Extreme is a special encouraging of the soul and body to throw out as much adrenaline and emotions as possible. Extreme is the state of "on the verge of", this is the simultaneous splash of positive and negative emotions, awareness of its own greatness and powerlessness.
Extremes - People, ready-made days to risk your own (and not only own) life. These are those who clearly understand what risks, but, nevertheless, constantly on the verge, filling their lives with fresh bright colors.
Extreme philosophy
Extreme philosophy is ambiguous. For many, it consists in obtaining extremely acute sensations, balancing on the verge of life and death. There are also people for whom Extreme is an opportunity to constantly maintain an exacerbated sense of life. Extreme athletes are usually distinguished by characteristics such as bravery, strong volitional qualities, beautiful physical form (Despite the abundance of injured).
Extreme and Sport
Some modern sports that began to move in the world from the 50s of the 20th century, gradually began to call extreme. Such sports belongs: BMX, Trial, Skateboarding, Snowboarding, Parachutism, Rock Climbing. Extreme sports appear on the light every day. They are characterized by a high degree of danger to life and health athlete, a large number of acrobatic tricks, a high level of adrenaline, which stands out from the athlete during sports.
Extreme sports
Aquabike - Racing on hydrocycles.
Basejumping - Parachute jumps from fixed objects.
Wakeboarding - water skiing with the execution of tricks.
Bicycle Moto Extreme (BMX) is the execution of tricks or cross-bicycles.
Skiing - descent from mountains on special skis.
Kitesurfing is a movement along the surface of the water under the action of the force of thrust, developed by the holding and manageable athlete by an airy snake.
Canyoning is to overcome river canyons without the help of floating agents.
Kayaking.
Mountinboarding.
Mountainbike - a descent from the mountain on a special bike.
Paragliding - Paraglider flights using the energy of ascending air flows.
Parkur - overcoming obstacles of a different nature without the use of additional funds.
Rafting - alloy on a special variety of inflatable boat.
Surfing - riding on a wave with applying boards for surfing, or short flippers and special gloves.
Power extreme.
Rock climbing - climbing on natural or artificial relief.
Skateboarding is the execution of tricks on a skateboard.
Snowboarding - descent with snow-covered slopes and mountains on a special snowboard projectile.
Trial - sports related to overcoming obstacles by bike, motorcycle or truck.
Freeboarding is a descent with asphalt slopes on a special processing of frordics.
Extreme roller skating (Agressive inline Skating)
It is known that people in case of exhibition of sports highlighted a large amount of adrenaline.
Adrenaline (Epinephrine) (L-1 (3,4-dioxiphenyl) -2-methylaminoethanol) is the main hormone of the brainstant of adrenal glands, as well as the neurotransmitter. By chemical structure is catecholamine. Adrenaline is contained in different organs and tissues, large quantities are formed in chromaffinity tissue, especially in adrenal brainstabs.
Chapter 1. Theoretical analysis of extreme sports as a type of activity.
1.1. Types of extreme sports, their classification and analysis of the motives of choice.
1.2. Review of scientific psychological motivational theories
1.2.1. The main definitions of the concepts of "motif" and "Motivation".
1.2.2. Research function and motive characteristics.
1.2.3. Foreign psychological motivational theories.
1.2.4. Study of the concept of need and its classification.
1.2.5. Modern psychological theories of research need.
1.3. Study of the motivational sphere of athletes and its manifestation in sports activities.
1.3.1. Motives for choosing a sport and classes at different stages of sports career.
1.3.2. Individual features of sports motives.
1.3.3. Motivation management athletes.
1.3.4. The study of the volitional sphere of athletes and its manifestation in sports activities.
Chapter 2. Objectives, objectives, methods and organization of experimental study of the motivational characteristics of people in extreme sports.
2.1. Goals, objectives and research methods.
2.2. Organization and conduct of a study on identifying motivational features that are engaged in extreme sports.
2.3. Stages of research.
Chapter 3. Processing the results of the study of motivations for the choice of extreme sports.
3.1. Comparative analysis of the samples of the control group and athletes that have chosen extreme sports.
3.1.1. These comparative analysis of the results of testing of respondents by multifactorial personal questionnaire R.B. Kettella.
3.1.2. Data from the discriminant analysis of the results of testing of respondents by Multifactor Personal Questionnaire R.B. Kettella.
3.1.3. The comparative analysis of the results of testing respondents by Questionnaire K. Leongard is. Schmishek: study of types and degree of severity of human accentuations.
3.1.4. Data from the discriminant analysis of the results of testing respondents by Questionnaire K. Leongard - N. Schmishek: study of the types and degree of severity of human accentuations.
3.1.5. These comparative analysis of the results of testing respondents to study the motivations of the choice of the profession, the functions of volitional processes and 74 aggressiveness.
3.2. Tender intergroup differences.
3.2.1. Women.
3.2.2. Men.
3.3. Comparative tender analysis of athletes data that has chosen extreme sports.
3.3.1. Intra group differences between men and 89 women.
3.3.2. Correlation analysis of groups of men and women, 98 elected extreme sports.
3.3.3. Multidimensional regression analysis of data 102 athletes that have chosen extreme sports.
3.3.4. Multidimensional regression analysis of the motive of selection 103 extreme sports in women.
3.3.5. Multidimensional regression analysis of the motive of selection 105 extreme sports in men.
4.1. Identify the number of errors from novice tourists.
4.2. Detection of the number of errors from drivers of vehicle A (motorcycle).
4.3. The use of regression models of motifs for the choice of extreme sports when preparing drivers of racing cars to competitions.
Recommended list of dissertations
The influence of polyassal stereotypes on motivation and self-relation of athletes 2006, Candidate of Psychological Sciences Bondarenko, Natalia Anatolyevna
Gender characteristics of the personality of athletes in masculine and feminine sports 2003, Candidate of Psychological Sciences Tsikunova, Natalia Sergeevna
The role of personality character accentuations in sports activities 2009, candidate of psychological sciences Romanova, Olga Valentinovna
Formation of sporting motifs in bodybuilding 2006, Candidate of Psychological Sciences Seichev, Irina Nikolaevna
Psychological analysis of the manifestation of the subject-personal properties of athletes as an indicator of success of their activities: on the example of athletic sports and combat martial arts 2004, Candidate of Psychological Sciences Kuznetsov, Valentin Vladimirovich
The dissertation (part of the author's abstract) on the topic "Gender features and the structure of motivation of the choice of extreme sports"
Relevance. Nowadays, the so-called extreme sports is acquired. Now they are about 3 dozen species: Aquabay (Racing on Hydrocycles), Basejam Ping (Parachute Jumping with Fixed Objects), Bicycle Moto Extreme -BMX (Tricks or Cross Bicycles); Skiing (descent from the mountains on special skis), deltalanenism (flights on Deltaplane), Parkour and Frein (overcoming obstacles of various nature without the use of additional funds), snowboarding (descent from snow-covered slopes and mountains on a snowboard); Trial (overcoming obstacles by bike, motorcycle or car) and MN. Dr. They are inherent in the original sports ammunition and form, acrobatism, the severity of sensations on the verge of injury or mortal hazard and, in connection with this, some halo of heroism and even some mysteriousness.
At the beginning of April 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in the Games Program in Sochi in 2014 officially included several new sports, among which there are extreme - ski hauppipe in men and women. Perhaps, several other extreme sports will be introduced.
According to one of the US scientific sites (http://www.scienceline.org/) at the end of 2010, the number of people, seriously enthusiastic sports, is growing in a world in a very fast pace: according to statistics the number of extremals over the past 30 years in the United States, Some European countries, Australia tripled, and in Russia (over the past 20 years) increased by almost 1.5 times. The number of extreme sports themselves is growing.
