In the article, the author examines issues related to sports tourism, which allows you to get acquainted with the culture and life of different countries and peoples; fosters patriotism, spirituality, courage, citizenship; has a military-applied purpose; counteracts drug addiction and delinquency.

Keywords: sports tourism, chronology, youth, travel, courage, education.

Sports tourism is not only a nationwide sport, it is a social movement that unites sports, spirituality, patriotism, the slogan of which is “Spirituality - Sport - Nature”.
Sports tourism is a sport based on competitions on routes (sports hike), including overcoming obstacles categorized by difficulty in the natural environment (roads and trails with various surfaces and off-road terrain, crossings, passes, peaks, rapids, canyons, caves, water paths and at distances laid in the natural environment and on artificial relief.

Sports tourism refers to a social sport, it is engaged in strata of the population that do not have large incomes - youth, students, intelligentsia, teachers, doctors. The social nature of relations in tourism requires collectivism, mutual assistance, self-sacrifice in the name of a common goal from the participants, and fosters spirituality. Therefore, speaking about sports tourism, we are talking about the education of patriotism, courage, and citizenship. Sports tourism has a pronounced military-applied significance.

In addition, sports tourism is a means of environmental education. Sports tourism is an effective response to drug addiction, drunkenness and delinquency. These are sports tourist camps and hikes with difficult teenagers, which allow achieving very effective results.
Sports tourism is travel to the open air, natural environment. It should be noted that extreme sports tourism activities are currently popular among young people.

Unlike other sports, sports tourism requires minimal costs, since the training process and the routes themselves take place in a natural environment that does not require expensive stadiums and special gyms.

A bit of history of sports tourism. The tourist movement in Russia originated at the end of the 19th century. At that time, the first tourist organizations began to appear in the country one after another: the "Alpine Club" in Tbilisi (1877), the "Enterprise for public travel to all countries of the world" in St. Petersburg (1885), the "Crimean Mountain Club" in Odessa (1890) with branches in Yalta and Sevastopol (later - "Crimean-Caucasian Mountain Club"), "Russian Thuring Club" (society of cyclists) in St. Petersburg (1895) with branches in Moscow, Kiev, Riga and others. In 1901, the "Thuring Club" was transformed into the Russian Society of Tourists (ROT), which became the largest tourist association in the country - by 1914 it had about 5 thousand members.
The chronicle of tourism has left us the names of enthusiasts who have made truly marathon journeys along unexplored routes, the names of pioneers and brave athletes who participated in hiking, cycling, horse travel, round the world travel, in kayak, boat and sailing trips.

In 1929, the Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions was founded, whose members in 1935 included up to 790 thousand people. Since 1930, it has become the All-Union (OPTE). In the 20s and 30s of the last century, in the USSR, mountaineering and mountain tourism in the modern sense of these words were considered a single type of sports tourism, and were developed by the state in the OPTE system.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, all over the world, fans of mountain climbing were called mountain tourists. Only those traveling in the Alps were called climbers. Gradually, however, this term became common to all mountain lovers. In the 30s, mountain tourism and mountaineering were not separated in the USSR. The same athletes went both to the mountain passes and to the summits. In the 40s, after the defeat of the OPTE, the former members of its mountain section limited themselves to ascents and became climbers in the modern sense.

By the mid-1930s, two independent directions emerged in the development of tourism (tourist-excursion and amateur). The first direction came under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where the Central Tourist-Excursion Direction (TUE) was created, and the second - under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, where the All-Union Tourism Section was created. Tourism sections began to be created in DSO and physical education groups. Sports Committee in 1939. the badge "Tourist of the USSR" was introduced, in 1940 the title of tourism instructor was established.

In 1936, the titles "Master of Sports" and "Honored Master of Sports" were established for athletes, and this year, the leadership of tourism in the country was transferred to physical culture organizations and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

In the pre-war period, tourism among schoolchildren became widespread. In 1932, a central children's excursion and tourist station was created, after which similar stations began to be created in all republics and large cities. The established network of stations for children and youth tourism is still operating, the number of which is more than 400, and the annual number of participants organized by these institutions is about 1.6 million participants. In the pre-war period, nearly 3 million people took part in long-distance and weekend amateur campaigns.

The war interrupted the activities of tourist organizations. It took many years to reach the pre-war level. The increase in tourists, united in tourist sections and clubs, with complex sports trips, required the streamlining of the training system based on uniform regulatory requirements.

