Growing onion sets as an idea for building a profitable business. Growing onion Onion yield per hectare

How many onions can be harvested from 1 ha?

22.12.2017

Placing a crop in a crop rotation

In the crop rotation, onions are placed in the 2-3rd year after the application of organic fertilization. The best precursors for onions are cabbage, potatoes, tomato and cucumber. With an industrial crop in onion-sowing areas, where the onion area is large, it is often placed in field crop rotations after fertilized winter crops, which were grown in black fallow.

For onion culture, the nature of the soil is of exceptional importance, which is especially important when sowing seeds directly into the ground, because of their slow germination and small subulate shoots, as well as because of the insufficiently powerful root system of all types of onions. Onions are grown on non-acidic, fertile, humus, weed-free soils. Swampy and peaty soils are unsuitable due to the possible acidic reaction of the soil, to which all types of onions are very sensitive. The best soil reaction for onions is pH 7.5-8.

It must be remembered that most of the different types of onions are affected by the same diseases and pests. Sources of diseases, as well as pests, remain in the soil for several years. Therefore, it is not recommended to return bows to the same place earlier than after 3-4 years. It is impossible to place, for example, onions and leeks of the 1st year of life on the same field or next to the testes of these species, since the manifestation of some diseases (peronospore, yellow dwarfism, rust) on the testes is easily transmitted to the crops of the 1st heart of life.

Onions are a light-loving plant, so the site should be open and sunny. An area located close to trees, from which shadow falls on the area, is not suitable for onions, which should be especially borne in mind when placing seed crops. At the same time, it is necessary to select areas for the testes that are protected from the wind, since the arrows of onions, leeks and multi-tiered ones break easily.

Tillage system

The soil for turnip onions is prepared in such a way as to minimize the possibility of weeds. The main tillage is freezing plowing, which is carried out 2-3 weeks after harvesting the previous crops at the time of mass germination of weeds. On light soils, it is carried out to the depth of the arable layer with a rotation of the layer (but without turning the subsoil to the surface), using plows with skimmers, in highly compacted areas without rotation of the layer. It is possible to carry out stubble cultivation before autumn plowing and thus clear the field of weeds. The soil is plowed with a disc harrow to a depth of 5-6 cm immediately after harvesting the previous crops. In the spring, the soil is plowed or cultivated and harrowed.

On irrigated fields in the fall, after tillage, it is necessary to carry out water-charging irrigation.

On light soils, in early spring, trailing and harrowing are carried out to cover moisture and level the field. On heavy, floating soils in areas of sufficient moisture, plowing is done to a shallow depth (10-12 cm), followed by harrowing and rolling.

For planting bulbs of mother plants, seedlings, seedlings, the soil must be loose to the full depth - the arable layer. The timing and methods of its processing for onions are determined, first of all, by the type and condition of the soil, which depends on the degree of weediness of the site when growing the previous crop.

Weed control should be carried out during the entire rotation of the crop rotation in order to clear the field of weeds by the time the onions are grown. This will maximize the use of mechanization at all stages of crop cultivation.

When growing onions for greens in greenhouses, old greenhouse or greenhouse soil, rich in humus, is used and covered with a layer of 25-30 cm.

Fertilizer system

It is known that with a yield of 300 centners per hectare, turnip onions extract 81 kg of nitrogen, 75 kg of potassium, 39 kg of phosphoric acid and 48 kg of lime (excluding leaves) from the soil. From mineral fertilizers, onions use up to 100% nitrogen, 20-30% phosphorus, 40-50%) potassium.

Onions consume the most nitrogen in the first half of the growing season. Potassium is most of all carried out by plants in the second half of the growing season, while phosphorus is consumed relatively evenly throughout the entire period of growth and development of plants and its presence in the soil is especially important at the beginning of the growing season for the rapid growth of the root system, in particular in testes and onions grown from sampling and seeding.

The rates of fertilizers and the degree of their use depend on the type of soil, the type of fertilizers used, the method of their application, the level of agricultural technology, etc. On poorly cultivated soddy-podzolic soils of the northern and central regions, 30-45 t / ha of manure or compost is applied under the fall. cultivated sod-podzolic and chernozem soils -. 10-15 t / ha. Mineral fertilizers are applied in the spring under a plow or cultivator; application rate (in kg a.i. per 1 ha): on sod-podzolic soils N 50-80, P2O5 30-50, K20 60-90; on black earth, respectively 45-60, 45-60, 60-90.

According to A.A. Kazakova, 100 centners of marketable onion production requires the following amount of basic nutrients (in kg):

N	P205	k2o
Bulb onions	70	60	50
Onion sets	80	70	50

Organic fertilizers in the middle lane should be applied only under the previous crop and then as an exception on soils characterized by insufficient fertility.

In conditions of a short growing season, it is not recommended to apply manure under onions; on heavy floating soils, low-lying peat can be applied, which does not increase the acidity of the soil.

It is known that the addition of manure to the full norm of mineral fertilizers not only does not increase, but, on the contrary, reduces the yield of onions. When applying a double rate of fresh manure, the yield increases by only 1.3% compared to the yield on unfertilized soil, while the application of humus in a double amount increases the yield by 14%. Onions respond well to mineral fertilizers. For 1 hectare, 3-5 centners of superphosphate, 1.5-2 centners of potassium chloride, 1-3 centners of ammonium nitrate are usually applied. (Kharuzin).

It is known that potash and phosphorus fertilizers accelerate the ripening of bulbs, against this background, they increase in size, their density and keeping quality increase. When a large amount of nitrogen is added, the bulbs become loose, their keeping quality deteriorates. It is quite obvious that the effectiveness of fertilizers depends on the availability of a certain amount of moisture and heat.

For a uniform supply of plants with nutrients, mineral fertilizers are applied in 2 doses: under the fall - / 4 of the entire dose of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and the remaining V4 of these fertilizers is applied in spring for cultivation or during feeding during the growing season. Nitrogen salts are readily soluble and are quickly washed out of the soil, therefore, one-third of them in areas of sufficient moisture are brought in in the spring for cultivation or harrowing, and the remaining 73 are given as top dressing. At the same time, mineral fertilizers are applied taking into account the predecessor and the nature of the soil. If onions are placed on low-lying peatlands or after a predecessor, under which a large amount of organic fertilizers was given, such as for cucumbers, squash or squash, then nitrogen fertilizers are not applied, and the dose of superphosphate is reduced by 1.5 times on peatlands.

On floodplain soils and irrigated areas, the dose of nitrogen fertilizers is increased to 3 - 3.5 centners per hectare.

Seed preparation for sowing

Turnip onions are grown mainly from sets. Seeds are soaked before sowing, which accelerates the emergence of seedlings by 3-4 days. Water consumption is equal to the mass of seeds. Sparging of seeds is also used for 18-20 hours at a temperature of 20 ° C. After growing the seed, it is removed, dried, then cleaned from impurities, leaves are removed and sorted, sorted into four groups. The first group includes bulbs having the smallest diameter in small-nesting varieties of 10-15 mm, in medium- and multi-primordial varieties of a cubed shape

When growing onions from seeds in one year, the seeds are soaked before sowing and kept in the cold for 12-15 days, then treated with fentiuram (3 g per 1 kg). Treatment of seeds in water with oxygen or air (bubbling) significantly increases their field keeping quality. When sown with swollen seeds in moist soil, seedlings appear on the 6-7th day. Before sowing, wetted and naklyuvshis seeds are slightly dried until flowable to ensure uniform sowing by the seeder.

Seeding rate

When growing seedlings per hectare, 40-120 kg of seeds are sown, lower seeding rates - in the southern regions of the country, the highest - in the northern regions of commercial onion production. In the middle zone, the seeding rate is 60-80 kg per 1 ha.

When growing turnip onions from seedlings, the seeding rate of seedlings of the first group is 0.8-1 tons, the second is 1.2-1.4 tons per hectare (240-350 thous.

bulbs).

When growing turnip onions from seeds in one year in the south, 4-6 kg of seeds of sweet varieties with a large bulb and 6-8 kg of seeds of semi-sharp varieties are sown per hectare.

In the middle zone, the seeding rate is 12-15 kg of seeds per hectare.

In our case, when growing onions for greens in film greenhouses, onions are used (planting rate - 7-10 tons per 1 ha) or large seeding of multi-primordial varieties (1-1.5 tons per 1 ha).

Sowing

Sowing is carried out with vegetable seed drills SON-2.8A, SKON-4.2 using openers with splitters or openers for wide-band sowing, providing a row width of 6-8 cm. Good results are obtained by sowing with flax seeders in a 12-row method.

When growing onions from seedlings for sowing, use the seeder SLN-8A and SLN-8B with a working width of 2.8 m.

When growing turnip onions in one year, sowing is carried out with SKON-4.2 or SON-2.8A seeders in a broadband method with a distance between the middle of the strips of 45 cm and a strip width of 6-8 cm.For broadband sowing, use reequipped disc openers from a grain narrow-row seeder SZU-3.6. After sowing, the field is rolled

In greenhouses, onions are planted in a "bridge" way, close to the bulb to the bulb, or in rows as a cucumber and tomato compactor. In winter greenhouses, it is grown from November to February in 3-4 turns, in spring greenhouses - in the first turn, before planting a cucumber or tomato. Planting rate 7-10 kg per m2.

Crop care

During the cultivation of seedlings, 3-5 loosening of the row spacings is carried out. To control weeds, the soil is sprayed with herbicides: before the emergence of onions, chlorine-IFA (12 kg per 1 ha), dactal 920 kg per 1 ha), ramrod (7-10 kg per 1 ha) and before sowing onions with sodium trichloroacetate ( 5-14 kg per 1 ha). Irrigation (200-250 m 3 per 1 ha) and top dressing (30 kg of ammonium nitrate, 100 kg of superphosphate and 30 kg of potassium chloride per 1 ha). Carried out in the first half of summer before the beginning of the formation of bulbs.

When growing turnip onions from seedlings, the row spacings are loosened 3-4 times, preventing the plants from falling asleep with soil, which leads to a strong growth of the neck of the bulb and delays its ripening. The best results in inter-row cultivation are provided by the KGF-2.8 milling cultivator, when using it, weeds are completely destroyed and the soil is thoroughly loosened, which is especially important when harvesting onions with machines.