Sometimes the difference between "simple people" and extremals comes to the fact that many are simply not able to understand extremals, and they seem to be their behavior is simply absurd, if not crazy - the motives of hobbies with extreme sports remain so far weak. At the same time, psychologists have long been trying to understand the thrust of lovers of extreme sports for continuous receipt of all new and new thrills, often related to direct risk for life. In the scientific literature there is a wide range of explanation of the causes of such behavior: from congenital pathologies of nature to improper genes or tender problems. According to international data, the popularity of extremal sports is growing faster in the adolescent environment, but at the moment most extremal athletes constitute people of mature age, which, in general, are not inclined to rapid and impulsive actions.
The study of the motivational sphere of athletes-extremals is necessary, firstly, in connection with the security issues, a subsequent communication with a natural environment or technical means, which is a prerequisite for the exhibition of extreme sports, often leads to injuries, and sometimes death. Secondly, in connection with the commentizing and fashion for these sports, because it is a branch of the economy with a fairly large financial turnover. Thirdly, due to the promising penetration of extreme sports in the higher education system. Well, finally, the disclosure of this phenomenon will allow to solve a number of social problems associated with the adaptation of the individual in society.
The dissertation was performed at the Department of Psychology of the NSU. PF Forest Gaft in accordance with the R & D Sports Plan of the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation for 2011-2014, theme 01.02.03
Analysis and assessment of motivations for physical culture and conducting a healthy lifestyle in various groups of the Russian Federation. "
In this regard, the object of the study is chosen - men and women between the ages of 14 and 65 served (experimental group) and non-engaged (control groups) extreme sports.
Research Subject: Motivational features engaged in extreme sports men and women.
Hypothesis Research:
1) It is assumed that, with the help of comparative analysis, the differences between those engaged and not engaged in extreme sports are revealed.
2) It is assumed that men and women engaged in extreme sports will be revealed by the structure of motives that encourage this type of activity.
3) It is assumed that the revealed regression models of the motives for the choice of extreme sports can be practically used at various stages of the training process.
Objective: Determine the types of motivation affecting the selection of extreme sports in men and women.
1. Conduct a comparative tender analysis between groups of engaged in both sports.
2. To identify the structure of motifs for the choice of extreme sports in men and women.
3. Experimentally identify the possibility of applying regression models of motifs for the choice of extreme sports at various stages of the training process.
The methodological basis of the study was: first, scientific ideas about the prompting and guiding role of motives in activities and behavior (D. Berger, Ji. Berger, L.I. Bogovich, S.S. Bogdanovich, PP Bibrich, I.A. Vasilyev , Magomed-Emirov M.Sh., AA Verbicksky, V.K. Vilyunas, I.O. Gileva, E.P. Ilyin, S.B. Kaverin, E. A. Kalinin, Yu.Ya. Piryush, V. I. Kovalev, T.V. Kornilova, A.N. Leontyev, J. Lingart, M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov, A. Maslow, BC Merlin, V.N. Montuszhev, A.B. Orlov, AB Petrovsky, V.M. RIVIN, I.V. RIVINA, X. Hekhausen, R. Emmons, P.M. Jacobson, etc.), which are developed in line with a personal approach (S.L. Rubinstein, A.N. Leontyev , K.K. Platonov, B.F. Lomov); On the motivation of achieving success and the motive of avoidance of failures (A.K. Markova, G.V. Litvinova); Secondly, the ideas about the tender differences (T.V. Bendas, S. Bern, E. Vardanyan, I.V. Vasilenko, O. Weininger, I.S. Klezin, O.I. Motkov, N.K. Radina , M.V. Shakhtarina, etc.); Third, the work of sports psychologists, touched the topic of extremality (V.Ya. Apchel, V.N. Tsygan, Yu.M. Bludov, I.P. Volkov, I.A. Voronov, B.A. Vyatkin, L. D. GISEN, EH Gogunov, B.I. Martynov, GD Gorbunov, E.P. Ilin, L.A. Kitaev-Smyk, T. Cox, B.J. Kretti, V.I. Lebedev, and . And. Martynov, PA Pilian, L.K. Serov, N.B. Tumar, Yu.L. Khanin and Mn. Dr.). Research methods:
1. Theoretical analysis and generalization of literary sources
2. Psychological testing
3. Mathematical and statistical analysis of quantitative data (Microsoft Excel, SPSS 15.0 for Windows).
Methods of research:
Multifactor personal questionnaire R.B. Kettella (s);
Questionnaire on the volitional efforts of Y. Kul; Questionnaire to Leongard - N. Shimisek;
Diagnostics of neuropsychiatric stability (NPU) Methodology "Forecast";
Methods of diagnosing a person on motivation to avoid failure T. Elex;
Methods of diagnostic personality on motivation to the success of T. Elens;
Methods "Motive of the choice of profession"; the scale of assessment of the need to achieve (Yu.M. Orlov);
Test questionnaire for measuring the motivation of affiliation A. Megrabian;
Test questionnaire to measure the motivation of achievement A. Megrabian;
Methods "Study of the motives of sports" V.I. Tropnikova;
Methods of "Motive Sports" by A. V. Shaballs;
Methods for the diagnosis of value orientations in the career career E. Shan.
The scientific novelty of work lies in the fact that attempted for the first time to create a mathematical model of the structure of the motivation of persons (taking into account the tender aspect), which elected extreme sports and apply this model to predict success in favorite activities.
Research organization: Research has been conducted since 2008 in the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. It was attended by 93 people of different sexes and age at the stage of creating regression models and 124 people at the stage of approbation of the technique - only 217 people.
The theoretical significance of the work is that, on the basis of the analysis of information sources of a wide spectrum, it was found that the psychological (in contrast to the genetic) motivational component, when choosing an activity takes up to 80
90%. The structure of the motives for the choice of extreme sports makes it better to identify the value orientations of modern youth better. Allows you to improve the quality of psychological professional selection and psychological training at various stages of the training process.
Practical significance is that on the basis of the results obtained, it will be possible to reduce the degree of injuries in athletes, by attracting specialists in the field of professional sports and methodological support for extreme sports activities.
Tender preferences that allow you to manage the process of becoming new sports - extreme - in the Russian Federation.
The quantitative characteristics of the needs in exhibitors are identified, which allows econometric studies in this new industry of physical culture.
The methodology for studying the motivation and its structure in athletes "extremals" can be used to solve similar problems in other sports.
The main provisions of the dissertation endowed with the defense:
1. The motivational features of the extreme sports involved in the psychological attractiveness of these sports;
2. The structure of motivation of men and women who have chosen extreme sports has significant differences in many parameters.
3. Regression models of selection of extreme sports can be used in the preparation of athletes at the initial selection stage and at the preset stage in the system of psychological preparation for competitions.
Personal contribution of the applicant. The study is a result of three-year work (2008 - 2011) on the study of the tender features and the structure of motivation of the choice of extreme sports, during which the relevant psychological literature was analyzed, a study program was developed for the implementation of the selection of extreme sports, experimental work was carried out, processing of experimental data Research, interpretation of results.
Approbation of the dissertation results. Separate provisions and the results of the work were reported and discussed:
At scientific and practical conferences: at the final scientific and practical conference of the professorship-teaching ^ composition of the NSU. PF Lesgafta, St. Petersburg (2009);
At the meeting of the Department of Psychology 26.10.2010, NSU them. P.F.Lesgafta, St. Petersburg, ul. Decembrists d.35.
In LLC "Science. Sport health »We studied: the level of decline in injuries, the number of errors and the NPU level at novice tourists at the fees (received an act of implementing the results of scientific research in practice);
In LLC Avtostopop, the number of errors in the driving of a motorcycle was studied (the act of implementation of the results of scientific research in practice was obtained).
At the Faculty of Car Service AHO VPO "Smolny Institute of the Russian Academy of Education" estimated the number of errors when driving a car and the time of passing distance at competitions from the Faculty of Faculty of Automobile Racing (an act of implementing scientific research results in practice).