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol took large-scale actions to develop tourism in the country. Already in 1945, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions made the corresponding decision. In the difficult post-war period, funds are allocated for the restoration and construction of new camp sites and camps. The creation of tourist clubs was especially widespread. They became centers of advice on the passage of sports routes, the place of work of the route qualification commissions for types of tourism, were the organizers of sports tourism.

In 1949, the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, by its resolution, included tourism in the Unified All-Union Sports Classification. Amateur tourists began to be assigned sports categories and titles. Tourism was managed by the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

Since the 50s, schools for tourism instructors began to operate, and in the late 50s - schools for managers of complex trips by types of tourism. From the mid-50s, the rapid development of amateur tourism and its highest manifestation - sports tourism began. Tourism has become really massive.

In 1962, by the decision of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the TEU were transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions (TsSTE), republican and regional councils, under the jurisdiction of which amateur tourism was completely transferred. Under the CSTE and local councils, sections and commissions for types of tourism began to work, regional and city tourist clubs were created.

In 1976, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions decided to create a single public tourism body - the TSSTE Tourism Federation and the formation of corresponding federations in the field.

In 1985 the Federation began to be called the All-Union, and the local federations - republican, regional and regional. By the end of the 80s, 950 regional and city tourist clubs were created in the system of tourism councils, uniting many thousands of social activists.

Since the 90s, after the liquidation of artificial prohibitions, mountain tourists began to include in their climbing routes and traverses of peaks. There are cases when ascents in the framework of hiking trips won prizes in mountaineering championships, remaining just one of several elements of a mountain trip.

In 1992, after the collapse of the USSR, the International Tourism and Sports Union was created, and in 2002 the International Federation of Sports Tourism was established, uniting tourists from the CIS and Baltic countries. The Tourist-Sports Union and the Federation of Sports Tourism of Russia began to work under the State Sports Committee of Russia. Sports tourism is included in the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification.

Nowadays, unlike conventional travel, sports travel includes a set of natural obstacles classified by difficulty. As a rule, in mountain and ski tourism, such obstacles are mountain peaks and passes, and in water tourism, river rapids.

The classified obstacles form the basis for comparing travel by difficulty. It's like assessing the difficulty of a gymnastics or figure skating program. The most difficult trips, performed brilliantly, are promoted to the Moscow championship and the Russian championship.

The organization and conduct of sports trips are subject to the Rules, which are approved by the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia. The experience of many generations of travelers is accumulated in these Rules. Therefore, during their implementation, the level of safety achieved in sports tourism is guaranteed. This is controlled by the system of routing qualification commissions (ICC). In particular, the ICC checks the preparedness of the group for entering the route and the correspondence of the experience of the participants of the trip to its complexity.
The system of sports tourism, created over the decades, minimally limits the travel initiative. Nowadays, a sports trip can be arranged to any part of the world, and everyone can become a group leader, as long as he has experience of participating in a trip of the same category of complexity and experience of leadership in travel.

Sports tourism is not only sports. It allows you to get acquainted with the culture of the peoples living in the travel region, enjoy the contemplation of amazing landscapes, and experience the thrill of a pioneer explorer. Of course, in the era of total aerial photography, it is impossible to make a geographical discovery, but you can still visit places where no human has ever set foot. Finally, sports tourism is a school of wisdom. This is an accurate calculation of forces, the ability to foresee events and predict the course of the processes generated by them.

Sports tourism in Russia and a number of neighboring countries is a sport with a long tradition. It includes not only the sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere, and the way of life of the lovers of wanderings themselves. The centers for the development of sports tourism are still non-profit tourist clubs (tourist clubs), although many tourists are engaged in them on their own.

Many sports tourists are also engaged in related sports: orienteering, rock climbing, mountaineering, rafting, skiing, yachting, etc. Sports tourists are, among other things, a reserve for training rescuers in the natural environment.