To control weeds, dactal (8-12 kg per 1 ha) or ramrod (6 kg per 1 ha) are used, which are applied prior to planting with sprayers POU, OVT-1A (with a bar), OH-400 at a working solution consumption of 400- 600 l per 1 ha.

Top dressing is carried out twice: with regrowth of leaves (60 kg of ammonium nitrate, 100 kg of superphosphate and 20 kg of potassium chloride per 1 ha) and at the beginning of the formation of bulbs (60 kg of superphosphate and 40 kg of potassium chloride per 1 ha).

When growing turnip onions from seeds in one year, the care of crops is the same as when growing onion sets. In the phase of 4-5 true leaves, crops are thinned out to a distance of 3-6 cm for semi-sharp varieties in the zone of sufficient moisture and 5-10 cm for sweet varieties in the south. The harvested plants are used for greens.

Onions for greens in a film greenhouse are grown at a temperature of 16-24 ° C. At the beginning of the growth of leaves and when they reach 10-12 cm, fertilizing with ammonium nitrate is carried out (20-30 g per 10 l of water). For 1 m 2, 5 liters of solution are consumed. In some farms, onions are grown in grape boxes. The boxes are installed in warm basements, and after the leaves grow 5-10 cm, they are taken out into the light. Greenhouses are equipped with additional temporary shelves, which are placed in 3-4 tiers. In addition, boxes with onions planted in them are placed in the aisles of the greenhouse, this makes it possible to more efficiently use the area and get up to 50-100 kg of green onions from 1 m per revolution.

Plants with a lack of moisture are watered, loosened; weeds are destroyed. Top dressing with ammonium nitrate (60-80 kg per 1 ha) increases the yield and improves the quality of products.

Harvest

The harvesting of the seedlings should be timed to the dry sunny period (in the first half of August in the northern regions and at the end of July in the middle zone, plowing with a brace, when its upper scales and leaves turn yellow and dry, and the bulbs take the shape typical of the variety). Sevok is laid out with a thin layer of onions in one direction. In wet weather, the sets are transferred under a canopy; where it dries up. A well-dried set should be dry, and the neck should be tightly covered with scales. After such drying, dry leaves or their remnants are easily scrubbed by hand or on a haulmaker. 1 cubic meter of raw mass of seed after wiping off the tops gives 70% of the bulbs (0.7 cubic meters). The weight of 1 m 3 sets is 580-600 kg.

The yield of seedlings in various regions ranges from 40 to 150 centners per hectare, but sometimes record harvests reach 200 centners per hectare. Before laying for storage, the sets are sorted by size and the samples are separated, the onion having a diameter of more than 3 cm.

Onions are removed from the set when the leaves are lodged, the neck dries up and dry scales form. During rainy weather, in order to prevent secondary growth of the root system, the onion is harvested when the leaves are not ripe. In this case, immediately after harvesting, the leaves are cut off and the bulbs are dried in dry, well-ventilated rooms.

For harvesting onions with industrial technology, the LKG-1.4 onion digger is used, which has a working width of 1.4 m and is aggregated with the MTZ-80 and MTZ-82 tractors. He scoops up the onions and places them in swaths. After drying the onions with the same machine, equipped with a conveyor for loading crops into vehicles, the onions are picked up from the rolls and taken out for sorting.

A prerequisite for the effective operation of the LKG-1.4 onion digger is the absence of weeds and large clods of earth. The productivity of the onion harvester for digging up to 0.4 hectares, for picking turnip onions - up to 0.8 hectares per hour of clean work. When growing turnip onions from seeds in one year, onion harvesting begins when the leaves are lodged and the outer scales of the bulbs dry. It is carried out with a LKG-1.4 machine, followed by processing of the crop at a mechanized station PML-6. The unripe onion (thick collar) is sold for immediate consumption, the rest is sorted into samples and marketable bulbs.

The yield of this type of onion is 15-20 tons per hectare.

Onions are harvested for greens 25-30 days after planting, when the leaves reach 35-40 cm. The yield of green onions is 15-20 kg with G m 2.

Technological scheme for the cultivation of turnip onions for greens in the conditions of film greenhouses (variety Arzamassky, yield 50 tons per hectare)

Type of work	Dates	Unit composition	Technological requirements
Training soil for planting	Use old greenhouse or greenhouse soil, rich in humus and cover with a layer of 25-30 cm
Preparing the bulbs for planting	Soaking the planting material in a 0.01-0.1% solution of potassium permanganate during the day
Planting bulbs	1 october	Manually	In a half-bridge way, the bulbs are placed at a small (up to 0.5-1.0 cm) distance from each other. Planting rate 7-10 kg per m2. Indoor temperature during the entire growing period - 16-24 ° С
Powder with earth, sawdust, or humus. Combination possible	Immediately after landing	Manually	A layer of earth up to 2-3 cm. A layer of sawdust up to 1-2 cm. A layer of humus up to 2-3 cm
Watering	Immediately after landing and then regularly	Manually	The water is heated to 30-3 5 ° С, Water consumption per 1m 2 10-12l
Introduction top dressing	2-3 times for the entire growing period	Manually	A solution of ammonium nitrate (30 g per 10 l of water), consume 5 l of solution per 1 m 2. After feeding, the plants are immediately watered with clean water.
Cleaning	October 25-30	Manually	When leaves reach a length of 35-40 cm. Market onions are placed in boxes with a layer up to 30 cm.

Requirements:onion is a relatively cold-resistant plant. It easily tolerates spring frosts, but in the loop phase, seedlings can die at a temperature of -2-3 ° C. The optimum temperature for leaf growth is 15-25 ° C, they are able to withstand frosts down to -7 ° C and heat above 35 ° C.

In relation to light, onions are quite demanding plants, they also need high light intensity, especially when grown from seeds. Moisture is most needed during the first growing season, whereas bulbs require dry and hot weather to ripen. Onions make especially high demands on soil fertility, since with a relatively strong development of leaves it has a weak root system. Well-fertilized and weed-free areas are allocated for it. The soil should have a reaction close to neutral (pH 6.4-7.9).

The soil is prepared in the fall, immediately after harvesting the predecessor. Well-rotted raw manure, humus, various matured composts at the rate of 3-5 kg \u200b\u200b/ m 2 or bird droppings - 1-2 kg / m 2 are introduced for digging. Wood ash at a dose of 0.5-1 kg / m 2 is also an effective fertilizer. Fresh manure should not be applied under the onion, otherwise the growth of leaves does not stop for a long time, while the bulbs begin to form with a delay, do not ripen, are strongly affected by cervical rot, and are poorly stored. Onions are responsive to the application of mineral fertilizers. In the initial period of growth, he especially needs nitrogen and potassium, later, during the formation of the bulb, potassium and phosphorus. The dose of superphosphate is 25-30 g / m2, potassium salt - 15-20, urea - 10 g / m2, and 2/3 or 1/2 of the entire dose of superphosphate and potassium fertilizers are applied in the fall, and the rest and nitrogen fertilizer - in the spring. Fertilizers should be applied in small doses.

Composition: contains sugars, proteins, mineral salts, amino acids, essential oils. It is rich in vitamins A, B 1, B 2, B 6, PP and especially ascorbic acid, the daily need for which a person can satisfy by eating only 80-90 g of green leaves per day.

Growing onions:sevok - valuable seed material, the quality of which largely determines the future harvest of turnip onions. Sevok is grown from black onions. For sowing, use dry or wet seeds. The seeds are soaked for 2-9 days at room temperature, changing the water, or in warm (40 ° C) water for 8 hours.

Sow onions in autumn or spring, as soon as the soil allows.

Ridges are preliminarily arranged, the surface of which is carefully leveled and harrowed with a rake. The width of the ridges is 1 m, the distance between the rows where the seeds are sown is 12-15 cm. For 1 m 2, 9-10 g of seeds are required. The sown seeds are covered with humus with a layer of 1 - 1.5 cm, and on top they are mulched with peat or leafy soil.

To obtain turnip onions, use a set with a diameter of 1.5-2.5 cm.

Before planting, the bulbs are sorted out, separating the dried and diseased ones. If in the previous year the plants were affected by downy mildew, the seedlings for disinfection are heated 10-15 days before planting at a temperature of 40-42 ° C for 8 hours. Sevok is planted in warm soil, usually in early May. To accelerate regrowth, it is cut to the shoulder and soaked in water with slurry (6: 1) for 12-24 hours. On a pre-prepared ridge, grooves are drawn, denoting the rows, and the sevka bulbs are planted in them. On a ridge 1 m wide, the seedlings are planted in 3-5 lines with a distance of 20 cm between them. The planting depth should be such that the bulbs are in a moist soil layer. They are sprinkled with humus with a layer of at least 2 cm. Sevok, planted before winter,it is best grown on ridges so that melt water does not flood it in spring. The ridges are filled with humus, mineral fertilizers and ash. Onion sets are planted in late September - early October. Planting depth 3-4 cm, distance between rows 20-25 cm, between bulbs in a row - 4-5 cm. The beds are mulched with humus or peat compost with a layer of 2-2.5 cm. Cover them well with dry leaves.

Harvesting:as soon as the leaves of the plants begin to turn yellow and lie down, the seedlings are buried in with a shovel, picked out of the soil and laid out on the ridge for drying. Periodically, the sowing is turned up. After drying, the leaves are rubbed by hand and the intact healthy bulbs are stored. For further cultivation of turnip onions, a set of 1-3 cm in diameter is selected. Small bulbs (less than 1 cm) are planted before winter, and large ones (more than 3 cm) are used for forcing onions. Store onion sets in boxes with a layer of 20-30 cm. The optimum temperature is 18-20 ° C. Winter onions begin to be harvested in mid-July.

Grow onions in two ways: from seed and from sevka .

Growing onions from seeds involves obtaining the final product in one season. When grown from seedlings, marketable products are obtained in two seasons: in the first year of cultivation, seeds are planted and a seed is obtained, and in the second year of cultivation, a seed is planted and a harvest is obtained. If after that you plant marketable onions for the next year, you will get seeds, and the entire cultivation cycle is thus closed.