The validity and accuracy of the results is ensured by a sufficient sample of subjects, research methods, adequate to the goals and objectives of the work, the accuracy of the use of statistical methods for analyzing experimental research data.
Structure and scope of the dissertation. The thesis consists of introduction, four chapters, conclusions, practical recommendations, the list of used sources and five applications. The amount of dissertation is 126 pages. The work contains 3 drawings, 30 tables. The list of sources used includes 148 items in Russian (131) and English (17) languages, including 7 publications of the author.
Similar dissertation work in the specialty "Theory and Methods of Physical Education, Sports Training, Health and Adaptive Physical Culture", 13.00.04 CIFR VAK
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Features of the circulatory system, the morphological and psychophysiological status of women engaged in power sports 2011, Candidate of Biological Sciences Deposy, Tatyana Petrovna
Self-assessment and coaching assessment of successful and unsuccessful athletes 2009, Candidate of Psychological Sciences Volkov, Denis Nikolaevich
Formation of sustainable sports interests for swimming students in students of training groups 2002, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences Schleinikova, Galina Vladimirovna
Pedagogical conditions for the formation of the level of claims of adhesives of physical education and sports activities 2006, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences Pearls, Yuri Stanislavovich
Conclusion of dissertation on the topic "Theory and Methods of Physical Education, Sports Training, Health and Adaptive Physical Culture", Ganol, Andrey Sergeevich
1. As a result of a comparative analysis between groups of companies engaged and not engaged in extreme sports, it was revealed that the athletes extremals have an original psychogram, the statistically reliably differing from "unsportsmen" by a number of personal qualities: confident in itself, dominance, courage, risk, richness emotional reactions, the ability to get along with people, to interact well in the team, radicalism, sometimes non-compliance with the rules, subordinate to his passions; By the type of accentuations of athletes more inherent "Exalted Type" with the manifestations of the "Distimic", "demonstrative" and a little (the presence of signs of this type of accentuation) "Hypertension type".
2. Tender differences between athletes and non-athletes in men and women have a number of similar parameters, but there are also differences.
Women - "Extremes" more peculiar to a relatively young age (ranging from 14 to 42 years old, with an average value of about 21 years), self-confidence, the ability to get along with people, to interact well in the team; Sometimes we show a rich imagination, but some helplessness in practical matters; have some tendency to experiment, doubt in existing principles, radicalism, submission to their passions; Often, examination, irritability, impatience, excess of impulse, not discharge, excitation;
Men - "Extreme" against the background of lower values \u200b\u200bthan men of the control group, "Intellect B" have relatively high indicators for emotional stability, demonstrate the stability of behavior in difficult situations, self-confidence, dominance, courage, risk, increased readiness to have case in unfamiliar things, craving for experimentation, doubt in existing principles, radicalism, independence in views, independent decisions, actions; Often there is a non-compliance with the generally accepted rules, submission to their passions.
Compared to female athletes, men are calmer, confident in themselves. According to the types of accentuations, athletes - "Extremes", in comparison with "not athletes", practically no different from women - they are also predominantly inherent in a greater extent "exalted type" with the addition of a "distilic type". But the athletes briefly showed themselves on the "Pedantic Type" scale, which indicates the presence of signs (below average) relative to the increased rigidity of mental processes, greater inclination to accuracy and pedantry.
The combination of high indicators of neuropsychic stability in extremal athletes with the inclination of athletes-extremes to accuracy and pedantry is likely to create a state of "mutual attraction" and affects the specific atmosphere of extreme sports.
3. Comparative tender analysis of athletes that have chosen extreme sports has shown that statistically reliable differences between men and women are observed by age-wishes engaged in extreme sports younger than their colleagues men, and women's experience in women - a year and a half on average, And men of 4.38 years. This, apparently, explains the fact that "the level of sportsmanship" in men on average in a group higher than that of women.
Men have a stronger desire to express themselves, which is expressed in the fact that the exercises and achieved success are considered and experienced from the point of view of personal prestige, respect for familiar, viewers. As for the value orientation: in a career, then on the background of higher rates in men on the scale of the Entrepreneurship, women are more accurate to any stability. At the same time, for women, the prevailing motive is the stability of the place of residence.
4. Correlation analysis of these groups of women (P) and men (M) revealed numerous statistically reliable connections in each group. Moreover, the analysis of the relationship with the variable "Level of Sportsmanship" (USM) showed that women have a more complex personality-motivational picture than in men. Apparently, this, to some extent, explains the more successful sports career in men - women need to satisfy much more conditions in order to become successful in extreme sports.
For a female career, a high degree of independence is required, "pedantry", motifs of mental and physical perfection, internally significant motive, the motive of social self-affirmation, the motive of achieving success in sports. Factors that prevent success in sports for women: P - "concern - carelessness"; M - "impracticality - practicality"; CDR - monitoring action during implementation; Excitable type, motive emotional pleasure, socio-moral motive.
In men, the success of the sports career is associated with the following parameters: age, experience, E - "Independence - subordination"; C) 3 - "High Self Control - Low Self Control"; AF + - the need of affiliation "desire for adoption". Prevent career - and - "concern - carelessness"; "Sticky Type"; integration of life styles; entrepreneurship; Stability of work.
5. Multidimensional regression analysis of athletes data that has chosen extreme sports conducted over the entire sample of the parameters measured, revealed the following linear regression equations:
Usmzh \u003d -9.17+ 1.73 t Psycho + 0.26 ls7 p + 0.16 m m - 0.09 ls6 3 - 0.47 cdra;
Usmm \u003d -3.36 + 0.48Yanzavis + 0.34p. Sushb + 0.15ShRV + 0.116Ж -0.03AF + -0.41Tslava; It follows that women, when choosing extreme sports, are more guided by personal internal motives with orientation on internal states, in contrast to men who are to solve socially significant tasks - the implementation of themselves in society, independence, struggle, not necessarily For the sake of fame.
6. Studies of the structure and strength of the motives for the choice of extreme sports in men and women spent using multidimensional regression analysis made it possible to identify that the dependent variable of USMPs has an impact of 17 variables. The most strong positive effect of these are the following motifs (in descending order): challenge society (1.22), physical perfection (1.05), aesthetic pleasure and acute sensations (0.98), stability of work (0.87), Entrepreneurship (0.60), civilian patriotic motive (0.45), improvement of well-being and health (0.41), motivation to success (0.11).
Negative influence (in descending order) - the following motifs: rational volitional (recreational) motive (-0.20), the motive of achieving success in sports (-0.09), motive emotional pleasure (-0.09), the motive of preparations for professional activity (-0,09)
The dependent variable mustache has an impact of 42 variables. The positive effect of them has the following motifs in descending order): improvement of well-being and health (3.54), aesthetic pleasure and acute sensations (3.35), control over the action during failure (2.34), communication (1.97 ), knowledge (1.86), material benefits (1.28), nature development and mental qualities (1.24), freedom and independence (1.14), internally significant motives (1.11), collectivist orientation ( 1,11), work stability (0.67), challenge society (0.56), entrepreneurship (0.46), social self-assertion motif (0.42), integration of lifelong styles (0.41), training for professional activities (0.40), motivation to avoidance failures (0.40), management (0.36), the motive of achieving success in sports (0.36), physical excellence (0.35), etc. The greatest negative impact (in order descending) - the following motifs: Acquisition useful for life skills and knowledge (-2.04), civilian patriotic motif (0.95), approval (-0.74), internally significant motions You (0.46) and others.
Women's motifs have a more inner, personal color than men where external social motives are more prevailing.
7. Experimental approbation of regression models of motifs for the choice of extreme sports and psychological training technology, created on their basis, showed a positive effect in various extreme sports, which confirms our hypothesis about the use of regression models both at the primary selection stage and on the preset stage .