The types of sports tourism differ:
- walking tourism - movement on the route is carried out mainly on foot. The main task is to overcome relief and landscape obstacles on foot, for high categories of difficulty - in areas with difficult terrain and climatic conditions;
- ski tourism - movement on the route is carried out mainly on skis. The main task is to overcome relief and landscape obstacles on snow and snow-ice cover on skis, for high categories of difficulty - in conditions of harsh climatic zones and in mountainous terrain;
- mountain tourism - hiking in high mountains. The main task is to climb mountain passes, climb tops, traverses of mountain ranges;
- water tourism - rafting on rivers by means of rafting (ships), as a rule, in mountainous areas. The main task is to pass water obstacles formed by the relief of the river bed and the peculiarities of its course;
- sailing tourism - trips on ships under sail on the sea or in the waters of large lakes. The main task is to fulfill the plan of the vessel's cruise in accordance with the rules of navigation in inland waters and on the high seas;
- on vehicles - a section that includes cycling tourism, equestrian tourism and auto-moto tourism. The main task is to overcome relief and landscape obstacles on a long route (roads and trails with different relief and coverage, up to roads on the verge of passability (passability), tourist, cattle-driving trails and animal migration paths, fords and ferries, mountain passes, traverses, etc. etc.) in difficult conditions, as a rule, in mountainous or difficult in terms of climate and relief, highly rugged terrain;
- combined tourism - hiking, combining elements of various types of tourism;
- motorcycle tourism - one of the types of tourism in which a motorcycle serves as a means of transportation. The concept of "motorcycle tourism" is ambiguous and refers to one of the types active rest, and to a variety of sports tourism.

In recent years, the following tourist destinations have received their qualification: tourist all-around; travels; sailing tourism; equestrian tourism; combined tourism; extreme tourism; tourism for people with disabilities; indoor tourist all-around on artificial relief; short routes in the class of sports hikes.

Sports tourism, primarily sports hiking, is a team sport with strong traditions of mutual assistance and mutual assistance, sports discipline, self-improvement and mutual transfer of knowledge and experience.

Passion for sports tourism allows you to get acquainted with the culture and life of various countries and peoples, with wonderful and often even unique corners of nature, interesting sights, enjoy communication, and acquire reliable comrades. Participation in sports hikes of initial categories of difficulty and in competitions at distances, as a rule, does not require significant financial costs, at the same time, it allows you to get the necessary basic skills and pleasure from participating in hikes and competitions.

Sports tourism

Sports tourism - a sport based on competitions on routes that include overcoming obstacles categorized by difficulty in the natural environment (roads and trails with various surfaces and off-road terrain, crossings, passes, peaks, rapids, canyons, caves, etc.), and at distances laid in the natural environment and on artificial relief.

Group of tourists

History of sports tourism

B is included in the Unified All-Union Sports Classification.
For the first time, a competition for the best hiking trip was organized.

Sociology of Tourism

Due to the availability of sports and health tourism, children are engaged in, as well as all segments of the population, including young people, students, intellectuals, teachers, doctors, businessmen, state and municipal employees.

Notes

Links

Tourism: adventure and sports in the Open Directory Project (dmoz) link directory.

Tourism
Types of tourism	Amateur (unorganized) Organized Intourism (international) Walking Cycling Equestrian Water Car Hitchhiking Railway Space Agritourism Easy walking Recreation Disabled Medical Speleo Ecotourism Sports (aka Wellness) Mountain Ski Mountaineering Safari Extreme Cultural Archaeological Pilgrimage Adventure Charity Virtual Backpacking Sex Tourism Gay Tourism Tolkien Tourism Alco Drug Tourism Suicidal
Tourism by country	Australia (Sydney) Argentina Brazil Colombia Canada Cuba Dubai Mexico New Zealand Nicaragua Oman Papua New Guinea USA
Africa	Algeria Burkina Faso Egypt Cameroon Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Tunisia Zimbabwe Ethiopia South Africa
Asia	Bahrain Bhutan Vietnam China (Hong Kong Macau) Indonesia India Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan DPRK Republic of Korea Kyrgyzstan Laos Mauritius Malaysia Maldives Nepal Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Europe	Abkhazia Austria Azerbaijan Albania Andorra Armenia Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Hungary Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Isle of Man Italy Lithuania Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine (Crimea) United Kingdom (England Scotland Wales) Vatican
Tourism industry	Travel Agent Tour Operator Global Distribution System Travel Fraud
Other	List of states List of attractions List of resort towns Gift shop Passport Visa Transport Tourist guide
see also	World Tourism Organization World Tourism Day Tourism in literature Geography of tourism Camping equipment

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Introduction
1.2 Types of sports tourism
3.2 Prospects for the development of sports tourism in Ukraine
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that sports tourism has been and continues to be an integral part of the life of most of the world's population, having a positive effect on the human body, maintaining health and good physical fitness... Sports tourism in Ukraine is national species sports that have centuries-old historical traditions. It includes not only the sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere, and the way of life of the lovers of wanderings themselves. Sports tourism refers to a social sport, it is engaged in strata of the population that do not have large incomes - youth, students, intelligentsia, teachers, doctors.

Sports tourism carries out a variety of sports, health-improving, recreational, cognitive, educational, economic and other functions, but for a number of factors, the level of their implementation today does not meet the potential capabilities of the tourist and sports movement in Ukraine.