Which is the best way? If onions are grown on greens, then when using sevka, you can grow greens earlier. There are varieties that are specifically designed for growing onions from seed, but greens can only be harvested from mid-summer. And growing onions in seedlings to get greens is too troublesome.

If onions are grown on the turnip , then each growing method has its own merits.

Benefits growing onions for a turnip from seed : no need to grow a set, or spend money on its purchase, there is no risk of losing a set during winter storage, you will not bring diseases and pests to your plot with a purchased set, no need to wait a whole extra year. It is not surprising that this method has become very popular.

Benefits growing onions from sevka : earlier maturation, less risk of disease, and a shorter growing season, only 80-90 days. Also, when sowing with sowing, higher yields are obtained in extreme years. The onions are of high quality, have dense scales, and are well stored in winter. In the north, where summer is short, onions can only be grown in this way. It is also difficult to obtain onions from seeds in sandy soils.

It is best to try both methods and choose the one that works best for you.

Growing onions

Seed preparation

Seeds are checked for 30 days before sowing. germination ... Pre-sort the seeds: cover with water, shake, and remove the floating seeds. Then place a paper towel soaked in water and seeds on a plate and cover with plastic wrap. Then put a plate of seeds in a warm place, with a temperature of no more than 20 degrees. Inspect the seeds daily and spray with a spray bottle if necessary. As a result, calculate the ratio of germinated seeds to the total.

Before sowing, the seeds are placed in cheesecloth, immersed for 15 minutes in hot, with a temperature of 45-50 degrees, and then in cold water for 1 minute. After this procedure, the seeds are placed in a cloth soaked in warm water and kept for 24 hours, and finally the seeds are kept in water at room temperature for 48 hours.

Soil preparation

Onions grow well on neutral or slightly alkaline soils, therefore, if the soil is acidic, you need to lime it.

The site for planting onions should be cook from autumn : you need to add 1-2 buckets of humus or rotted compost, as well as phosphorus-potassium fertilizers: a tablespoon of superphosphate, nitrophoska and wood ash.

Crop rotation

Do not return onions to areas where they have already been grown for at least three years. It is best to plant onions after potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, legumes.

It is undesirable to plant onions after garlic, cucumbers and carrots.

Planting and caring for onions

If the onion is grown for greens, the top of the onion is cut off before planting. If it's a turnip, you don't need to cut anything.

Plant onions with seeds to a depth of 2 cm, in rows. A distance of 15 cm is made between the rows, and in a row they are planted so that there is about 1.5 cm between the germinated plants in a row.With this sowing, approximately 1 gram of seeds per meter of furrow leaves.

In the future, the onion is thinned out. To get a set, leave 3-5 cm between the plants, in order to get bulbs with annual cultivation - 7-12 cm. Thinned plants are eaten like greens.

The sooner you sow the seeds, the better. Onions are a cold-resistant culture: onions can withstand frosts down to -5 degrees.

Do not spud onions - the bulbs should be slightly opened. Mulch can be used between plants. And you need to remove the weeds on time.

Shine

Onions are a light-loving plant, and therefore there should always be sun in the onion garden.

Watering

Onions love moisture, and need constant watering. If the onion does not have enough moisture, its feather becomes bluish-white, and the tip bends down. If there is too much moisture, the feather turns pale green.

Watering after planting with seeds is done every 2-3 days until shoots appear. After that, water the onion once a week. When planting seedlings, watering is initially done once a week.

A month before harvesting, watering is stopped so that the bulbs ripen better.

Top dressing

To increase the yield, onions are fed with organic and mineral fertilizers 1-3 times during the growing season.

In this case, in no case should fresh manure be added under the onion.

First feeding do when the feathers reach a height of 10-12 cm: add a glass of mullein or bird droppings to 10 liters of water, and a tablespoon of urea and potassium salt each. 3 liters of top dressing are consumed per square meter.

Second feeding do 20-25 days after the first, and third when the bulbs are about the size of a walnut.

Look at the plants: if the onion grows poorly, and its leaves are pale, add nitrogen fertilizers to the solution, if the leaves age prematurely and become wrinkled and grayish, add potassium fertilizers, and if the leaves turn black and the tips begin to die off, add phosphorus fertilizers.

Pest control

When the height of the feather reaches 15 cm, onions are prevented against fungi: 1 teaspoon of copper sulfate is diluted in 10 liters of water, and 1 tablespoon of liquid soap is added. Feathers are sprayed with this solution. Consumption rate - 0.5 liters per square meter.

Cleaning

Start harvesting when the leaves begin to dry, but before they are completely dry, so that the bulbs do not rot. In addition, onions can resume growth and become unusable.

Dry the collected bulbs in a dry, well-ventilated area, and only then cut off the feathers, leaving a neck 2-4 cm long. Store onions in a dry place, at a temperature of 0 to 1 degrees.

The yield of onions, subject to all growing conditions, is 200-400 kilograms per hundred square meters .

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In Ukraine, the largest onion areas are located in the steppe regions of the country. The main bio feature of the culture, in contrast to other vegetable crops, is that in the phase of 4-5 leaves, under unfavorable conditions, it can form an onion and go into a dormant state. When growing onions from seeds, the growth and development of the plant in the 1st period (45-50 days) is very slow. 1st leaves are very small. Only a month after germination, the assimilating apparatus achieves several square cm. Saturated growth of plants begins after the formation of 4-5 leaves. After the end of the onion formation, the neck becomes soft, narrow and the feather lays down, which is a sign of technical maturity.

When growing onions from a seedling a month after planting, a leaf apparatus of about 120 cm2 comes out, which contributes to the quick ripening of the onion and provides the highest yield (400-500 centners / ha).

Bulb onions- cold-resistant plant. Seeds germinate at a temperature of 3-5 ° C. In the phase of 1-2-oh leaves, the sprouts tolerate frosts to minus 3-5 ° C. A good temperature for plant growth is 20-25 ° C, the highest is 30-35 ° C.

In warm weather, the aerial part of plants actively develops, in cold weather, the root part. Bulb onions are a very demanding crop for soil moisture, therefore it is better to locate it on irrigated lands. In the Steppe and the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, onions are systematically watered, providing soil moisture at a depth of 40-50 cm (the area where the main mass of roots is located) not lower than 80% HB. Lowering the soil moisture during the ripening period accelerates this process, favorably affects the keeping quality of the bulbs and prevents them from being damaged by grayish and cervical rot.

The onions must be sown according to the best predecessors, depending on the zone of cultivation. Winter plowing is carried out 22 cm long with a longline plow. The culture is very picky about soil fertility. It is better to place it according to the fertilized predecessor, then only mineral fertilizers are applied locally N60P90K60. In the main preparation of soils for onions, increased attention is paid to weed control. Since autumn, the soil is prepared as a semi-steam (1-2 plowing cultivation).

In spring, onions are sown as early as possible, to a depth of 3-4 cm using a SO-4.2 seeder with a row spacing of 70 cm.The width of the strip is 10-15 cm, the sowing rate is 7-8 kg of seeds per 1 ha, which provides a density of 700-800 thousand plants. A permissible scheme is 40 + 40 and 60 cm with a strip width of 6-8 cm. After sowing, the field is rolled in with compactors.

The scientifically substantiated turn of plants in the crop rotation helps to reduce the weediness of fields, for example, in onion crops by 1.1-3.6 times. The introduction of the herbicide destroys them by another 70-98%.

The row spacings are loosened to a depth of 8-10 cm with a KOR-4.2 cultivator, when 2-3 real leaves appear, one-sided blade paws are used to a depth of 3-4 cm.The next loosening is performed when weeds appear in the row spacings, or in the presence of a crust on the ground surface ... The onions are watered in such a way that from the shoots to the beginning of the onion formation, the moisture content of the earth was 75-80, with the beginning of the onion formation - 65-70% HB.

Harvest in the phase of the beginning of leaf lodging. Above 60% of the costs of onion cultivation technology falls on harvesting. From time to time, before teaching the bow at the roll, the leaves will be cut using a rotary cutter KOR-1.5B. After mowing the leaves, the onions are rolled at the roll with an LKG-1.4 onion digger. Onions lie in rolls for 7-10 days to dry, after which they are picked up, sorted, sold or stored.

Growing onions from sets

Until recently, the cultivation of onions from sets was the most widespread in the northern regions, the middle belt, the central black earth regions and the woodland of the CIS.

This method is used to grow onions of more spicy species, the sets of which are perfectly stored. In addition, on sandy soils it is very difficult to get onions from seeds. Therefore, on these soils, preference is given to a two-year onion culture. Observing the modern technology of growing onions from seedlings, one obtains the highest (from 30 to 45 kg / 10 sq. M. On irrigated land, on dry land - up to 20 kg / 10 sq. M.) Yield of perfectly ripe onions.

The advantage of growing onions from sets is, moreover, in the fact that in absolutely any weather in the spring you can get sprouts. The growing season of onions when grown from seed sets is miniaturized up to 80-90 days. It can be grown without irrigation or with the least amount of irrigation. With all this, the thinning of plants is excluded, the costs of weeding are reduced. With all this, the root system of the onion is better developed, the onions ripen earlier and better, have dense scales and are well stored in winter.

The size of the bulbs is of great importance, as well as the timing of planting. Taking into account the requirements of the seed for temperature and moisture, it is planted when the soil warms up to +10 degrees C, but remains quite moist. A very early planting during a prolonged cool spring promotes a quick end to the differentiation of the buds, as a result of which the plants are very shooted during the growth period. This leads to a decrease in yield and deterioration of the properties of the onion.

Late planting leads to quick overdrying of the top layer of the earth and poor rooting of the bulbs, as a result of which the yield also decreases.

The best spring planting period begins 7-10 days after sowing the seeds of chernushka and in the forest-steppe of Ukraine it falls on the end of the 2nd - third decades of April, in the steppe - the end of March - the first half of April. Landing it should not be stretched. It starts with small groups of sevka, since they form less arrows, and ends with planting large fractions.

