listed groups separately. At the Paralympic Games in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bcyclists of all three groups competed on a special track and also on the track. Competitions for cyclists can be either individual or group (a group of three cyclists from one country). Athletes with intellectual disabilities compete using standard racing bicycles and, in some classes, tricycles. Visually impaired athletes compete on tandem bikes paired with a seeing teammate. They also race on the track. Finally, amputees and cyclists with motor impairments compete in individual competitions on specially prepared bicycles.
Dressage. Equestrian competitions are open to disabled persons, paralytics, amputees, blind and visually impaired, mental retardation. This type of competition is held at the Summer Games. Equestrian competitions are held only in the individual class. Athletes demonstrate their skills in running a short distance where pace and direction of movement alternate. At the Paralympic Games, athletes are grouped according to a separate classification. Within these groups, the winners with the best results are identified.
Fencing. All athletes compete in wheelchairs that are fixed to the floor. However, these chairs leave considerable freedom of movement for fencers, and their actions are as swift as in traditional competitions. The founder of wheelchair fencing is considered Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who formulated the concept of this sport in 1953. Fencing entered the program of the Paralympic Games in 1960. Since then, the rules have been refined and amended to require wheelchairs to be attached to the floor.
Judo. The only difference between Paralympic judo and traditional judo is the different textures on the mats, indicating the competition area and zones. Paralympic judoists compete for the main prize - a gold medal, and the rules of the game are identical to those of the International Judo Federation. Judo was included in the 1988 Paralympic Games. Four years later, at the Barcelona Games, 53 athletes from 16 countries took part in this type of competition.
Weightlifting (powerlifting). The starting point for the development of this Paralympic sport is the 1992 Paralympic Games in Barcelona. Then 25 countries presented their sports delegations to weightlifting competitions. Their number more than doubled at the 1996 Atlanta Games. 58 participating countries were registered. Since 1996, the number of participating countries has steadily increased, today 109 countries on five continents are participating in the Paralympic Weightlifting Program. Today, the Paralympic weightlifting program includes the participation of all groups of disabled people, who compete in 10 weight categories, both male and female. For the first time, women took part in these competitions in 2000 at the Paralympic Games in Sydney. Then women represented 48 countries of the world.
Shooting. Shooting competitions are divided into rifle and pistol classes. The rules for competitions for disabled people are established by the International Committee for Disabled Shooting. These rules take into account the differences that exist between the capabilities of a healthy person and a disabled person at the level of using a functional classification system that allows athletes with different health conditions to compete in team and individual events.
Football. The main prize of these competitions is a gold medal, and only men's teams take part in them. The FIFA Rules apply with some restrictions based on the health of the athletes. For example, the offside rule does not apply, the field itself and the goal are smaller than in traditional football, and the throw-in from the sideline can be done with one hand. Teams must have a minimum of 11 players.
Swimming. This sports program comes from the tradition of physical therapy and rehabilitation of the disabled. Swimming is available to people with disabilities of all groups of functional limitations, the only condition is a ban on the use of prostheses and other assistive devices.
Table tennis. In this sport, players are required, first of all, to have a proven technique and a quick reaction. Therefore, athletes use generally accepted methods of play, despite their physical limitations. Table tennis competitions at the Paralympic Games are held in two types - wheelchair competition and traditional form. The program includes both individual and team competitions for men and women. The classification for this sport consists of 10 functional groups, which include athletes with various disabilities. Paralympic table tennis competitions are governed by the rules from the International Table Tennis Federation, with minor modifications.
Wheelchair basketball. The main governing body in this sport is the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF), which develops classifications for players of various degrees of disability. The IWBF rules govern the judging order and basket height, which are similar to traditional play. Although wheelchair basketball has much in common with traditional basketball, it has its own unique style of play: defense and attack should be carried out in accordance with the principles of support and mutual assistance. The unique dribbling rules, which allow to organize the movement of the wheelchairs across the field, give the attack a special unique style. So two attackers and three defenders can participate in it at once, which gives it great speed. In contrast to the traditional game, where the basic style of play is "back to the basket", in wheelchair basketball, the attackers play "face to the basket", constantly moving forward.