The main feature of sports tourism is that, unlike most other sports, it does not require relatively large material costs, since, firstly, it develops in the existing environment and does not require significant investments for the preparation and conduct of tourist and sports mass events and the construction of special structures for their holding, secondly, the material, technical and organizational support of these events is largely carried out by the forces and means of the tourists themselves, thirdly, a public system for training and improving personnel has already been formed and operates, which with minimal costs from the state can continue to function effectively.

sports tourism Ukraine route

The development of new directions of sports tourism, extreme, adventure, sailing and other travel, combined travel by type of tourism using the available natural-recreational, historical, cultural and human resources of the country, not only creates conditions for attracting the population of Ukraine to active sports tourism, but and has a stimulating effect on the development of international and foreign tourism, contributes to the overall development of the tourism industry of Ukraine as a potentially highly profitable sector of the economy and its entry into the world tourism market.

However, today, despite the existing potentially great opportunities, its social and economic significance, sports tourism in Ukraine is underdeveloped. The difficulties that sports tourism faced in its development are primarily associated with the economic problems of the development of society, as well as with the almost complete absence of state and public support for this sport, imperfection, and in some cases the lack of modern regulatory, methodological and an information base that would take into account its realities, as well as internal organizational problems in the tourist and sports movement itself, which have accumulated in recent years.

The basic condition for the further dynamic development of sports tourism is the creation of its effective national model as a mass amateur sports and sports of the highest achievements, which contributed to the growth of sports skills of tourists.

The aim of the study is to analyze the development of sports tourism in the world and assess the prospects for its development in Ukraine.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. To reveal the content of the concept of "sports tourism";

2. Analyze the types and forms of sports tourism;

3. Describe the main types of sports tourism in the world;

4. Analyze the state of development of sports tourism in Ukraine;

5. To determine the prospects for the development of sports tourism in Ukraine.

Course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used

Section 1. general characteristics sports tourism

1.1 Concept and role of sports tourism

Sports tourism is a sport of overcoming a certain segment of the earth's surface, which is called a route. In this case, the "earth surface" means not only the earth's soil surface, but also stone and water. During the route, various specific natural obstacles are overcome. For example, mountain peaks and passes (in mountain tourism) or river rapids (in river rafting).

Sports tourism is an active and often extreme type of travel. It implies autonomous overcoming of long distances and various local obstacles, which requires physical strength from the tourist, good health and possessing a variety of skills. Unlike conventional trails, sports tourism trails are classified according to difficulty levels.

They are determined by the presence of all kinds of obstacles on the way - peaks, passes, canyons, rocks, glaciers, river rapids, etc. Overcoming routes of a certain length and complexity gives the tourist the right to receive sporting title - from youth category to international master of sports.

Sports tourism is usually a group tourism, as a rule, a team consists of 5-10 people.

Sports tourism is an integral part of the nationwide system of physical culture and sports and is aimed at improving health, developing physical, moral-volitional and intellectual abilities of a person by involving it in sports trips of varying complexity and in sports tourism competitions.

Sports tourism is an important means of promoting social and labor activity of people, satisfying their moral, aesthetic and creative needs, the vital need for mutual communication, developing friendly relations between peoples and strengthening peace.

Sports tourism aims at sports improvement in overcoming natural obstacles. This means the improvement of the whole complex of knowledge, skills and abilities, physical fitness necessary for the safe movement of a person in an area saturated with natural obstacles during the hike.

In sports tourism, the main motive for classes is the development and increase of the level of knowledge, skills, skills to overcome natural obstacles of various forms natural relief... In sports tourism, the main result of classes is sports improvement, including physical and spiritual improvement of a person in natural conditions, health improvement; physical and spiritual development of a person; aesthetic and moral-volitional education of knowledge of history and modernity, cultures and customs of the local population; respect for nature and respect for national traditions.

1.2 Types of sports tourism

Sports tourism is one of the most popular sports. It has a long history and traditions that contain not only a sports component, but also a special worldview of adventure lovers, as well as an unusual way of life. Sports tourism includes many different directions.

Mountaineering - conquering mountain peaks and passing the passes along certain routes;

Mountain tourism - hiking at an altitude of more than 3000 m with overcoming local obstacles;

Hiking - moving in plains and mountainous terrain, at an altitude of less than 3000 m;

Water tourism - river rafting on rafts, kayaks, kayaks, rafts, sailing tourism;

Autotourism - rallies and other races on routes containing categorized obstacles;

Ski tourism - downhill skiing, snowboarding, cross-country skiing;

Cycling tourism - bike races of varying difficulty, team competitions in bike races.