Positive results were obtained in the northern strip and the southern region of Ukraine during the winter planting of small seedlings on a turnip 30-40 days before the stable frosty weather in November. With all this, the onions overwinter perfectly, sprout 15 days earlier, ripen 2-3 weeks earlier and increase the yield of turnip onions by 10-25%.

Winter planting reduces onion branching (nesting), which helps to increase the uniformity and marketability of the bulbs. It makes it possible to grow uterine onions, which are less sick. But there is a worldview that with a winter planting it loses its keeping quality.

A small supply of nutrients in a small set does not allow the bulbs to go through the vernalization stage, and therefore they do not give flowering arrows. The race in time, which the plants have due to planting before winter, allows already at the end of July to get perfectly ripened, large (5-6 cm in diameter) onions. For growing in winter planting, any zoned varieties are applicable - small-nested, medium-or multi-nested. Only southern varieties are not applicable, because their sevok in winter can freeze out.

Correct placement of plants during planting increases their productivity and improves product quality. With all this, it is necessary to strive for the maximum permissible thickening of plants, so that the aboveground organs completely cover the surface of the earth. In this case, one should not be afraid of shading, because onion leaves grow upward and do not interfere with the normal development of plants.

In personal gardens, onion sets are planted on ridges in loose grooves, the distance between which can be from 15 to 45 cm.In a row, onions are laid out for small-breeding species at a distance of 8-10 cm, and for species that give three or more bulbs in the nest - 10-15 cm. They are laid out with the bottom down, simply by pressing, and from above they are covered with soil with a layer of more than 2 cm (with a deeper planting, a small onion appears).

The planting depth of the seed is determined by the biological characteristics of the formation of the onion, so that when it ripens, its upper part is above the ground. Only under this condition can the highest and high-quality yield of turnip be obtained. Onion sets asks for a shallow planting, 3-4 cm below the surface of the earth.

Caring for crops of onions from seed sets is actually the same as when growing it from seeds. But there are some peculiarities. In the pre-emergence period of planting onions, the soil is harrowed with a rake or sowing harrows. Onion sprouts appear 8-10 days earlier than when sown with seeds, and the plants begin to grow rapidly immediately. The use of post-emergence harrowing in 1-2 days after mass germination also partly by harrows leads to pulling out of onion plants (from 1 to 3.2% with a belt and from 0.2 to 1.4% with a wide-row sowing method). With all this, up to 63-72% of filamentous weeds are destroyed and labor costs during the first weeding are reduced by 35-41%. After harrowing, work is carried out to loosen the row spacings, remove weeds and flowering arrows that appear, watering, depending on weather criteria, top dressing, fight pests and diseases.

Row spacing is a fundamental means of influencing all the reasons contributing to obtaining the highest yield. When loosening, weeds are destroyed, moisture is better preserved, since capillaries are destroyed, along which water moves up to the surface of the earth, it is aerated and warms up perfectly, all bio processes are better in it, and therefore the growth of the root system is enhanced. The row spacing of the onion is loosened to a depth of 5-6 cm and weeds are removed with the help of hand cultivators, also hoes, boots.

At the end of growth, when the bulbs are formed and the leaves begin to partially lodge, the soil is removed from the bulbs so that they are better illuminated by sunlight and the air is blown around them. If you bare the onion turnip a little, it comes out healthy and is better stored.

In conditions of a lack of natural water supply, irrigation is only of fundamental importance in increasing the onion yield. After the arrows are cut off, the onion plants are watered and fed.

The first top dressing as needed is carried out at a leaf height of 10-12 cm, the second - after 20-25 days. For feeding, bird droppings are used, diluting it with water 1:15, or mullein - 1:10. From mineral fertilizers take 150 g of ammonium nitrate and 200 g of potassium salt per 10 square meters. m (one watering can of organic or mineral fertilizers - 10 liters per 10 meters of a row).

Harvesting such an onion is like harvesting one grown from seed. It is harvested with massive yellowing, lodging of 20-30% of the leaves and drying them out in late July - early August in the forest-steppe zone, and in the middle zone of the CIS in late August - early September. They dig the onions with a shovel or dig in with a bracket, pull them out and leave them to dry on the ridges before the rain comes.

Before they are stored and cleaned, they are dried in dry rooms, where a draft is arranged, laying in a narrow layer on board boards or hanging it in bundles. After that, it is sorted, cleaned of roots and leaves, leaving a neck 2 cm long. The bulbs are placed in boxes disinfected with lime, 2 rows high, and put into storage. The boxes are stacked on top of each other in a dry room with an air temperature of about 0 ... + 1 degrees C.

Without cutting off the leaves, you can make beautiful onion "braids" with twine. They are stored under the same conditions.

The plant is long-term. In the 1st year, a bulb with a diameter of 1-2.5 cm (onion sets) grows from the seed. In the next season, large onions are formed from it, giving flower stalks-arrows in the 3rd year, on which inflorescences with seeds are formed.

According to the liking of branching (the ability of the plant to create a certain number of bulbs in the nest), all varieties are divided into small, medium and multi-nested. Varieties are distinguished not only by nesting, but also by taste - into spicy, semi-sharp and sweet. Different types of onions also have different methods of cultivation: some are grown from seedlings and a selection, others - from seedlings and in a one-year culture from seeds, and still others - exclusively in a one-year culture by sowing seeds or seedlings. The best predecessors of onions are crops for which huge doses of organic fertilizers were applied, cucumber, zucchini and pumpkin.

Requirements: onions are a comparatively cold-resistant plant. It simply tolerates outdoor frosts, but in the loop phase, the sprouts can die at a temperature of -2-3 ° C. The best temperature for leaf growth is 15-25 ° C, they are able to withstand frosts down to -7 ° C and heat above 35 ° C. In relation to light, onions are a rather demanding plant, they also need the highest light intensity, especially when grown from seeds. Plants need moisture most of all during the first growing season, while dry and hot weather is required to ripen the bulbs.

In particular, the onion places the highest demands on the fertility of the land, because with a relatively strong development leaves have a weak root system. Perfectly fertilized and weed-free areas are allocated for it. The soil must have a reaction close to neutral (pH 6.4-7.9). The soil is prepared in autumn, immediately after harvesting the predecessor. Perfectly rotted raw manure, humus, various matured composts at the rate of 3-5 kg \u200b\u200b/ m2, or bird droppings - 1-2 kg / m2 are brought in for digging. Wood ash in a dose of 0.5-1 kg / m2 is also an effective fertilizer. You should not put the freshest manure under the onion, otherwise the growth of leaves does not stop for a long time, while the onions begin to form with a delay, do not ripen, are very affected by cervical rottenness, are poorly stored. Onions are responsive to the application of mineral fertilizers. In the initial period of growth, he especially needs nitrogen and potassium, later, during the formation of the onion, potassium and phosphorus. The dose of superphosphate is 25-30 g / m2, potassium salt - 15-20, urea - 10 g / m2, while 2/3 or 1/2 of the entire dose of superphosphate and potassium fertilizers are introduced in the fall, and the rest and nitrogen fertilizer - in the spring ... Fertilizers should be applied in small doses.

Cultivation: sevok is a valuable seed material, on the properties of which the future harvest of turnip onions depends in almost everything. Sevok is grown from black onions. For sowing, dry or wet seeds are used. The seeds are soaked for 2-9 days at room temperature, changing the water, or in warm (40 ° C) water for 8 hours. Onions are sown in autumn or spring, as the soil permits. For earlier, they arrange ridges, the surface of which is painstakingly smoothed and harrowed with a rake. The width of the ridges is 1 m, the distance between the rows where the seeds are sown is 12-15 cm. 9-10 g of seeds are required per 1 m2. The sown seeds are covered with humus with a layer of 1 - 1.5 cm, and on top they are mulched with peat or leafy soil. To obtain turnip onions, use a sowing with a diameter of 0.8-1.6 cm. Before planting, the onions are sorted out, separating dried and unhealthy ones. If last year the plants were affected by the wrong powdery mildew, the seedlings for disinfection are heated 10-15 days before planting at a temperature of 40-42 ° C for 8 hours. Sevok is planted in warm soil, usually at the beginning of May. To speed up regrowth, it is cut to the shoulder and soaked in water with slurry (6: 1) for 12-24 hours. On the ridge prepared in advance, grooves are drawn, denoting the rows, onions are planted in them. On a ridge 1 m wide, seedlings are planted in 3-5 lines with a distance of 20 cm between them. The planting depth should be such that the onions are in a wet layer of earth. They are sprinkled with humus with a layer of more than 2 cm.

Sevok, planted before winter, is best grown on the ridges, so that in spring it is not flooded with melt water. The ridges are filled with humus, mineral fertilizers and ash. Onion sets are planted in late September - early October. The planting depth is 3-4 cm, the distance between the rows is 20-25 cm, between the bulbs in a row is 4-5 cm. The ridges are mulched with humus or peat compost with a layer of 2-2.5 cm. Top them perfectly cover with dry leaves.

Care: For the first 2-3 weeks, increased attention is paid to watering, since moisture is especially important for the formation of leaves and regrowth of roots. After watering, the soil is loosened. With a suitable filling of the earth with fertilizers, onion sowing for sowing does not need additional fertilizing. When growing turnip onions, in case of formation of arrows after regrowth of leaves, they must be removed and fed with nitrogen-potassium fertilizers. During the entire period of onion cultivation, the top layer of the earth 4-5 cm deep is maintained in a loose state. When loosening, they destroy weeds. Usually during the summer, 4-5 weeding and loosening are carried out. First, the formation of onions is given to plants with phosphorus-potassium fertilizing: 10-15 g / m2 of potassium salt and 15-20 g / m2 of superphosphate or 20-25 g / m2 of nitrophosphate, ideally in the form of a solution. The sprouts of podzimny onions in the spring after the snow melts are fed: 10 g of urea and 15 g of potassium salt per 10 liters of water. As they grow, the onions are thinned moderately, leaving a distance between plants of 8-10 cm.