Wheelchair Rugby. Wheelchair rugby combines elements of basketball, football, and ice hockey, and is played on a basketball court. Teams are composed of 4 players, plus up to eight substitutes are allowed. The classification of players is based on their physical abilities, based on which, each is assigned a certain number of points from 0.5 to 3.5. The total number of points in a team must not exceed 8.0. The game uses a volleyball that can be carried, passed by hand. The ball must not be held for more than 10 seconds. Points are collected after hitting the opponent's goal line. The game consists of four periods, each 8 minutes long.
Wheelchair tennis. Wheelchair tennis first appeared on the Paralympic program in 1992. The sport itself originated in the United States in the early 1970s and continues to improve today. The rules of the game actually repeat the rules of traditional tennis and, naturally, require athletes to have similar skills. The only difference is that the players are allowed two outs, the first being within the boundaries of the court. To access the game, the athlete must be medically diagnosed with mobility limitations. The Paralympic Games include singles and doubles. In addition to the Paralympic Games, tennis players compete in numerous national tournaments. At the end of each calendar year, Tennis Federation will review NEC quotes, national quotes and other relevant information to identify contenders for the championship title.
Volleyball. The Paralympic Volleyball Championships are held in two categories: seated and standing. Thus, athletes with all functional limitations can participate in the Paralympic Games. The high level of teamwork, skill, strategy and intensity is undoubtedly evident in both competition categories. The main difference between traditional volleyball and the Paralympic version of the game is the smaller court size and lower net position.
Cross-country skiing. Skiers compete in classic or freestyle riding, as well as individual and team events, over distances from 2.5 to 20 km. Depending on their functional limitations, competitors use either traditional skis or a chair equipped with a pair of skis. Blind athletes ride in conjunction with a sighted guide.
Hockey. The Paralympic version of ice hockey made its debut on the Games program in 1994 and has since become one of the most spectacular sporting events on their program. As in traditional ice hockey, six players (including the goalkeeper) from each team are on the field at a time. The sled is equipped with skate blades and players move around the field using iron-tipped sticks. The game consists of three periods of 15 minutes each.
The Paralympic Movement has existed in the world since 1976. This is a tremendous opportunity for people with disabilities to prove to everyone around, but first of all to themselves, that they are strong in body and spirit. Russian Paralympic athletes have brought many victories to our country. This story is about them.
Andrey Lebedinsky
Andrey Anatolyevich was born in Khabarovsk in 1963. From an early age, he was fond of shooting, since his father was an avid hunter and often took his son with him to the forest. Actually, he taught Andrei the first shooting lessons.
Later, at the age of fourteen, the boy got into the section where he demonstrated his skills. At fifteen he became a candidate, and at seventeen - a master of sports. The guy was predicted a great sports future. In 1981 he won the USSR Championship in Bullet Shooting.
But in 1984, tragedy struck, as a result of which Andrei lost his leg. For a whole year he underwent treatment and rehabilitation, and in order to pay for this, Lebedinsky had to sell his equipment.
But as soon as the doctors gave the go-ahead, he returned to sports, without which he could no longer imagine his life. In the national team, he made his debut in 1996, winning three medals at once (two gold and a bronze).
Russian Paralympic athletes have always amazed with their incredible and courage, but Andrei Lebedinsky has gone a very difficult path to the desired victories. In 1999, he received an injury to his right eye, practically lost his sight. And this happened a year before the Olympics. All 365 days, Andrei learned to aim with his left healthy eye and trained from morning to night. As a result, in Sydney, he became only the third. But Athens and Beijing brought two more long-awaited gold to his piggy bank.
Now Andrey Anatolyevich lives and works in Khabarovsk, training children in a sports school.
Albert Bakaev
Albert Bakaev was born in the capital of the South Urals. There, in Chelyabinsk, he began his first steps in sports. He started going to the pool at the age of seven and at the age of fifteen he became a master of sports in swimming.
In 1984, trouble broke into his life. In training, he suffered a serious spinal injury. The doctors could not do anything about it. Albert was paralyzed. Everyone thought that the fate of a successful athlete and a talented student of the medical academy was decided. He is now chained to But Albert proved to everyone that this is not the end of his life. He began to train again, to participate in competitions of swimmers with disabilities.
He has several victories in the championships of the USSR, many in the championships of Russia. He became the 1996 Paralympic Champion and several more medals from the World and European Championships.
In addition to his sports career, like many Russian Paralympic athletes, Albert was engaged in social activities. Mostly at home, in the Chelyabinsk region, but was also a member of the country's Paralympic Committee.