The types of sports tourism are shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Types of sports tourism

Combined sports tourism is often practiced, when on one route travelers have to overcome obstacles inherent in its various types. This form of competition is called tourist all-around.

Depending on the location of the trip, tourism is divided into international and domestic, it can be far and close depending on the distance. International tourism, in turn, is subdivided into inbound (foreigners in Ukraine) and outbound (Ukrainian citizens - abroad). Domestic tourism involves the travel of citizens within their own state. Both international and domestic travel can be carried out for cultural, educational, health-improving, religious and sports purposes, organized for children, youth, families, etc.

Sports tourism has certain grade requirements for obtaining sports titles and ranks. Sports tourism in terms of level refers to social, in terms of the form of organization - to amateur, physical activity - to active, in terms of the composition of participants - group.

Some types of tourism are included in the sports classification as part of sports tourism. It is clear that these types of tourism can develop within any type of tourism, but in sports tourism they are standardized by certain requirements for the duration, route length and natural obstacles in hiking and travel.

The types of tourism, not included in the sports classification, are varied. The most famous of them include: ski, water-motor, equestrian and other types of tourism.

1.3 Categorization of tourist routes

In sports tourism, the regulatory framework related to the organization and conduct of sports trips, tourist competitions and other events is well developed.

The methodological foundations for categorizing tourist routes in various types of tourism have been developed. Depending on the difficulty of the obstacles to be overcome, the area of \u200b\u200bthe hike, autonomy, novelty, the length of the route and a number of its other indicators, characteristic of a particular type of sports tourism, the hikes are divided into weekend hikes (PVH), non-categorical and categorical (Table 1.1). PVD are one-day and two-day hikes.

Table 1.1

Basic standards of tourist and sports trips

Type of tourism and characteristics of hikes	Difficulty
		1-3 day
Duration of hikes in days (not less)
Length hikes in km (not less)
pedestrian


watercraft (on rowing boats and rafts)
on bicycles
on motorcycles
on cars
sailing
caving hikes (number of caves)

The categorical hikes are divided into six categories of difficulty in order of increasing difficulty. The main indicators that determine the category of the complexity of the hike are local obstacles (LP) (passes, peaks, etc.) and other factors typical for certain types of tourism (area, total height difference, autonomy, etc.).

Each type of tourism has its own typical obstacles and factors that reflect its specificity. Routes of a higher category of difficulty contain more difficult obstacles or more (level) factors.

In addition, taking into account the specifics of children and youth tourism, at the initial stage of sports tourism, three degrees of complexity of non-categorical tourist trips were established (Table 2), which are used when assigning youth categories.

Depending on the inclusion in the route of sections (obstacles) from other types of tourism, the route can become "combined".

A combined hike is a hike, the components of which represent sports routes from different types of tourism or have obstacles from different types of tourism. The complexity category of the combined route is determined depending on the number of LPs from different types of tourism included in the route.

Section 2. World centers of sports tourism

2.1 Ski tourism, mountaineering

All over the world, the regulation of pistes according to four degrees of difficulty has been adopted in order to disperse skiers on the slopes to ensure their safety. The main task of the designers of the ski resort is a set of slopes and slopes of varying difficulty with the allocation of places away from the main slopes for training beginners and children, the approaches to which should not cross the main slopes.

Comparative characteristics of known sports tracks downhill slopes are shown in table 2.1.

Table 2.1.

Comparative characteristics of downhill slopes

	Length (%) of different sections at steepness	Average slope,

La Musherol
Cashier
Col de Putron

Cheget (s.)

Note. Compiled on the basis of the source: Kolotova E.V. Recreational resource study. M., 1998.

As you can see from the table, the track in the Dombay resort has ideal conditions for downhill skiing. The Col de Putron resort is approaching it. Cheget is characterized by more difficult descent conditions, since there are no sections with small slopes on its route.

Consider the features of ski tourism in Western Europe Using Switzerland as an example. The ski season starts from late November to early December and lasts until early April, and in some resorts until early May.

Central airports that meet guests in Switzerland are located in the cities of Zurich and Geneva.

The Scuol resort is known for the fact that it is here that the Swiss themselves rest. Scuol is the cultural and historical center of the Lower Engadine, where the population still speaks the ancient Romanesque language, the fourth official language in Switzerland. Indoor and outdoor pools with thermal water, with an amazing variety of massage jets, a saltwater pool (water contains 2% salt), saunas, the first Roman-Irish baths in Switzerland, a therapy center and a beauty salon where various massages are available, mud baths , hay wrap, physiotherapy, underwater massage, drinking healing mineral water.