Harvesting: as the leaves of the plants begin to turn yellow and lie down, the seedlings are buried in with a shovel, picked out of the ground and laid out on the ridge for drying. From time to time they turn the seedlings. After drying, the leaves are rubbed by hand and the intact healthy onions are stored. For the upcoming cultivation of turnip onions, a set of 0.8-2 cm in diameter is selected. The onion sets are stored in boxes with a layer of 20-30 cm. The best temperature is 18-20 ° C. Winter onions begin to be harvested in mid-July.

In areas with a short summer (Non-Black Earth Region, Siberia, the Urals), onion cultivation is still based on the sowing method. In the 1st year, a set is grown from seeds (nigella), which serves as planting material for obtaining a turnip. During the winter, the seedlings are stored either by a warm method at a temperature of 18-25 °, or cold-warm: in autumn and spring at 18-25 °, and in winter - at minus 1 - 3 °. A small set (0.7-1.2 cm in diameter) is kept at a temperature of about 0 ° at all times. If you store the set in a different way, it will either dry out or give a huge number of arrowheads. When planted in early May, food onions are obtained from a benign set by mid-August.

Experiments carried out in the vegetable growing laboratory of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy showed that turnip onions can be obtained in the Non-Black Earth Region in one season. It is usually cultivated in the south of the country, but in more northern zones, with old agricultural technology, the onions do not have time to ripen, the growth of new leaves lasts until late autumn. By the time of harvest, there are still many plants that have not formed bulbs. Unripe onions ripen poorly and are of little use for long-term storage. How To Overcome These Degree Disadvantages

If you reduce the feeding area for each plant, the rate of bulb formation will be accelerated, and as a result, lodging and dying off of leaves will occur earlier, and the harvest time will move. After all, when the onion sets are thickened, we get earlier, and why can't the ripening of the turnip be spurred on by the same method?
They sowed nigella with lines from which ribbons were made. A tape is a group of contiguous rows (rows) of plants. A passage was left between the ribbons. The highest yield of bulbs (3.8 kg per 1 m2) was obtained at a plant density of 162 and 211 per 1 m2.

In order to remove ripened food onions in the Non-Black Earth Region, conditions must be made for early emergence of seedlings and for more rapid growth of leaves in the first half of the growing season. The Strigunovsky onion variety turned out to be more suitable for this.

The thickening of the crops affects the plants in the second half of the growing season: due to the predominant dispersal of plastic substances into the onion, the leaves are thinner, and new ones are not formed at all. With all this, the neck of the onion becomes soft, the feather lays down, and then completely turns yellow and dries up. The onions are ripe.

If you decide to repeat our experience, we recommend that you take light, hot lands under the onions. From autumn, add humus to the site at the rate of 4-5 kg \u200b\u200bper 1 m2. Placing the freshest manure is unacceptable because it will lead to increased vegetative growth and delay the maturation of the bulbs. Dig up the soil, choose the rhizomes of long-term weeds. It must be understood that the crops of onions are simply overgrown with weeds, because its seeds swell slowly, while the period before the emergence of shoots is long, well, the initial growth is slow.

In the spring, as the soil dries up, loosen it with a rake to a depth of 5-8 cm. Before that, add a garden or fruit-berry mixture (8-10 g per 1 m2). Instead of consistencies, you can use ordinary mineral fertilizers. Then, before the autumn digging, add 35-40 g of ordinary or 15-20 g of double superphosphate and 20-25 g of potassium salt, and in the spring, before loosening the earth, another 12-15 g of urea per 1 m2.

Onions can be grown on a flat surface if there is no closely lying groundwater and the depth (18-22 cm) of the arable layer is sufficient. But the ridges allow earlier sowing, the conditions for plant growth and the ripening of bulbs are the best. Ridges are cut in the fall, after digging the earth. The width of the ridge is 1 m, and the borders are 30 cm. Apply mineral fertilizers to the ridges.

Start sowing in the spring immediately after loosening the soil. On a flat surface with a peg every 15 cm, make 7 grooves 1.5 - 2 cm deep - you get a seven-line tape 90 cm wide, and between the ribbons - a passage of 40-50 cm.On the ridge, it is more convenient to make 7 grooves every 14 cm. The day before sowing, start preparation of seeds. Take them for sowing at the rate of 1.5 - 2.5 g per 1 m of tape (7 meters).

So that sprouts appear faster, place the seeds in a gauze bag before sowing, painstakingly moisten it with water and put it in a plate, where also pour some water (0.5 cm layer). Close the plate so that the bag does not dry out quickly, and keep the seeds wet at a temperature of 22-25 °. After 6-8 hours, wash the bag of seeds in running water, change the water in the plate with the freshest one and again close the plate with the bag. Repeat this function for another 6-8 hours later. In 24-30 hours after the start of soaking, some seeds will hatch roots. Then dry the seeds until flowing and sow.

Cover the seeds, moderately distributed along the grooves, with a layer of earth 1-1.5 cm. Cover the surface of the ground with foil or thick paper. This will allow you to get sprouts earlier. Remove the film or paper as single onion sprouts appear.

In order to prevent damage to young plants by onion fly larvae, the surface of the earth at the time of emergence of single shoots can be sprinkled with the consistency of naphthalene and sand (1 part of naphthalene to 20 parts of sand). Scattered ash will also help.

Crops maintenance is simple. It comes down to watering, loosening the earth after watering or rain, weeding. In the phase of 2 - 3 real leaves, feed the onion with nitrophos (20-25 g per 1 m2).

Thin young plants, leaving a gap of 3.5-4.5 cm between them. If you arrange them thicker, then the onions will turn out to be small; at a greater distance, ripening will be delayed. There is no need to rush to thinning. After all, from the site you can still harvest greenish onions.

Finish watering from mid-July even in dry weather. When the leaves are lodging, pull the onions and dry them under a canopy (spreading them out in a narrow layer and sometimes tedding). Dry until the leaves are brittle. Knead dried leaves at the root with your hands. Drying will reduce the number of bulbs affected by cervical rot. Put unripe onions into food first.

If, due to damp weather, the leaves do not fall by the end of August, then you still need to pull the onion and place it under a canopy. There the onions ripen evenly.
The principal operation is sorting the bulbs: those that are less than 2 cm in diameter (sets), store as planting material; do the same with a selection (up to 4 cm) - it will go to forcing a greenish leaf; those that are larger (onion-turnip) are included in food.

Large onions can also be grown through seedlings. For a long time, this method has been used in the cultivation of sweet and weakly pungent onion species (Spanish 313, Krasnodar G-35, Yalta, Kaba, etc.) in areas with a short growing season, where plants do not have time to produce a ripe onion when sowing seeds. Sevok of these species is difficult to grow, and it is poorly stored.

To get onion seedlings, use sowing boxes or warm greenhouses. Seeds are sown at the rate of 12-15 g per 1 m2. A pick is not needed, seedlings at this sowing rate do not oppress each other. Seeds are sown at the beginning of March; plants are transferred to open ground at the beginning of May. For planting, seedlings are selected from a box or a greenhouse, each plant is shortened to 2-2.5 cm root and half leaves. Then the roots are dipped in a clay mash and the seedlings are planted with four-line ribbons with a distance between the lines of 20 cm, and between the ribbons - 40 cm. The plant should be 8-10 cm apart from the plant in a row. 40-50 plants are planted at 1 m. You can also thicken the planting in order to additionally get more onions from the same area. But excess plants must be removed in the first half of June. Plants are planted to the depth at which they were in a greenhouse or box.

As experience has shown, through seedlings, it is successfully possible to grow mature, semi-sharp and spicy colloidal varieties (Timiryazevsky, Myachkovsky, Strigunovsky, Danilovsky). Plants can be transplanted into the ground in groups, so the root system is less damaged, but for the group method, an extraordinary sowing is also required - in nutrient cubes of small volume (rib 4 cm). 8-10 seeds are sown in a cube, 5 plants are left when seedlings arise. Such a group of plants, located in a cube, is called group seedlings. Seeds are sown at the beginning of March, and seedlings are planted - in the first decade of May with a three-line ribbon with a distance between the rows of 30 cm, and between the ribbons - 40 cm.In a row, the cubes are placed one from another at a distance of 20-25 cm.When planting, they look to the upper part the cube was at ground level. By autumn, a "nest" of bulbs is formed in place of the cube.

Care consists in constant weeding, loosening the earth. If the weather is dry, in the first half of the growing season, watering is carried out, and with weakened growth, feeding. Lodging of leaves is a sign of cessation of growth and the beginning of ripening of the bulbs.

Share with your friends a record - Technology of growing onions from seeds

1. Botanical and biological features.

Onion(Allium cepa ) belongs to the Onion family (Alliaceae), Bulb onion is a perennial herbaceous plant. Under the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone, onion seeds are usually obtained only in the third year.

The bulb consists of a shortened stem - the bottom, on which buds are laid, covered with open and closed juicy scales. Open scales are thickened leaf bases, and closed ones are modified leaves that cover and nourish the buds. Outside, the bulb is surrounded by dry scales of yellow, white or purple color. From the buds developing on the bottom, either new onions (from vegetative buds) or arrow peduncles with inflorescences (from generative ones - flower buds) are formed in the future. Depending on the number of vegetative buds, the bulb may be small or multi-bud. The budding is one of the varietal characteristics of onions.

Leaves onions are tubular, covered with a waxy bloom. The base of the leaf covers the bud and the part of the stem on which it has developed. Each newly growing leaf passes inside the base covering it and leaves it at a certain height, supporting the false stem created by the leaf sheaths. When the bulb ripens, the green assimilating part of the leaf dies off. Together with the green leaves, the sheaths die off; shrinking, they create a dense thin "neck" of the bulb. A well-dried neck, closing up, protects the bulb from the penetration of pathogens into it; such bulbs keep well. The neva-ripe bulb is distinguished by a thick neck.

Root system onion is poorly developed. The roots are string-shaped at first, branching of the first and second orders, densely covered with root hairs. The bulk of the roots is located in a soil layer of 5 - 20 cm. In an annual bulb, the entire outer part of the bottom-stem is covered with roots. When the leaves die off, the roots die off. The onion planted in the ground in the second year of its life has new roots sprouting around the remains of last year's roots. In the very center of the bottom, a dead, lignified layer is formed - the so-called "heel", according to which a bulb grown from seeds can be easily distinguished from a bulb grown from a set or sample. In onion plants that form not one, but two lilies, several bulbs, new roots are subsequently laid only on one side, the heel remains on the side, so that the bulbs are not damaged when they are separated from the nest.