8. Thus, the study found that the development in the modern world of extreme sports was aimed at satisfying a large spectrum of human needs: people of different sexes, age, interests can find, and find their "ecological niche" here for maximum full implementation In the society of their needs of different levels of hierarchy - and basic, and higher.
All this speaks of high social significance Extreme sports, the prospects for their development in human society.
Thus, the objectives of the study are completed, the goal is achieved.
To implement the results of the study into the system of psychological selection, monitoring and monitoring of readiness for activities in extreme sports, it is necessary:
1. Recommend to trainers for extreme sports on the initial qualifying and preserving stages to carry out comprehensive psychological testing of applicants in order to identify potential readiness for this kind Activities.
2. Recommend sports organizations of extreme sports to prepare methodological benefits for psychological testing and analyzing its results with means of regression models developed in the dissertation.
3. Contact the leadership of the federations of extreme sports and the relevant departments of sports committees of the cities of the Russian Federation with a proposal to hold seminars and fees for psychologists and coaches of teams on extreme sports.
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Please note the scientific texts presented above are posted for familiarization and obtained by recognizing the original texts of theses (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors associated with the imperfection of recognition algorithms. In PDF the dissertation and the author's abstracts that we deliver such errors.
One of the most useful classes is a sport. Some do it because they want to look good, others because they like the charge of the energy that sports gives them. But there are those that are engaged in extreme sports to get a good dose of adrenaline. Not everyone will venture to do this sport, as it is dangerous enough. In this ranking, we will talk about the most extreme and dangerous sports.
11
This is a young, rapidly gaining popularity of sport, the basis of which is the movement under the action of the force of the thrust, developed by the holding and manageable athlete by an air serpent. This is a very fashionable and dynamic, spectacular and fairly extreme sport. With the help of wind kite tows you there, where you want, and not the wind. For kaitsurfing classes, any places with the wind to the shore are suitable. Large outdoor reservoir And a convenient place for takeoff and landing Snake is very important. Many people are engaged in kaitsurfing both along the coast of the ocean and on big lakes and rivers. It all depends on the level of the sief and its place of residence.
10
This is the art of moving and overcoming obstacles, discipline based on simple philosophy: no borders - there are only obstacles. Many engaged in the perceived as a lifestyle. Currently, actively practiced and develops in many countries. The essence of Parkur is to move and overcome various obstacles, both existing architectural structures of the type of railing, parapet, walls, etc., and specially made structures. Parkur man is called a tracer. People who have been involved in Parkur for quite a long time, do it beautiful and clearly, but beginner sometimes do not do without abrasions, bruises and fractures.
9
A high-speed descent on a long skateboard in the lying position appeared in Southern California in the 70s of the last century. Over time, the organizers of races have become more serious about the security, regulation of trails and requirements for inventory. Streeting rules are regulated today by several Raceser associations, and the sport itself is included in the Summer X-Games Summer Program. In total, there are about 1,200 active riders in the world, but it can be assumed that they are much more and not all of them live according to the rules of official organizations.
From the security tools in riders only helmet, shields on the elbows and knees, gloves and a tracksuit. It's quite a bit, if you consider that the dispersed skate is difficult to make quickly reset the speed. In Stroleaging, riders are hampered about any items in the way - walls, cars, stones and trees. Obviously, only the most fortunate riders do not get injuries with such a stop!
8
This is alloy for time on mountain rivers with the passage of natural and artificial obstacles on special 6-, 4- and 2-seater inflatable boats. Rafting is a team sport and each participant during the alloy performs certain functions, and the crew as a whole performs the instructions of the captain leader. As a sport is introduced into the All-Russian Register of Sports Sports in 2003. Rafting is a commercial type of alloy, that is, no previous experience is required to participate in the alloy. It is also a sufficiently dangerous sport, especially when it comes to the routes of the 3rd and above categories of difficulties. Major hazards are: overcoming powerful thresholds and waterfalls, falling into dumps and underwater pockets, injury, hypothermia, remoteness from civilization and, as a rule, no connection with rescue services.
7
Scuba diving with special equipment, providing an autonomous reserve of air for breathing under water from a few minutes to 12 or more hours, depending on the depth, such as the breathing apparatus and consumption of the gas mixture diver. There are 3 types of diving: recreational diving - scuba diving for recreation and pleasure, professional diving and sports diving. To engage in snorkeling, it is necessary to have a set of skills that allow you to solve the overwhelming majority of problems during immersion. These skills and knowledge are purchased in the learning process and are confirmed by a certificate of one of the diving associations. Diving is always associated with danger to life and health. Basic hazards: drowning, decompression disease, barotrauma, gases poisoning and oxygen stock exhaustion or technical breakdown.
6
The taming of the bull or rodeo is cowboy sports competitions, including the taming of a wild horse, ride without a horse saddle, catch with the help of the bull arcana, a fight with a wild bull and the taming of it with the use of Lasso, horse riding on the wild bull. Distributed in the USA, Canada and Australia. The cowboy should not only hold out the riding for 8 seconds, but also show the potential of the animal, sporing it. No other sport can be so dangerous by bodily injuries as rodeo on bulls. Here is a complete set for medical research: stretching and breaking muscles and ligaments, fractures of various degrees of gravity, blows, etc. The rider risks every time to sit riding a bull.
5
Type of technical immersion committed in caves, where there is a so-called headband environment. In essence, it is the same diving, only in the underwater caves. It is a very dangerous sport and imposes extremely serious requirements for swimmer skills, reliability of equipment and equipment configuration. The main danger of Cave-diving is that emergency emergence is difficult or impossible. But there are other dangers. The risk is lost or not to calculate the reserve of air - therefore the air reserve. There is always a chance to stay without artificial light, so you need to be able to swim and navigate in complete darkness. There is a danger to damage the equipment by hitting the wall or ceiling. A large number of il may make it difficult for a long time, and as in the dark will have to look for a blind way.
4
Paragliding is paragliding flights using uplink air lifting strengths. Such streams occur due to the wind and terrain relief, for example, when the wind blows towards the mountain or when there is an upward flow of heated air. Paroplan is a simple system from the tissue wing, rope and system. The movement is carried out at the expense of a special form of the wing of parpohla, into which the air is gained, due to which the wind picks up and carries in any direction. Paragliding is a rather dangerous, but very fashionable variety of aviation extreme sports.
The athlete requires not only a good physical form, but also good knowledge of physics, atmospheric, behavior of air flows, etc. As a rule, the flight begins on the top of the mountains, hills or rocks, where the powerful air flow at high speed rushes up, rich top. The pilot should not be a panicer nor a fuck. Also with risk - smart calculation is always better. And not only for the pilot itself. After all, it happens in the sky not one and risking himself, can create a dangerous situation for other paraplaneers.
3
The top three of the most extreme sports opens up mountaineering - climbing the tops of the mountains. The sports essence of mountaineering is to overcome obstacles created by nature on the way to the top. In sports competitions in the mountaineering, the object of the competition is the height of the vertex, the technical complexity of the route traveled, its character and lengthy. With the passage of mountain reliefs and glaciers, there is a danger of falling, dislocation, fractures, avalanche and other dangerous situations that can happen even if the safety and importance of mountaineering is observed.
2
A variety of ski sports, freeride, the essence of which consists in descent on untouched snowy slopes, away from the prepared trails with the rise to the beginning of the descent on the helicopter. The use of a helicopter for a lifting allows you to find various options for descents from the mountains in the conditions of the pristine, untouched by a man of nature, where in another way there is no possibility to quickly climb. Depending on the type of helicopter, its lifting capacity in the skier group can be several people. A group, as a rule, accompanies the guide, well knowing the features of descent on one or another slopes. Where the mountains always have risk and danger. To occupy heli-skiers, should well own the descent technique along the virgin on the slopes of various steepness. To ensure safety, each skier must have avalanche sensor, avalanche probe, a shovel and other necessary equipment to quickly find people in avalanche, because There is a danger of hitting avalanche.