Gstaad is considered one of the most prestigious holiday destinations. This is the resting place of kings, movie stars and the world's largest businessmen. Gstaad is located just 80 km from Bern and 150 km from Geneva.

Trails - 60:

(for beginners) - 30%

(medium difficulty) - 50%

(difficult) - 20%

Gondola / funicular - 4 Lifts - 17:

Chairs (2-seater) - 5

Drag lifts - 8

Snowboard - fun park / Halfpipes (5)

Cross-country skiing trails - 20 km

Toboggan runs - 1

Gstaad is essentially a large association of eight resorts, and this association bears the unofficial name "Super Ski Region".

Grand Bellevue 4 *

Due to its location (at an altitude of 1620 m, in the heart of the Alpine mountain system) the resort of Zermatt welcomes skiers all year round. Zermatt is a "car-free world" because in order to preserve a clean environment, road traffic is prohibited in the city, and the only means of transport are electric vehicles, as well as horse-drawn sleds (in winter) and carriages (in summer).

The total length of marked tracks (Zermatt and Cervinia) - 400 km

Light / blue tracks - 17.5 km

Medium / red runs - 106 km

Hard / black slopes - 70.5 km

Various unprepared / yellow tracks

The longest track - 15 km

Number of lifts - 58 (9 cabins, 10 funiculars, 19 chairlifts, 20 drag lifts)

Cross-country skiing trails - 10 km

Snowboard - 1 fan park

Toboggan runs - 2

Crans-Montana is located at around 1500 meters above sea level. FIS World Cup competitions are held annually in Crans-Montana. As a resort, it is popular for its dry, healthy climate, clean mountain air and sunny weather. The "Piste National" track is also famous, the length of which is 3670 m with a maximum slope of 61 degrees.

Lift

Slopes - 50

The total length of tracks - 160 km

Blue slopes - 20 (60 km)

Red slopes - 28 (80 km)

Black slopes - 2 (20 km)

Number of lifts - 30

(4 cabins, 5 funiculars, 21 chairlifts)

Snowboard - fan park (2) / half pipes

Flat trail - 50 km

Toboggan runs - 1

One of the most beautiful corners in the world, Saas-Fee is located among the highest alpine peaks - thirteen mountain giants, over 4000 m in height.In Saas Fee, the highest-mountainous metro in the world operates - a lift hidden in a rock to the peak of Mittel-Allalin (3500 m), to famous restaurant and ice grotto). The track running from the Mittel-Allalin station is the longest in the region (14 km), the elevation difference is 1778 m.

Trails for beginners - 30%

Medium slopes - 45%

Trails for experienced skiers - 25%

Lifts - 26:

Gondola / Funicular - 7

Chairs - 2

Drag lifts - 17

Cross-country skiing trails - 8 km

Verbier is ranked fourth in the international classification among the largest ski "stadiums" in the world. Its trails are unusually varied, amazingly beautiful in the mountainous landscape and easily accessible. 410 kilometers of prepared trails. Verbier is famous for its "Verbier Festival & Academy", which attracts stars and celebrities of the music world and show business.

Major ski resorts in France:

Three Vallees (3 Vallees):

Meribel

Mottaret

Val Thorens

Les Menuires

Courchevel

La Tania

Brides-les-Bains

Espace Killy:

Val d'Isere

Tignes

Paradiski:

Les Arcs

La Plagne

Characteristics of ski regions

Three Valleys - the highest mountain ski center in Europe, the largest number of lifts, trails, snow cannons, a whole army of instructors. The Three Valleys unite 6 main resorts - Meribel, Val Thorens, Menuires, Courchevel, La Tania, Brides-les-Bains, which are connected by a network of lifts.

The altitude of the Val Thorens resort is 2300 m above sea level. Ski area - 1800-3200 m, total length of pistes - 140 km

The ski area in the French Alps - Paradiski - includes two famous ski areas: Les Arc and La Plagne, and another small area of \u200b\u200bPeisey-Vallandry. Paradiski are: 2 glaciers (Chiaupe on Bellecote in La Plagne and Varet on Aiguille Rouge in Arch 2000), 20 ski stations, an interesting snowboarding area: 2 snow parks, 2 halp-pipes, 1 special track, excellent conditions for teaching children: 34 lifts, 23 kindergartens, 2 playgrounds, 9 rolling mats.