Peduncle in an onion, it is an arrow, which, like a leaf, is hollow inside, with a characteristic swelling by 1/3 of its height, bears a spherical inflorescence - an umbrella of a large number of flowers - 200 - 800 and more. The buds in the inflorescence seem to consist of three tiers. First, the buds of the first tier bloom - these are the earliest flowers, from which the most mature seeds are formed. As the previous tier blooms, the flower-legs of the next tier, which is located below, lengthen, and the blossoming buds always appear on the flowering surface. The duration of the blooming of the umbrella depends on the climatic conditions and characteristics of the variety and can last 20 - 45 days or more.

Fetus the onion has a triangular box. With full fertilization, six seeds are formed in it. Seeds are small, black, rounded-triangular in shape with a dense cornea. 1 g - 250 - 400 seeds. Under normal storage conditions, their germination is maintained for 2 - 3 years.

The dense seed coat does not allow water to pass through well, therefore, without preliminary seed preparation, they germinate slowly. A sufficient amount of moisture is required for the seeds to swell. When sowing onions at optimal times in the spring in open ground, seedlings appear on the 14th - 20th day.

Relation to temperature.

Onion - relatively cold-resistant plant. It easily tolerates the spring cold snap, but in the loop phase the seedlings may die at a temperature of minus 2 - 3º C. Optimum temperature for leaf growth 15 - 25º C, they are able to withstand frosts up to - 7º C and heat - over 35º C.

Seedlings have the form of a loop, which is formed by the cotyledons and the hypocotyledonous knee. After 3 - 4 days, due to the growth of the hypocotal knee and the resulting tension, the cotyledon leaf comes out to the soil surface together with the seed coat. If the soil is crusty during this period, the tension is insufficient. In this case, the lower part of the plant is brought up - the root. Such plants die.

Plants develop very slowly at first. During this period, they need a sufficient amount of moisture, nutrients and light. The first true leaf in plants is formed in 7 - 8 days after the emergence of shoots, subsequent ones - every 5 - 7 days. With the appearance of the first true leaf, the cotyledonous leaf dies off, so the crops in this period look yellowed. This is a natural phenomenon that should not be scary.

Under unfavorable conditions (drought, lack of nutrients in the soil, crust formation, overgrowth of crops with weeds), leaf growth stops and bulb formation begins. A small bulb can form even with two or three true leaves, then the plant falls into a dormant state. If the plant has stopped leaf formation and the formation of the bulb has begun, it is impossible to stop this process by any agrotechnical methods - it is irreversible. Therefore, violation of agricultural technology, especially in the first 70 - 80 days of onion growth, can lead to large losses in yield.

To form a large bulb, a plant must have a certain number of leaves. Depending on the variety, conditions and growing area, from 4 to 25 leaves are formed. The process of leaf formation and the beginning of the outflow of plastic substances into the bulb is greatly influenced by light.

Light requirements.

Onions are a long day plant. Northern varieties and varieties of the middle lane require for their development a longer day length (15 - 17 hours) than in the southern regions of the country, where the bulb is formed at a day length of 13 - 14 hours. If you are late with sowing, the time of bulb formation shifts to a shorter day, as a result, the growing season of the onion is stretched, the bulbs do not ripen for a long time or are not formed at all.

Onion plants also require high light intensity, especially when grown from seed. Poor lighting inhibits bulb formation. Overgrowing of crops with weeds will slow down the development of plants. As a result, the bulbs either do not form at all, or turn out to be immature, with a thick neck, unsuitable for storage.

Requirements for soil moisture.

The structure of onion leaves testifies to the adaptability of plants to atmospheric drought, and the weak development of roots indicates a high demand on onions for water. The greatest need for onion water is observed in the first half of the growing season (40 days), during the growth of leaves and the beginning of bulb formation. A poorly developed root system can provide the need for water only with a high content of it in the soil, therefore onions in the first period suffer from drought more than other vegetable plants. The optimum soil moisture for onions in the initial growth period is 80 - 85% HB. This level of soil moisture is maintained by irrigation. During growth, onions do not respond to moisture changes. After the cessation of growth and the beginning of their withering away, excess moisture is harmful: the transition of the onion to a state of dormancy is delayed, the ripening of the bulbs slows down. Secondary roots are formed, which impairs keeping quality during storage.

Requirements for soil and nutrients.

Onion grows well on fertile and cultivated soils with a neutral reaction (pH 6.5 - 7.0), but is sensitive to increased concentration of soil solution, responds well to decomposed (rotted) organic (manure, com-posts) and for mineral fertilizers. The consumption of nutrients when sowing with seeds is much slower and in smaller (5-7 times) quantities than when planting with seedlings. When sown with seed, the bulb begins after about 2 months. after germination; by this time the plants consume 7 - 12% of their total elements during the growing season. The maximum demand for nutrients when sowing seeds in May is observed in August, and when planting with seedlings - a month earlier.

Onion testes more intensively use nutrients and already 40 days after planting consume up to 30% nitrogen and potassium and up to 20% phosphorus, and another month, respectively, 50.70 and 60% of the total content of these elements in the crop ...

Pre-sowing application of 30 t / ha of rotted manure (compost) or 20 t / ha of fermentation in combination with lime and optimal doses of mineral and possible (taking into account diagnostics) fertilizing with nitrogen and potassium fertilizers before the start of intensive -viable consumption of elements - the main ways of rational fertilization of onions for different purposes.

2. 1 Place in the crop rotation.

The most suitable for onions are moderately moist, humus-rich light sandy loam soils and chernozems, silty floodplain lands, clean of weeds. The best predecessors of turnip onions are winter crops, under which they apply 30-40 t / ha of manure. Good precursors for onions in vegetable crop rotations are cucumbers, early cabbage, early potatoes, tomatoes, perennial grasses and fertilized black fallow. The onion itself is a good precursor for all vegetable crops, except for garlic, with which it has common pests and diseases.
The bow can be returned to the previous time after three to four years. When placing onions onions, the number of pests and widespread diseases increases.
The best areas with soils of low acidity, neutral or slightly alkaline (with a pH of the soil solution of 6 - 7) are allocated for onions.

2. 2 Tillage.

After harvesting the predecessor, peeling is carried out to a depth of 5 - 8 cm using a disc cultivator, it protects the soil from drying out, provokes the germination of weed seeds. Then, with a mounted plow with skimmers, fall plowing is carried out to a depth of 25 - 30 cm, while the shoots of weeds and their seeds are plowed. Such plowing ensures sufficient moisture accumulation. Significantly reduces contamination of fields. In the spring the winter is harrowed with harrows with trail harrows. The soil is loosened to a depth of 14 - 15 cm for planting the mother onion. The pre-sowing tillage largely depends on the soil and climatic conditions of the area. To level the surface of the field after harrowing, cultivation is carried out twice: first, to a depth of 10 - 12 cm, and then to 6 - 8 cm.

2. 3 Fertilizer system.

Onions are picky about soil fertility, respond well to fertilization. Manure and other organic fertilizers, as a rule, are applied under the previous onion crop, at 30 - 40 t / ha. Poorly decomposed manure, applied directly under the onion, delays its growing season, and it does not have time to ripen. In addition, such onions are preserved much worse and are more affected by cervical rot, therefore, only rotted manure can be used under the bow.

The highest yield of marketable onion is obtained with the timely application of organic and mineral fertilizers. For sharp varieties of onions, it is recommended to apply more nitrogen fertilizers, and for sweet varieties, potash.

With drip irrigation, the fertilization system is different from the surface one.

Table 1. Approximate norms of mineral fertilizers for onions, depending on the planned harvest.

Planned yield, c / ha	Fertilizer doses, kg / ha (d.v.)
		P 2 O 5	K 2 O
	The degree of soil supply with nutrients

Note. The degree of soil supply with fertilizers:I - low, II - medium, III - high.

Table 2. Approximate doses of fertilizers to obtain the planned

onion yield, kg / ha.

Planned harvest, c / ha

P 2 O 5

K 2 O

humus,%

phosphorus according to Chirikov, mg / 100 g.

potassium according to Maslova,

mg / 100 g

1–2

3–4

10-15

15-20

20-25

10-15

15-20

20-25

Turnip onion

Onion sets

Bow feather

2. 4 Preparation of planting material.

To grow a high and high-quality onion yield, it is necessary to choose the correct size of the seed and carefully prepare it for sowing. Bulbs are especially carefully selected for machine planting, since seedlings of various sizes with admixtures of dry leaves are sown poorly and unevenly. To prepare the seedlings for sowing, flow lines PML - 6 are used. From the storage, the seedlings are loaded into the receiving hopper PB-15, and then they are transferred to the drum-making machine LPS-6 and calibrated on the SLS-7 grading machine into three fractions. Sick, sprouted and damaged bulbs are wiped on the PSL-6 bulkhead table (insecticidal conveyor).

2. 5 Timing and depth of sowing seeding.

Planting time is determined depending on weather conditions, humidity and soil temperature. The best time for sowing seedlings for a turnip in the Non-Chernozem zone is April 25 - May 5, in the CCZ - the second half of April, simultaneously with the sowing of grain crops. Early sowing increases the yield and quality of the turnip. Early sowing dates contribute to faster growth and development of the ground and root systems, as a result, the yield and ripeness of onions increase. The most intensive growth of the vegetative mass of onions occurs during early spring planting. Sowing delay causes a delay in the growth and development of this crop.

Thus, the yield of onions is in direct proportion to the sowing period, that is, the earlier the seed is planted, the higher the yield of the onion.

The optimum sowing depth of seedlings is 3 - 4 cm. The planting depth affects the field germination and safety of plants, ripeness and weight of bulbs and, ultimately, the yield of the crop.

Table 3. Influence of planting depth on germination, safety and

onion yield.

Depth

landing, cm

Field germination of plants,%

Safety of plants for harvesting,%

Ripeness of bulbs,%

97,2

85,1

171,3

97,7

86,3

193,8

95,0

82,4

162,7

90,0

77,7

144,3

2. 6 Schemes of landing and feeding area.