1
The most extreme and dangerous sport, which uses a special parachute for jumping from fixed objects. Basedjamping is considered the most dangerous view of parachute jumps and is currently being considered as extremely extreme sports. The height with which the Basejumper jump is carried out can be from 40 to 1000 meters, while ordinary parachutes jump from a height of at least 1000 meters. The lower the object, the higher the jumper skills are considered. more dangerous jump. Another complexity of this particular sport is that it is necessary to reveal a parachute in just a few seconds at the very beginning of the jump.
Basejumping uses specially designed parachutes that differ significantly from ordinary ones. They do not have a spare parachute, as it is not useful for such a small height, and there are no insuring instruments. The complexity in the besdjamping is also the fact that landing, usually occurs on limited surfaces, and therefore requires greater experience from the paratchute piloting besjumper. Attempts by independent base jumps without appropriate equipment and skills, as a rule, lead to severe injuries or death.
Introduction
Tourism is life throughout its manifold, concentrated on a short period of time characterized by a certain goaling and method of implementation.
Extreme tourism is the sport of courageous people, overcoming difficulties, people argue how many people are inexhaustible. Extreme harvesters the character of a person.
Many organizations are engaged in tourism, but they do not prepare people to extreme situations. Extreme tourism is like a doctrine of survival, the main thing is not easy to know how to behave in a particular situation, but also to be able to do it, because when the risk appears, it's late to begin to study something.
Extreme tourism is the very top of all tourism. When a person has already achieved a lot in overcoming obstacles to waiting on the passes and focate, it immediately appears a feeling that something is missing and it means that it finally has time to cross the line.
Extreme is not a sport, it is a pleasure and interesting pastime. Extreme tourism is a lifestyle! This I will try to prove in my work.
1. Basic concepts and definitions
Extreme tourism is a perspective direction in the field of recreation and entertainment. Starting from about the 2000s, many people, especially those living in economically developed countries, are not enough acute sensations. Man, having arranged his life, securing himself from natural cataclysms, begins to understand that he lacks adrenaline.
First of all, you need to consider the concept of "extreme".
A specific definition that it is necessary to consider an extreme sport or tourism to be considered an extreme sport. There are various types of professional activities or entertainment associated with greater risk for health and in general for life as a whole. But what is extreme for some people may be work for others.
The same route can be very extreme for a person who is just starting to do this and very easy walk for a trained tourist or an athlete.
A sedentary lifestyle of the modern, especially urban person who is not regularly engaged in sports or simply by physical exertion leads to the fact that a person absolutely does not tolerate any load. Strangely it sounds, but the increasingly rapid pace of society is entirely leading to a less mobile lifestyle of his members. Man is not enough physical Loads and movement. It follows the investigation that for such tourists the usual 5-kilometer hike with a light backpack or lifting on a hill with a height of 300 m is becoming a serious test. Even any tourist campaign of the IV-V category of complexity, according to many specialists, is already considered extreme. The category of complexity in extreme and sports tourism It is determined by the duration of the campaign in days (for the IV category at least 13 and for v at least 16 days) and the length of kilometers. The minimum distance is defined for mountain trips (IV category - 150 km, V - 160 km). For pedestrian travel, this figure is determined at 220-250 km, skiing - 250-300 km, water - 225-250 km, cycling - 800-1100 km, motorcycle - 3200-4000 km, automotive - 4500-5000 km. Therefore, the concept of "extreme tourism" is very relative.
In this regard, many firms engaged in adventure tourism introduce their own categories of routes.
A lot of new exotic terms appeared in the tourist sphere: "Treking", "Rafting", "Djeping, or Jeep-Safari", "Diving", etc. However, at the closest consideration, these are the same old types of pedestrian, water, automotive, Underwater and other tourism.
Of course, new technologies, materials and equipment allowed to switch to traditional tourist destinations to a new level. In addition, due to the universal democratization and acceleration of the exchange of information in the world, the number of regions open to visiting and studying has increased dramatically. Thanks to the active research activities of scientists and enthusiasts in the world, hundreds of new amazing objects of nature, history and culture are opened annually. It should be noted that the view that on the planet Earth is examined almost all corners and there is nothing to open, greatly exaggerated. Until now, in many places (and not necessarily very remote and hard to reach from the centers of world civilization), the leg of a person has not yet arched.
Along with the traditional ways of active recreation and entertainment in the last few decades in the field of tourism, many completely new, and even exotic options for using free time have appeared.
Some of them, such as kiting, arose on the basis of combining other types of extremes and combine water-air or air-land types of entertainment. Others, such as traveling water on inflatable skiing or cloumurism, are fundamentally new.
An innovative destination in extreme tourism is also theatrical entertainment ("Militari-tourism", Indiana Jones, etc.), as well as historical and research (archaeological, geological, paleontological, ornithological, etc.) Types of tourism.
Very big distribution at the end of the XX - early XXI centuries. Received environmental tourism, which is very often associated with extreme.
Russia is one of the few countries of the planet who retained their natural wealth to the beginning of the III Millennium. Its potential for the development of environmental (including extreme) directions is huge. In recent years, a large number of state natural reserves and national parks have been created in Russia - currently their number exceeded 130. On the territory of many of many of the most distinguished tourist products and services, including for amateurs of "sharp" emotional impressions. Some of the most famous are the national parks "pillars" (Krasnoyarsk region), "Losyina Island", "Yugyd-Va", Vodorozersky, Kenozersky, etc.
Currently, there is no well-established classification of species of extreme tourism and entertainment. As it has already been said, this is due to the relativity of extreme. Therefore, the classification below should be considered as a generalized, characterized by the main definitions of tourism.
2. Classification of species of extreme tourism
2.1. Water types of extreme tourism
Diving is particularly popular among water species of extreme tourism.
Diving It is one of the most extreme sports. It is very dangerous, but at the same time surprisingly fascinating. In Russia, after perestroika, Diving became massive. In the 90s, the first diving clubs appeared. By 2001, in our country, the number of divers received a diver's certificate was about 15 thousand.
But compared with other countries, diving in Russia is developed very poorly and differs high cost, so most tourists prefer to engage in abroad. For example, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt or in Southeast Asia and other countries.
Wakeboarding - is a combination of water ski,snowboard, skate and surfing. The boat is moving at a speed of 30-40km / h with an additional ballast on board. The boat reserves a wave, which the raider is used as a springboard. Jumping with the so-called springboard, the raider can perform various tricks. As well as Diving Wakeboarding began to develop in the 90s. For wakeboarding, a specialized boat is needed, which is very expensive, so in Russia he is weakly developed because of its high cost.