Chamonix is \u200b\u200bone of the most popular ski resorts in Europe. The Chamonix Valley is located at the foot of the Mont Blanc glaciers and stretches for 16 km from the village of Les Houches to the town of Argentiere. In its very center is the city of Chamonix - the center of tourist activity. The city is located at the crossroads of the borders of France, Italy and Switzerland (16 km through the Le Montets pass).

Characteristics of the Chamonix resort

Vertical drop - 2808 m

Ski area - 1035-3843 m

Trails - 100

Total length of tracks - 170 km

The longest track - 22 km

Green-21%

Red-32%

Black-14%

Number of lifts - 49

Funiculars - 6

Gondola lifts - 4

Chair lifts - 18

Drag lifts - 21

Flat trail - 42 km

Total ski area - 762 hectares

Snowpark, halfpipes

Ski-pass - 216 euros for 6 days

The main ski areas of Andorra are combined into two main areas:

Grand Valira in the east and

Val Nord to the west.

Grand Valira includes resorts:

Soldeu-El Tarter (Soldeu-El Tarter)

Pas De La Casa-Grau Roig (Pas de la Casa-Grau Roig)

Val Nord forms resorts:

Pal-Arsinal (Pal-Arsinal)

Ordino-Arkalis (Ordino-Arkalis)

The skiing season in Andorra lasts from December to mid-April.

Skiing is the most popular winter sport in Finland. Unlike the Alps, where the ski season is highly dependent on the vagaries of the weather, and rain and warm winds make the snow cover unstable, the continental climate of northeastern Europe guarantees an abundance of snow from November to May, which favorably affects the development of ski tourism in Finland. When the first signs of spring start to appear in the country at the beginning of the year and the day begins to arrive, in Northern Finland the ski season is just reaching its peak. The average winter in southern Finland is 135 days, while in Lapland it is about 200 days.

The super-long snow season in Northern Finland starts in October and lasts until mid-May. In Eastern and Central Finland, the first snow falls in November. In Lapland in March - April you can ski in the spring sun. During this period, skiers have 16 hours of daylight hours. For those who wish, there is always the possibility of night walks in the light of the moon. A guideline for determining the presence of snow and the length of daylight hours in winter recreation areas: February - Southern Finland, March - Central Finland, April - Lapland.

In contrast to the Alps, there are no problems in Finnish resorts oxygen deficiencyas ski centers are located at lower altitudes. There is no such strong dependence of temperature and snow condition on the vagaries of the weather as in the Alps, which makes it easier to choose ski wax.

Ski resorts in Finland are a traditional destination for Russian tourists. There are over 120 ski centers in Finland.

The well-developed infrastructure makes Finnish resorts especially attractive for families. Most of them have special slopes for children and children's playgrounds. All resorts have trails for flat skiing and snowmobiles, and many centers have slopes for snowboarding, telemark and freestyle. Favorite entertainment of tourists in their free time from skiing alpine skiing time remains for safaris on snowmobiles, dog and reindeer sleds, snowshoeing, ice fishing and recreation in water-wellness centers and water parks. Finnish resorts offer a wide range of accommodation options, from cottages and apartments to upscale hotels. The peak skiing season in Finland is between February and April, when the snow quality is optimal. In most of the Lapland resorts that use snow cannons, the season runs from October to May.

Table 2.2.

Changes in temperature and precipitation in the main ski resorts: Kuopio

The table shows that the ski season in this tourist complex is favorable from December 10 to March 5.

Kuusamo-Ruka

Rovaniemi

It can be seen that throughout the season, temperatures in these ski centers are low, which is an important factor for tourists.

The largest ski resorts are in Lapland, but the ski slopes of Southern Finland are also quite suitable for beginner and amateur skiers. The most popular ski resorts in Northern Finland are Levi, Saariselka, Luosto, Ruka, Ylläs, Ollos-Pallas, Iso-Syute, and Vuokatti, while Himos, Tahko and Messilä are the most popular in southern and central Finland.

The hillsides in the northern and eastern parts of the country are steeper, and the greatest pleasure can be found in the far north, in Lapland. The longest slopes in the southern regions are about 1 km long with a vertical drop of about 150 m. In Central Finland you can find hills with a height of 200 m and a slope length of 1 km, and on the Lapland Hills, the height difference reaches 450 m and the length of the descent is sometimes up to 3 km. The largest ski centers have up to 30 slopes and 20 lifts.