The key issues of vegetable growing are the density and method of placing plants in the area. Correct determination of the feeding area contributes to a significant increase in yields and better quality onions. With a smaller area of \u200b\u200bnutrition on fertile soils and under favorable growth conditions, higher yields are grown than on poor and unfertilized lands. The good development of onions during thickening in fertile areas is due to the better air-light regime and a more uniform daily temperature. In recent years, planting onion sets is carried out on a flat surface, one-line with row spacing of 45 cm and two-line according to the scheme 20 + 50 cm. The area of \u200b\u200bnutrition and the size of the set affect the formation and ripening of the bulb. The denser the sowing, the shorter the growing season. In production conditions, thickened seeding accelerates the ripening of onions by 4 - 10 and even 20 - 30 days. However, at maximum thickening (4 - 16 cm 2), onion plants are strongly inhibited. With an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bnutrition from 4 to 16 cm 2, the mass of a plant almost doubles, from 16 to 64 cm 2 - 1.5 times. But with an increase to 225 cm 2, no change in the mass of the plant and bulbs occurs. The yield of onions is largely due to the number and area of \u200b\u200btheir leaves per hectare. So, with thickening of planting from 137 to 720 thousand plants per 1 ha, the leaf area increases by 2.2 - 2.9 times, but the net productivity decreases by 1.5 times. The growth of leaves and the net productivity of photosynthesis, as the main indicators of photosynthetic activity of plants, determine the daily increase in dry matter and allow a more correct assessment of the resulting plant yield. Thickened plantings are usually less clogged: weeds are better suppressed by onions.

2.7 Care of plants.

Caring for onion crops consists in systematic loosening of the soil, weeding, feeding and watering plants. During the entire period of onion growing, the topsoil 4 - 5 cm deep is kept loose. This creates the best conditions for air and soil nutrition, preserves soil moisture. In addition, weeds are destroyed by loosening. During the summer, crops are loosened three to four times by cultivators. The depth of loosening is 5 - 6 cm. Herbicides dactal (10 - 15 kg / ha), ramdol (6 - 7 kg / ha) and other preparations are used on the crops of turnip onions in 500 - 600 liters of water and applied before germination onions on the third day after sowing.

Onions are one of the most sensitive crops to clogging. The critical period, during which onions most of all reduce the yield from weeds, 40-50 days from the emergence of shoots. The control system uses agrotechnical and chemical measures. From agrotechnical, special attention is paid to the observance of crop rotation, as well as careful autumn soil preparation. Of the chemical control measures, a herbicide treatment system of various effects is used. You can apply the following onion processing scheme:

Immediately after sowing, Stomp is applied - 3-5 l / ha.

In the phase of 1-2 true onion leaves against dicotyledonous weeds, they are treated -

topage with Goal - 0.5 l / ha, Starane - 0.75 - 1 l / ha.

After the phase of 2 leaves against grass weeds, they are treated with herbicides:

Naboo - 1 - 3 l / ha;

Poast - 1 - 3 l / ha;

Targa super - 1 - 2 l / ha;

Fuzilad super - 2 - 3 l / ha;

Furore super - 0.8 - 1.2 l / ha;

Centurion - 0.2 - 0.4 l / ha;

Herbicides applied to vegetative weeds are most efficiently applied in fractional form. For one treatment, 1/3 of the norm is applied, but at the same time the phase of development of weeds should be minimal: in cereals, no more than 1-2 true leaves. The shorter the phase of development of weeds, the more sensitive they are to the action of the herbicide. Such treatments are carried out once a week, while each subsequent wave of weeds is destroyed at the very beginning of development. Herbicides in such doses have no inhibitory effect on crops or this effect is minimal.

2.7.1. Top dressing.

During the growing season, two or three dressings are carried out. At the beginning of the regrowth of leaves, the plants are fed with mineral fertilizers: 100 - 150 kg / ha of superphosphate, 100 - of potassium salt, 50 - 60 kg / ha of ammonium nitrate. At the second feeding (15-20 days after the first), 50 kg / ha of ammonium nitrate, 80-100 - superphosphate and 50-60 kg / ha of potassium salt are used. For the Non-Black Earth Zone, it is recommended to apply 60 kg / ha of ammonium nitrate, 100 - superphosphate and 20 kg, ha of potassium chloride.

2.7.2 Irrigation.

Onion plants are responsive to watering, especially in the first one and a half to two months. With a lack of moisture and nutrients at the beginning of development, the yield of onions sharply decreases. The highest yield of marketable onions is obtained when the moisture content is maintained at 70 - 80% PPN. Irrigate 2-3 times, using small rates (300 - 400 m 3 / ha). Onion irrigation, especially in combination with the use of fertilizers and thickening of the sowing, becomes important.

Onions are one of the most demanding crops for water supply. The onion consumes the greatest amount of moisture during the period of intensive growth of the bulb before the start of feather lodging. This period is characterized by very high bulb growth rates and maximum air temperatures. Depending on the specific conditions of the year, 8-12 irrigations are carried out per season during sprinkling irrigation at a rate of 350-400 m3 / ha each. The irrigation rate can be 6,000 m 3 / ha. Watering is stopped 3 weeks before harvesting.

When water flows directly into the zone of the root system and is most effectively used by plants, since evaporation occurs only through the plants. Also, through the drip irrigation system, fertilizing with mineral fertilizers is carried out, which, simultaneously with water, are evenly distributed to each plant. At the same time, the soil does not compact, a soil crust does not form, there is no need to loosen the soil after each watering. The care of plants is simplified and its efficiency increases. The productivity of plants increases several times.

Sprinkler irrigation systems are also successfully used in onion cultivation. This type of irrigation is especially relevant in large areas.

Depending on the size, the fields are applied or.

With this type of watering, the temperature in the subsoil zone decreases. Modern sprinklers form a drop as close as possible to the size of the natural rain, do not compact the soil and do not injure plants even in the initial phase of growth.

2. 8 Harvesting.

With the beginning of the lodging of the leaves, when the bulbs have already formed and the outer scales have partially acquired the color characteristic of the variety, they begin to harvest the onions. Harvesting of onions begins in the first half of August, when the bulbs have already been formed, and the leaves begin to lie down. The turnip onions are harvested with an easy-to-use screening machine. Bows are dug out from two rows. In one pass, the machine cuts the onion with a specially shaped le-fur, passes it through screens and puts it into swaths for drying in the sun. After natural drying and ripening, LKG-1.4 picks it up from the rolls and transports it for post-harvest processing to the PML-6 station, where the onions are unloaded into the receiving hopper. Then the whole mass first goes into the loading drum-bath-mine machine, in which the tops, husks and other impurities are partially separated from the onion, and then to the roller crusher. The onion peeled from the feather goes for sorting. Here he is divided into factions. The final processing of the onion with the separation of rotten and damaged bulbs is carried out on an inspection bulkhead table.

3. Onion-turnip in an annual culture. Sowing with seeds.

In the conditions of central Russia, turnip onions can be obtained with early spring and under-winter sowing. For early spring sowing, the soil is prepared in the fall. Sow onions as early as possible. The seeds, as in the case of sowing for sowing, are soaked for 18 - 24 hours, and the water is changed 2 - 3 times during this time. For even distribution of seeds during sowing, they are preliminarily dried a little. 0.5 - 1 g of seeds are sown per 1 m 2 (at a germination rate of 80%; if the seeds have a reduced germination rate, the seeding rate is increased accordingly). On light soils, fewer seeds are sown, on heavy soils, the rate is increased: dense shoots more easily overcome the soil density. The sowing depth is 1-1.5 cm, then the soil is mulched with humus or peat with a layer of 1-1.5 cm. The earlier the sowing is carried out, the larger the bulbs will be, the better they will ripen and the higher the yield will be. For the successful cultivation of turnip onions from seeds, it is especially important to water the plants, consuming at least 15 liters of water per 1 m 2. during the growing season, they carry out systematic weeding and shallow loosening, make sure that the soil does not dry out, water it if necessary, stop watering a month before harvesting the onion. Loosening is finished before the leaves are lodged. With early spring sowing, turnip onions usually ripen by the end of August - early September.

4.1 Diseases of onions and protection against them.

Downy mildew or downy mildew.

A fungal disease that spreads wherever onions are grown. Especially harmful during wet seasons; spreads most rapidly at a temperature of 13 - 20ºС and high air humidity. The disease manifests itself on the leaves in the form of light green spots, which increase and become covered with a grayish-purple bloom - sporulation. Spores are easily carried by wind, dew and rain, and quickly infect other plants. Affected leaves turn yellow and dry out. From the leaves, the fungus penetrates the bulb and hibernates in it, and in the spring, with the regrowth of the leaves, it awakens, and at first it appears on the leaves, and then affects the arrows. Stains also appear on the latter, the tissue in the affected areas dies off, and black mold settles on it. With a strong defeat, the arrows droop and die off, the plant does not form seeds. On the surviving shooters, the seeds, not having sufficient nutrition, turn out to be feeble. With a strong defeat of onion crops on a turnip, a premature mass drying of the leaves occurs, in this case the neck of the bulbs does not close, they do not ripen and then are poorly stored.

Control measures:

The most radical measure of combating peronosporosis is the disinfection of the packing material by heating it for 8 hours at a temperature of 40 - 42ºС. In the spring, after the regrowth of leaves, crops and plantings are sprayed with 1% Bordeaux liquid, 0.04% Zineb, 0.5% copper oxychloride solution. The onion has a strongly pronounced wax water-repellent bloom, therefore an adhesive is added to the solution. If the disease still manifests itself, especially in wet, cool weather, the spraying is repeated, stopping it no later than 20 days before harvesting.

Onion neck rot (gray rot).