Water skiing - One of the most famous types of outdoor activities. This kind of extreme tourism was born in America, when a certain American decided to experience the usual winter skiing on the water. After that, this sport constantly began to progress. Now he has become so spectacular and popular that in 1998, the Olympic Committee even advised to introduce water skiing in the Olympiad program in Athens in 2004. The final decision of the IOC was not accepted on this issue. Now the water skiing in Russia is practiced perhaps only on black sea. True, the usual tourist fully enjoy water skiing will be quite difficult, more precisely, very expensive ... Windsurfing - It is an oval carbonate board with rough-surface for stability, with fin stabilizer-stabilizers on the lower plane and a small sail, which is attached to the board. Vindsurfing happened from surfing. Surifing helps to move on the surface of the water The strength of the wave movement, and windsurfingist is the power of the wind. With good wind, you can develop speed up to 10-12m / s, and today it is overclocked to 70m / s. Kayaking - Very popular abroad and slowly gaining popularity in Russia. Three main directions are developing in kayaking - rowing slalom, rodeo and alloy. Slalomous kayaking is the ability to maneuver, feel and feel boat and water. Rodeo in contrast to slalom is also the element of the game. Freestyle on Kayake is the implementation of certain tricks on the boat due to various reliefs of the river. During the alloy, you can go on a campaign on the rivers of any difficulties or you can choose some mountain river and carry out game alloys. You can choose separate obstacles in the form of shafts and waterfalls. And in order to feel confident, you need to have the skills of Slalom and Rodeo technique. Kitesurfing This is a surfboard with an air snake attached to it. This board allows you to feel the wind strength and sliding board on water. With the help of wind, Kaitsorfing will lead to where the tourist wants, and not the wind. This type of extreme tourism can be engaged in almost all beach resorts of Russia. Rafting - This is a descent on the mountain river on special rafts or canoes. Rafting is one of the most visited tours, a completely secure dental of the most young tourists. Rafting tours are carried out almost anywhere in the world. 2.2. Terrestrial types of extreme tourism Speleology. If you judge the fact that speleologists are people who are sent to the caves with huge backpacks in their free time, then this is tourism. But at the same time, speleology is science. Literally: "Science of Caves", section of geology, namely, cards and hydrogeology. And most importantly, the caves are the last white spots on the world map, the last opportunity to go there, where not only did not step by the leg of a person, but and where the look of his eyes or cameras did not fall. The study of this mysterious underground world and spellestologists. SPLEECTOLOGY - This is a science of artificial underground structures. Spestology is closely related to speleology, only ripestologists are not interested in caves. They are interested in penetration into any underground urban structures, inaccessible or uninteresting for the rest. In order for any dungeon to be interested in speltles, it is necessary that it is unused at present, and represented a certain historical interest. These include abandoned quarries, shafts, water fluids, wells, underground moves, underground temples and monasteries and so on. X-racing - It's when the same people are so good and universalized that they can climb on the rocks, jumping on the horse, melt on a kayak or a raft on the thresholds, rush in the mountains on a bike and descend on the ropes under the waterfall ... These people are united in teams and Participate in competitions where their goal is to go through a distance of 3-4 hundred kilometers as possible, using their skills. This is called "multisport" or "extreme" (and more often even "adventure") racing. In the West, more than 200 extreme races are held annually. For example, the largest races in the United Kingdom, organized by the "Association of Extreme Racing of the United Kingdom and Ireland".Jiping. With the development of automotive and an increase in the number of road transport, auto-tracks are becoming increasingly distributed.
Now the journey on cars is customary to call Jiping. Jiping is an extreme ride on jeeps and other high-pass vehicles, which is usually off-road. Often interesting tourist facilities are far from nailed comfortable roads or highways, and tourists have to follow forest roads, steppes or desert, overcome natural obstacles, including water brods.
To overcome obstacles, cars must have increased permeability. These goals are answered by jeeps or SUVs. Currently, almost all automotive plants or concerns produce a variety of SUV models. The condition of the roads in Russia makes this type of transport by one of the most popular in our country.
Jeep safari is a ride in nature or a reserve on jeeps. For those who want to get the thrill in the tourist centers, trips on SUVs in the mountains, deserts and other unclosed and affected areas are organized.
For driving cars in difficult conditions, it is necessary to possess certain driving skills. Training in road driving off-road is one of the most important tourist services, which turns out both before conducting and during the adventure tour of Jeep Safari.
2.3. Mountain types of extreme tourism Mountaineering - It is considered one of the most extreme types of rest. As a rule, mountain climbers are mainly engaged in the summer, but for fans of sharp sensations it can be realized in winter. Fashion Conditions and Lavin gatherings only add acute sensations in the journey. One of the main problems of mountaineering in Russia, in addition to its high cost, is a small number of experienced instructors. And they are needed to climb lovelors. Mostly, alpinnial instructors are not enough due to not high wages. And by the way, it is not uncommon to meet the Russian instructor abroad. Mountain skiing and snowboard. Mountain skiing one of the oldest types of outdoor activities. But, despite this, every year the number of people wishing to ride skiing only increases. In addition, now the ski service is much more diverse than 10 years ago. Almost at any ski resort there are descents, both for professionals and newcomers. Snowboarding - Descent on the snow from the mountain slopes on a specially equipped board. Compared to alkaline skiing, this is a more aggressive, active and extreme view. In Russia, snowboarding received mass recognition in the 90s. Now in Russia you can buy a variety of equipment from the leading global manufacturers, as well as get riding lessons from experienced instructors.Freeride - This is a descent outside the track. The possibility of gathering avalanche, difficulties in orienting and other mountain dangers limit the possibilities of advanced riders. To one of the best places to make the world in the world, many include Red Polyana and Dombay (Caucasus).
2.4. Air Types of Extreme Tourism
Classic parachutism. It includes 2 types: jumping to the accuracy of landing and a complex of figures in a free drop.
Group acrobatics It consists of the fact that parachutists build different figures from the maximum number. The number of parachutes in the team - 4 and 8. There are also teams from 16 athletes. Typically, those figures will seem to be declared in advance (for example, "Star").
Dome acrobatics It is to build formations from domes of disclosed parachutes. It is very different from other types of parachute sports, because the work on the result goes to the disclosure of the parachute itself. When performing figures, the parachutists come into contact with the parachutes of other athletes, so domes often occur. Therefore, this requires special equipment. The dome must be stable and well loaded. After all the figures are built, comes the most dangerous part of the exercise, this is when the parachutists should be separated from each other and make an approach to landing. If the domes clinched at each other, sticking the castles of the deposit of the dome may not help, and the dome will not go away. The disclosure of the spare parachute in such a situation is quite dangerous. This makes dome acrobatics by one of the most risky species of parachutism. Freestyle - One of the youngest types of parachutism. When a parachute in a free fall, his task is to be a beautiful show of complex elements. Working and training of these figures on Earth requires special equipment that is not on each drop zone. A small amount of equipment is the main cause of the underdevelopment of freestyle in Russia. Skycerfing - These are jumping skiing for different shapes in a free fall. In Russia, Skyserfing appeared relatively recently and the time began to be popular. The aerodynamics of the skier differs greatly from the simple free fall, so ski jumps are almost another sport. All elements are performed in a state of free fall. B. . A. . S. . E. . jumping. - E. That one of the most dangerous sports even on the background of extremal. Bays-Jumperu does not require a plane or other flying technique. It costs an ordinary elevator, and often its own legs and hands plus climbing gear. The beaser is climbed onto the roof of some high-rise building, mountain or rock, television and jumping down. In Russia, there are very few firms specializing in this form of outdoor activities. Very popular areas of relaxation are very popular as flights on balloons and deltaplans. DeltaPlaneryry It is among the rapidly developing world-famous sports. Today there are about 90,000 deltaplaneers around the world, plus about a thousand newly new delta pilots rises every year. The apparatuses of today's days are incredibly stable, durable, and flights on them can be limited only by weather conditions and the experiment of the pilot itself.2.5. Exotic types of extreme tourism.