Albert Bakaev died of a heart attack in 2009.
Rima Batalova
Rima Akberdinovna has been visually impaired since childhood, but this did not prevent her from achieving incredible heights in her sports career.
Since childhood, she has been involved in athletics in the section for people with visual impairments. Then she graduated from the technical school in the direction of "Physical culture", in 1996 she graduated from the Ural Academy in the same specialty.
She began playing for the national team back in 1988, when her first Paralympics took place in Seoul. She triumphantly ended her career in 2008 in Beijing, winning gold in multi-distance running.
Russian Paralympic athletes continue to amaze the whole world. Rima Batalova is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as a thirteen-time Paralympic champion and an eighteen-time winner of the world championship.
Olesya Vladykina
Not all Russian Paralympic athletes, whose biography is considered in this article, have limited opportunities from birth. A beautiful girl was born absolutely healthy, in Moscow, in 1988. From early childhood, she was engaged in swimming at a sports school, demonstrating success. She became a master of sports. But after entering the university, sports faded into the background.
In 2008, a terrible tragedy happened to the girl. She and her friend were vacationing in Thailand. Their tour bus had an accident. A friend died on the spot, and Olesya received severe injuries, as a result of which the girl's hand was amputated.
To distract herself from heavy thoughts, she returned to sports literally a month after discharge. And six months later, her triumph took place in Beijing, where Olesya took gold in the 100-meter breaststroke distance.
In London, she repeated her success and again set a world record at this distance.
Oksana Savchenko
Many famous Russian Paralympic athletes have received several state awards for their achievements. The girl who suffers from visual impairment since childhood was no exception.
Oksana was born in Kamchatka. The doctors did not notice any peculiarities in the child's condition and calmly discharged the mother and the baby from the hospital. The parents sounded the alarm when the girl was three months old. She had too much. After all the examinations, ophthalmologists diagnosed - "congenital glaucoma".
Thanks to the efforts of her mother, Oksana was operated on in Moscow, but her vision in her right eye could not be restored. The left one sees, but very badly. Because of the state of health, Savchenko was not recommended to engage in heavy sports, and then the mother gave her daughter to swim.
Now Oksana is the owner of three gold medals in Beijing and five in London. In addition, she is a multiple world record holder at her distances.
Like many Russian paralympians, Oksana received a higher education diploma: she graduated from the Bashkir Pedagogical University (specialty - physical education) and the Oil Technical University in Ufa (specialty - fire safety).
Alexey Bugaev
Alexey was born in Krasnoyarsk in 1997. He is one of the youngest athletes included in the top "The most famous Russian Paralympic athletes". The guy received recognition at the games in Sochi, where he won gold in slalom and super-combination (alpine skiing).
Alexey was born with a terrible diagnosis - "congenital anomaly of the right hand." The parents sent the boy to sports so that he could improve his health, find friends and simply adapt to life. Aleksey has been skiing since he was six. At fourteen, he was already in the country's Paralympic team. And this brings him success!
Mikhalina Lysova
Paralympians of Russia, whose biography is an example of perseverance and victory over themselves, usually come to sports at the suggestion of their parents. Michalina got into the ski section by accident. The older sister took the baby with her to training, because there was simply no one to leave her with.
Michalina also wanted to try, but because of her poor eyesight she had a very difficult time. Her first coach remembers how stubborn her character was. The guys did not give her a discount, but she was adapting to compete with healthy children. But, of course, there was no particular success to talk about.
Everything changed when the girl got into the Paralympic team. Now she is a three-time champion of the games in Sochi.
Alena Kaufman
The paralympians of Russia, whose names and surnames are still little known, are not going to end their careers after the first victories. So, biathlete and skier Alena Kaufman, despite the recent birth of her daughter and a rather large list of achievements, competes further.
Alena suffered from the diagnosis "weak grasping reflex" since childhood. But, since her parents were active athletes, the girl did not have to choose. As soon as she learned to walk, Alena was put on skis.
Despite her health condition, Alena performs in biathlon, and shooting is easy for her. This is one of the strongest aspects of her sports career.
In Sochi, the girl won two medals of the highest dignity and replenished the piggy bank of her champion gold.
Famous Russian Paralympic athletes are actively involved in social work, helping children like themselves to believe in themselves and their strengths. For her work Alena became a laureate of the "Return to Life" award.