The most harmful disease during storage. Infection of the bulbs occurs before harvesting when the leaves are lodged. The fungus enters the bulb through a loosely closed neck and causes rotting. The lesion manifests itself during storage, and during harvesting, diseased bulbs are usually not found. In the affected bulb, laid for storage, the tissues around the neck soften and form a depression, the juicy scales turn brown. In the cut, the onion looks like a baked one. Subsequently, a gray bloom with small black tubercles - sclerotia is formed on the tissues under dry scales. During the winter, the disease infects adjacent bulbs, penetrating them through lesions. It develops most actively in conditions of high humidity and temperature. Well-ripened and dried onions are less susceptible to disease, therefore all activities during its cultivation should be aimed at obtaining fully ripe onions. After good field drying and cutting of leaves, additional drying of the onion is carried out at a temperature of 30 - 35ºС during the week.

Onion mosaic.

A viral disease that affects first-year plants and testes. Affected plants will look depressed, their leaves are yellowed, somewhat curved and corrugated, stand out among healthy plants. Sick plants lag behind in growth, either do not form a bulb at all, or it is underdeveloped, its neck usually does not close. Seed plants, as a rule, have ugly, stunted flower-noses, loose inflorescences with strongly overgrown pedicels. The disease is not transmitted by seeds, but by means of garlic mites and aphids. When stored, healthy onions are also infected by the tick.

Control measures:

To prevent the spread of the disease, all plants with symptoms of viral infection must be removed and burned. Planting bulbs in well-ventilated areas, the use of high agricultural technology.

Onion smut.

A fungal disease affecting seedlings and young onion plants, especially when grown from seed. Longitudinal stripes appear on the leaves of affected plants, and then grayish swellings are formed. When dry, they crack, and a large number of black spores fall out of them, which infect the soil. Spores are highly viable and remain in the soil for up to five to six years or more.

Control measures:

Disinfection of the soil, liming of the soil with the addition of sulfur (50 - 55 kg / ha), return of the onion to a permanent place no earlier than in five to six years.

4.2 Harmful insects and protection from them.

Stem nematode.
The most dangerous pest of onions; it infects the soil and can persist in it for up to 10 years. In addition to onions, garlic, parsley roots and other plants are affected. This is a small worm 1 - 1.5 mm long, which is difficult to distinguish with the naked eye. Having penetrated into the bulb, the nematode lays eggs in it. The bottom of the bulb collapses, cracks, rudiments begin to germinate through it; the bulb seems to be turned inside out, its juicy scales become loose. Onion shoots affected by the nematode die, and the bulbs rot during storage, the onion sets dry out. Onions are especially affected in wet weather.
Control measures:
Removal and incineration of residues; correct crop rotation. In order to avoid entering a nematode on the site, you cannot use an unknown planting material of onion sets. If an unknown material still has to be used, it should be decontaminated. To do this, onion sets are soaked in water at room temperature for a day, before planting, the water temperature is raised to 45 - 46 ° C for 15 - 20 minutes. Then the water is drained, the planting material is cooled and dried. You can keep the seeding at a higher temperature - 55 - 57 ° C, but only for 3 - 5 minutes. Affected bulbs are burned. In any case, in order not to bring the nematode to the site, all onion waste is burned during the winter or thrown into a special pit and sprinkled with bleach. In places where a nematode is found, onion crops should not be grown for 4 to 5 years.

Onion fly.
The most common pest of onions. In appearance, it is similar to a room, but smaller. Its summer begins in the middle lane in the second half of May - early June, usually during cherry and dandelion flowering. Lays eggs under lumps of soil near the onion plant or directly on dry scales of the bulb. After 4 - 8 days, larvae emerge from the eggs, which penetrate into the lower part of the plant, due to which they feed, then turn yellow and dry out. A new generation of flies appears in 2 - 3 weeks and harms plants in July - August. Affected onions rot.
Control measures:

Onion moth.
A small moth, appears in June and lays yellowish eggs on the leaves and flower arrows of the onion. Caterpillars hatched from eggs are yellowish-greenish in color with brown warts, penetrate into the leaf or arrow and eat out the tissue in the form of longitudinal irregular stripes. The second generation of caterpillars harms in late July and August. During this period, along the arrow, they penetrate into unopened inflorescences and eat away the rudiments of flowers or gnaw through pedicels, causing shedding of flowers and death of seeds.
Control measures:
Compliance with the rotation of crops on the site. Spraying crops with 0.2% chlorophos solution.

Onion lurker.
A small grayish weevil beetle, yellow larvae, legless, with a brownish head. They appear in early spring, first on the leaves of perennial onions, then onions, leaving light dots in their upper part - injections; lays eggs inside the leaves. The larvae feed on leaf tissue, gnawing longitudinal passages in the form of strips of various lengths; damaged leaves turn yellow and die off. After 15 - 20 days, the larvae gnaw holes in the leaf, go into the soil and pupate there. In late June - early July, beetles of a new generation appear and harm already adult onion plants and seedlings. Beetles hibernate at the edges of the plots.
Control measures:
Destruction of post-harvest residues; disinfection of storage facilities; correct alternation of cultures. To combat the hidden proboscis, they destroy all post-harvest residues, process the turfed borders. In the spring, when pinpoints are found on the upper leaves, the seedlings are sprayed with a 0.2% solution of karbofos.

Onion miner fly (miner).
Severely damages onions. Summer starts in late May - early June. The larvae that hatch from the eggs laid inside the leaf feed on the pulp of the leaf, leaving behind characteristic passages - "mines". External damage looks like traces of hail. Severely damaged leaves die off. Larvae pupate and winter in the soil, sometimes they are found in the neck of the bulb.
Control measures:
Timely destruction of affected plants and all plant residues; stubble cultivation and deep autumn plowing. To prevent the fly from laying eggs, the soil near the plants is powdered with a mixture of tobacco dust and lime in a ratio of 1: 1 at the rate of 10 g / m3 or sprayed with a solution of karbophos - 20 g per 10 liters of water. Affected plants are removed and burned before the fly larvae begin to leave them.

Onion hoverfly.
Quite large fly, bronze-green color, usually emerges in late July. The fly lays eggs in groups on a bulb or near a plant on the soil. After a week, larvae appear, which, biting into the bulb, penetrate inside it and feed on juicy scales there. Usually, two generations of a magazine develop on onions. The larva is practically capable of completely destroying the bulb, leaving only the walls of it; the inside of the bulb turns into a black rotten mass.
Control measures:
In the fight against hoverfly, it is important that only healthy onion sets are used for planting, all post-harvest residues are necessarily destroyed and preventive measures are taken to prevent damage to plants by onion flies. Hoverfly primarily affects plants weakened or slightly damaged by onion mu-hoi. Repellent agents will also be used against her in the summer. To prevent onion damage by pests, it is useful to place it next to carrot crops. Onions, in turn, scare off carrot flies.

Root (onion) tick.
Damages the bottom of the bulb, penetrates into the plant and feeds on the pulp, causing the bottom to die. In plants damaged by a tick, the tips of the leaves darken, and the onions dry out. Ticks reproduce poorly in hot weather and die at temperatures of 40 ° C, but they survive well in poorly disinfected storages.
Control measures:
Disinfection of storage facilities before laying onions for storage with sulfur dioxide (80 g of sulfur per 1 m3); warming the onion before storing it and planting it in the field at a temperature of 40 - 43 ° C for 1 hour.

Continuing our topic of business in the countryside, we decided to consider growing onions as a business. It turned out that you can earn a decent amount on this simple lesson. So, if you decide to make money on your own business, we offer you the option of growing onion crops.

Growing onions as a business: what to grow and how?

For the purpose of sale, you can grow different onions: onions or feathers. And each of these species has its own characteristics in cultivation, sale, circulation. All this affects the business, its expenses and income. To show an illustrative example with specific numbers, we took the most common and unpretentious onion as the basis of our article - onion.
Onions are grown in warm conditions. It will take about 4 months to fully mature. During this time, young feathers can be cut and sold from it, and after the expiration of the period, the roots themselves can be put up for sale.

It is easier to grow onions from purchased sets - these are already formed young bulbs, which in 1 week will already sprout the first sprouts to the surface. The average purchase price for onion sets is 100 rubles per 1 kg. For such a business, you will need at least 200 kg, it will cost 20,000 rubles.

What else do you need to grow onions?

Land is required, of course. Onions should be planted at the rate of 200 grams of sevka per 1 m2. That is, our 200 kg will need 1000m2, or 10 acres of land.
In such a business as growing onions, in addition to the "embryos" themselves, fertilizers are required. The onion culture itself is unpretentious, but fertilizers are also indispensable. Here's what we need:
Superphosphate (30g per m2)
Potassium chloride (17g per m2)
Nitrogen fertilizers (8g per m2)
Phosphate fertilizer (10g per m2)
Potash fertilizers (10g per m2)
On average, for each m2 the price of all the above fertilizers together will be about 15 rubles. And for fertilizing the entire 1000m2 plot - 15,000 rubles.

Summarizing all costs

Given the above information, to grow onions on 10 acres of land, we need:
Onion sets, 200 kg - 20,000 rubles.
Fertilizers - 15,000 rubles
Total: 35,000 rubles

Profit from the sale of onions

From a planted set, a full-fledged onion grows in 4 months on average. The yield is about 7 kg per m2, that is, from ten acres after 4 months we will harvest 7 tons. The average selling price of onions is 20 rubles per 1 kg. It turns out that the sale of 7 tons at the retail price will bring us an income of 140,000 rubles.
Do not forget about the secondary method of making a profit - selling green onion feathers. In our case, in 4 months from 1 m2 you can get 0.5 kg of greenery, and from the whole plot - 500 kg. At a price of 150 rubles per 1 kg, you can get 75,000 rubles from the whole green crop.

We get that the income for 4 months from 10 acres is 215,000 rubles, and the net profit is 190,000 rubles.
It is much easier for residents of warm regions to do such a business, but those living in the middle lane should not despair. By increasing the volumes in our scheme, you can secure yourself a profit in one summer, which will be enough for a whole year.

Growing a turkey. Profitable business with minimal investment! Growing potatoes for sale. Profitable seasonal business. Growing champignon mushrooms as a business. Profitable, quick payback investment.

Depth landing, cm	Field germination of plants,%	Safety of plants for harvesting,%	Ripeness of bulbs,%
	97,2	85,1	171,3
	97,7	86,3	193,8
	95,0	82,4	162,7
	90,0	77,7	144,3