Space Tourism - This is the most expensive, the most exotic type of extreme tourism is a journey into the orbit of the Earth. While space tourists can be counted on fingers - this is an American millionaire Denis Tito and a citizen of South Africa Mark Shttlevord. The first weekly stay at the International Space Station cost $ 12 million, the second was $ 14 million. Later to the start on the ISS, the soloist of N "Sync Lance Bass was preparing, but because of non-taxing in financing, his start did not take place. However, in" Rosaviacosmos "argue that in the future they will be able to reduce the cost of tours and will be happy to accept applications for a space travel from any citizen of the Earth. But after the famous crawling" Shatla ", sending tourists to space has ceased indefinitely. Kaitsurfing. A man standing on a board accelerates with a paper snake, a rope from which he holds in his hands. Mandatory and perhaps the only condition is the wind. You can engage in the kakesurfing in the fields, in the mountains and on the flat locality, and the shorter is considered to take a ride on the water bark board covered with icy crust and the roasted snow. And the river beds or lakes are perhaps the windy places. Amazing all-season versatility allows the use of air coils in winter and summer. Kite allows you to develop speed, superior wind speed more than twice. Really reach the speed of movement - 60-70 km / h. Jiloo tourism It is also one of the most exotic and extreme types of tourism. He lies in the fact that the tourist lives in a primitive tribe with all the charms of nomadic life. This type of tourism develops very well on the pastures of Kyrgyzstan. Sleep is offered right on the gentle of the Yurt Chaban, next to the smoky hearth, fresh lamb and koumiss, as well as horse riding in the mountains and on pastures. Tourism on the North and South Poles. Most recently began to arrange cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic. Very worshi want to visit extreme climatic conditions and look at exotic animals. And the Arctic and Antarctic are the most environmental clean places on Earth. Traveling to Exotic Planet Plans. For example, you can go to Chernobyl or journey through the virgin jungle. In Chernobyl, you can watch a crazy picture: extinct city covered with high grass concrete slabs and wild nature. New plants appeared in the zone and practically extinct animals were revived. Orlans-Belohvosts, lynx and gray wolves live here. And in the wild jungle, the tourist literally merges with nature, renovated from the entire civilized world. So, considering the main types of extreme tourism, we can observe a wide variety in its directions. Some types of tourism were born from classic species Sports (skiing, cycling, etc.), others are expanding completely distinctive categories of tourism. Every day, all new extreme entertainment appear, as the human fantasy and the desire to test themselves on strength are infinite, and technical progress helps in this. 3. Psychological features of people engaged in extreme tourism. 3.1. Psychology of extreme situations. Recently, an interest in the problem of psychological training of a person to action in extreme situations has grown. This caused increased attention to the mental state of athletes, for which psychotherapeutic and psychoprophilactic works are needed. For extreme situations include: cold, heat, thunderstorm, precipitation, earthquakes, fires, forest fires, avalanches, floods, storms, stoneplaes, collaps, landslide, Slim ice, solar radiation, biological dangers. Participation in extreme tours is accompanied by mental and emotional stress. Such situations often can be brought not only pleasure, but also lead to overvoltage and breaking the highest nervous system. The situation acquires the nature of stress. Because of all this, some tourist extremals have neurotic disorders. In these circumstances, the psychic training of Extremal tourist is one of the most important medical events in tourism. It depends on it the ability to implement high-quality mental activities while maintaining the optimal level of psycho-emotional stress, physical and mental health, regardless of external conditions and adverse factors.Extreme tourism activities make it possible to consider this activity as a natural model of emotional stress, and its study is of practical interest in solving the problem of adaptation, behavioral disorders and prevention of mental health disorders.
3.2. Psychology of human behavior in emergency situations.
Certain conditions in which a person may turn out to cause him a state of psychological and emotional tensions. Some of it causes the mobilization of all internal resources, and others have a decrease in working capacity, deterioration in health, physiological and psychological stress phenomena. It depends mainly on the individual characteristics of a person, working conditions and education and understanding of the degree of danger.
The psychological state of man and moral hardening plays a decisive role, in all extreme conditions and difficult situations. They determine the readiness for conscious, confident and calculating actions in any critical moments.
3.3. Psychological readiness.
Extreme situations Requires high moral and psychological resistance, exposure and determination and willingness to assist the victims.
The heavy picture of destruction and emptying, the immediate threat to life adversely affect the psyche of man. In some cases, it may disrupt the process of normal thinking, weaken or completely eliminate control over yourself, which leads to unjustified and unpredictable actions. As a rule, the overcoming of fear contributes primarily a sense of personal responsibility, awareness of the importance of the case that is done. Danger and risk to health, the importance of the work performed - all this raises the importance of the society as a whole in their own eyes.
In unprepared psychologically, not hardened people, a sense of fear appears and the desire to escape from a dangerous place, in others - a psychological shock, accompanied by the stupor of muscles. At this moment, the process of normal thinking is violated, or completely lost control of consciousness over feelings and will. Nervous processes (excitation or braking) are manifested in different ways. For example, some expand pupils - they say, "the eyes of the eyes are great," the breath is disturbed, the heartbeat "The Heart is ready to escape", the spasms of peripheral blood vessels - "turned as chalk", cold sweat, weaken the muscles - "Hands sank Or knees bent ", the voice of the voice changes, and sometimes the gift of speech is lost. There are even cases of death in sudden fear.
Contrary to the problem, we should not - and not able to - avoid stress. But we can use it and enjoy it, if you know the mechanism better and work out the relevant philosophy of life.
3.4. The optimal level of stress.
Location and gratitude, as well as their antipodes - hatred and thirst for revenge - more than all other feelings are responsible for the presence or absence of harmful stress (distress) in human relations.
Strong positive or negative feelings are closely related to conditional reflexes that the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov first began to learn. In contrast to congenital unconditional reactions, conditional reflexes are purchased as a result of repeated combinations and learning. We have experienced the need to avoid everything that causes negative emotions or leads to punishment, and we assimilate those forms of behavior that bring promotion and remuneration, that is, they cause positive feelings. At the cellular level, learning depends mainly on chemical determination and reduces to the production of protective substances of the type of hormones or antibodies and modifying their action using other chemical compounds (for example, nutrients). We have seen many times that short-term stress can lead to benefits and losses. They are amenable to accurate accounting, one can objectively measure the signs of physiological resistance. When the whole body is subjected to short-term intensive stress, the result is either a beneficial (with shock therapy) or harmful (as in a state of shock). When only part of the body is subjected to stress, the result may be increased local resistance (adaptation, inflammation) or fabric death, depending on the circumstances. The response to the stress is regulated in the body with a system of power opposing forces, such as corticoids, which either contribute to inflammation, or quench it, and nerve impulses that allocate adrenaline or acetylcholine. We learned to also distinguish synctic compounds from catatoxic, which are signals - tolerate or attack. There is a stereotypical physical model of response to stress regardless of its cause. The outcome of interaction with the medium depends to the same way from our reactions to the stressor, as from the nature of this stressor. You need to make a reasonable choice: or take a challenge challenge and render resistance, or yield and submit. We discussed quite detail the medical aspects of complex relationships between the chemical impacts, which we are subject to, and the responses of the organism on these effects. Mental stress caused by relationships between people, as well as their position in society, is governed by an amazingly similar mechanism. At some point, there is a clash of interest - stressor; Then the balanced pulses appear - the orders to resist or endure. The involuntary biochemical reactions of the body on stress are controlled by the same laws that regulate arbitrary interpersonal behavior.
Thus, we conclude that anyone who wants to engage in any kind of extreme tourism should be prepared psychologically. On the one hand, the hardening character occurs naturally - because most people engaged in extreme tourism are professional athletes. The formation of their character, skills, behavior models occurs since childhood, when they begin to go to those or other sports sections. For them, this is really a lifestyle.
But it happens that the usual person at a certain stage of life wants to test himself on strength, asserted or simply get a new interesting experience. In such cases, preparation is necessary both physical and psychological. For this, there are special training centers, extreme clubs.
Anyone must understand the risk associated with such hobbies and must be aware of what follows. Therefore, training should be professional and comprehensive to eliminate the dangerous moments for the health and life of an extreme tourist or help to cope with any difficulties.
4. Geography distribution of species of extreme tourism.
The geography of extreme tourism is very rich and diverse.
In all countries of the world, tourists seeking sharp sensations there is a lesson in the soul.
For example, in New Zealand, which is generally home to numerous types of extreme tourism, local residents claim that rafting came up many years ago, they are.
A lot of factors contributed to the emergence of extreme in New Zealand. The country is not particularly rich in historical and architectural monuments, but it has a magnificent nature and conditions (a lot of caves, reserved corners, high mountains and turbulent rivers). New Zealanders are largely inherent fantasy and creative in the field of extreme tourism. To attract tourists, they come up with and complicate various attractions. For example, if you consider diving, many experts believe that the most interesting place for him is Bay of Islands - on the North Island of New Zealand. There are magnificent coral reefs. And in one place called Port Gore, you can even see a whole cemetery of sunken ships, and moving along it sometimes is very dangerous. For example, one of the sunken ships here is the cruise liner "Mikhail Lermontov". Many divers say that the souls of the dead sometimes appear in these places. And also for Extreme lovers there is such an opportunity, how to climb into a special cell and go down to depth, where they can meet with real white sharks, which are among the most dangerous predators in the world.
The famous "Tarzanka", which is also called Bungy Jumping is also invented in New Zealand. A leap from the TV / a bridge head down is the best way to emissions of adrenaline. More recently, special extremists began to offer jumps from helicopters or in a canyon, in which the height is up to 400m. And some specialized travel agencies arrange such jumps even in Zhero volcanoes, well, of course not already operating.
One of newest species Extreme is Water Bug. A man in a helmet and in a rescue vest to go to the board and rushes into a stormy river. The athlete flouts through the thresholds and dumb, clinging to the rescue board.
Jetboat is also one of the types of extreme in New Zealand. This is an alloy on metal boats on calm rivers, and Extreme himself lies in the fact that this boating is equipped with a powerful engine, which allows you to quickly spin in place, swim against the flow and write down various pyruets at high speed.
Traveling around the caves (Caring) - New Zealanders, too, managed to complicate. Now tourists are not just moving around the caves, but have the opportunity to do it with the help of canoe or inflatable rafts on underground rivers or lakes and admire stalactites and stalagmites from water.
Not bypassed New Zealander and Karting. They replaced the small wheels of machines on huge tires that allow you to overcome large bumps, pits and sometimes even rivers.
In New Zealand, an extreme attraction called "Sling" is located in the center of Auckland. This is the so-called "Catapult Chair". Two people put in this chair, fasten, and then press the button. The chair flies into heaven, turns over several times, and then smoothly landed on the ground.
Zorb is one of the newest and kinds of rest. These are two huge plastic balls (one slightly smaller than the other and is inside). A person fits inside this ball, he fastened his hands, legs and a belt, and then the ball is discarded from the mountain and he flies with a rigorous speed jumping on the bumps.
Americans also do not lag behind, in the USA there is such a type of extreme tourism as a hunt for a tornado. The task of this hunt is that the tourist should go to the tornado as close as possible and take a picture of it to the emphasis. It is very fascinating, because Tornado or Tornado is one of the most dangerous phenomenon of nature. In the US, most often tornado and tornadoes occur in areas such as Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and Texas. These places are especially dangerous months from April to June. But the most extreme hunting at the tornado is hunting in a thunderstorm and in the pitch darkness at night. Tour operators are also engaged in this adventure, only for such dangerous extremes should be chosen a reliable and verified tour operator.
Travel agencies in Rio de Janeiro are offered to get acquainted with the dark side of the city. They conduct excursions and meetings with gangsters from local gangs. This adventure is very dangerous for tourists and local authorities questioned such a kind of gangs after all this is not very safe. One of such travel agencies was accused of idealizing criminal activities that the owner of the organization replied that the government was guilty in the criminal situation of the city.
In Las Vegas, there is a very extreme attraction as Big Sot. Here, the tourist is shot like from the gun, it allows you to make compressed air. A tourist takes off for a few seconds to a height of 160 feet.
In Thailand, tourists seeking sharp sensations can please the Moto taxi. Thai motor taxi drivers on very fast speeds, gliding between the cars and the violation rules will take the tourist to anywhere in the city. The main thing for the tourist does not forget to wear a helmet.
Mexico is also not lagging behind. In Mexican Acapulco, water parachutism is not poorly developed. Tourists can experience the sea of \u200b\u200badrenaline and at the same time admire local beauties.
In Spain, the bulls "Emborro" were very popular. Many people come here for the sake of this interesting and life-threatening adventure. The tourist runs away from the explosive bull along the narrow streets. He gets the sea of \u200b\u200badrenaline risking life every second.
In South Africa, not far from the island of Dière as in New Zealand, the most popular was such a not forgotten and no less dangerous extreme adventure as diving divers among the white sharks. A person is planted into a special cage and lowered into the water, and sharks in turn are trying to get prey.
In Russia, he invented such an extreme journey as the flight on the MiG-29 jet plane. It is not a very cheap pleasure, but the tourist can feel almost as a cosmonaut. It is raised to a height of 25 kilometers, where he can observe the land from the stratosphere, dark space and bright sun.
And some travel agencies of Russia offer tourists a trip to abandoned cities in the districts of the Chernobyl atomic catastrophe. Many experts claim that it is quite safe journey, but still I think you need to purchase special equipment so that the trip was 100% safe. This trip is very popular among Europeans.
In the Perm region, the first highway for SUVs recently appeared, which meets all international standards. This "miracle track" was opened by Diloc Extreme. Demidkovo opened the track for snowmobiles and quad bikes. The opening of this facility is not only a big step towards a safe rest on extreme technology, but also a great contribution to the tourism of the Perm region.
In modern life, aggression is often found too often.
Hydgodine, the accumulation of negative is beginning to frighten a person from the inside. It often ends with heart diseases, nervous disruptions, discontent with themselves, surrounding people and life.
To get rid of such a state, find new emotions Many begin to look for classes related to risk, extreme, with infusion of adrenaline and emotion splash.
Today there are many possibilities for reasonably risking, to learn yourself, to open talents deep in man. Just a sport associated with a risk makes it possible to discharge the accumulated negative energy, reset the aggression.
Extreme sport is directly related to risk. This is increased injuries, even a threat to life, this voluntary agreement is subject to mortal danger. Participants in these species consciously commit the actions that others completely reject.
But extreme sports has many positive sides:
- A man, engaged in extreme, acquires faith in himself, which has a positive effect on different areas of activity, on workers and family relations;
- self-esteem increases, the possibility of self-realization increases, complexes and fears are overcome, which gives a feeling of freedom and confidence;
- This sport helps a person overcome negative emotions, teaches concentrated in different life situations, collens;
- It gives the opportunity to rethink the values, overcome stereotypes, change the opinion of others, awakens interest in life.
For extreme sports, high speeds, depth, heights are inherent. So that the athlete does not get injections, you need a serious physical and psychological readiness.
There is a negative side in Extreme class:
- dependence on extremeness is akin to narcotic, that is, there is a need to increase the doses of adrenaline;
- by studying extreme sports, the person is different no longer knows how to enjoy;
- plunging into extreme sensations, a person can escape from reality, preferred only sports;
- These sports are associated with nervous exhaustion due to permanent adrenaline;
- Loads on the cardiovascular system are broken over time the vestibular device.
The most popular types of extreme sports.
1) Diving is the most popular sport. Combining sports and passion in himself, he attracts people of various interests and of different levels physical training. This dive into a water world with special equipment, aqualing, in order to study the underwater world.
2) Surfing - balancing on a special board for a big wave. Enough ancient sport.
3) Parkur - art move with overcoming complex obstacles.
4) Snowboarding is one of the most popular entertainment extreme species associated with the descent on the snow slopes on the board, using acrobatic tricks.
5) Rock climbing - cliffs or cliffs without insurance.
6) Kayaking - alloy for complex, thresholds, complex flows, areas of the river on long narrow boats.
Among the types of extreme sports can be called more parachute, mountaineering, winter swimming and others. Extreme sports is a vocation, this is character, this will and the ability to reasonably risk, getting strong emotions and unusual discharge.