According to the degree of difficulty, the following four types of trails are distinguished, which are marked on the slopes in different colors: easy - green, medium - blue, difficult - red and especially difficult - black. The skier chooses the slopes according to his strength. In this he is assisted by colorful piste schemes posted at the ski stations of the cable cars. This regulation of the slopes serves in order to streamline the skiing of skiers (dispersing them on the slopes) and to ensure safety.

The prestige of any ski center depends on the quantity and quality of its cable cars and their performance. The most famous resorts in Finland, such as Kuopio, Himos, Lahti, have a developed network of cable cars: pendulum-type cabins, gondola roads, chairlifts, ski tows.

Mountaineering is a kind of mountain tourism; a trip that includes climbing to the peaks. This is sports tourism, which requires good physical fitness and high qualifications. The emergence of mountaineering is usually attributed to 1786, when the Swiss J. Balma and M. Pakkar summit Mont Blanc - the highest in the Alps (4807 m). In Russia, the first ascent is considered to be the ascent to the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano (4750m) by the members of the expedition of D. Gauss in 1788. The highest peak of the Earth - Everest (8848 m) - was conquered in 1953 by the New Zealander E. Hillary and the Sherpa N. Tenzing.

Since mountaineering is associated with an increased risk to the lives of climbers, its mass scale is not high. Novice climbers are trained in climbing camps, where training camps, rallies, and competitions are also held. Climbing camps are both temporary tent type and stationary with summer houses or capital buildings. Often in the summer season, empty ski resorts and resorts are used. Alpine camps are created during alpiniads - mass ascents of climbers to simple peaks.

National and world championships are held for highly qualified climbers. The most prestigious for climbing among professional climbers are the "eight-thousanders" of the Himalayas (Chomolungma-Everest, Annapurna and others - only 11 peaks) and Karakorum (Chogori, 8611 m, etc.). The rating of professional climbers also depends on the conquest of the highest peaks of each continent (Europe - Mont Blanc, Africa - Kilimanjaro, North America - McKinley, South America - Aconcagua, Australia - Kostsyushko). For mountain climbing, mountain climbing has become an important source of income. For example, servicing numerous expeditions seeking to conquer Chomolungma and other Himalayan peaks provides the lion's share of tourist income in Nepal.

2.2 Mountain and hiking tourism (trekking)

Mountain tourism is a fairly extensive category of outdoor activities. It includes traveling in highlands, rock climbing, speleology, rafting on mountain rivers, geological research, expeditions to get acquainted with the flora and fauna. According to the official definition of the World Tourism Organization, mountain tourism is overcoming routes that run at an altitude of at least 3 thousand meters above sea level. In accordance with this interpretation, in Ukraine there are no mountains of such a height that travel through them could be qualified as mountain tourism.

Mountain tourism does not provide for an official ascent to the peaks, as is the case in mountaineering - if the main goal of a climber is to conquer the peaks, then the tourist's task is to overcome distances and obstacles. However, when overcoming routes of the highest categories of difficulty, the boundaries between mountaineering and mountain tourism practically disappear.

The most popular centers for mountain tourism in the world are the Alps, Himalayas, Tibet, the Caucasus, the Pamirs and the Argentine Andes. It is important that these mountain systems are covered by a good tourist infrastructure, so you can choose a route that best suits your physical capabilities and interests. For fans of mountain tourism in Ukraine, the Caucasus Mountains are the most accessible, however, due to the instability of this region, over the past two decades, tourist flows to this region have noticeably decreased. After Switzerland entered the Schengen zone, the Alpine direction, on the contrary, demonstrates a dynamic growth in popularity. Almost all, even the smallest towns located in the Alps, have a developed tourist service, so the cost of a tourist trip to this region can vary widely. The same applies to Nepal, where mass trekking is developing extremely rapidly.

In recent years, a less extreme form of hiking in the mountains, called trekking, has been developing extremely dynamically. Such mountain tourism provides for hiking from one camp site to another on routes of varying difficulty. The treks can last for several days and involve spending the night in tents or in alpine shelters. Usually trekking routes are laid so that travelers have visited a variety of landscapes - overcame a thicket of forests, passes, mountain rivers, rocky climbs, glaciers and snowfields. Practicing trekking tourists do not spend all their energy and attention on overcoming too difficult obstacles and can immerse themselves in the diversity of the animal and flora mountains.

Hiking or trekking belongs to the category of sports travel, in some cases it can be classified as ecological tourism. Hiking is one of the most popular types of outdoor activities, as it is available to almost all healthy people. Hiking tourism presupposes complete freedom to choose a route, which can be quickly adjusted during the journey. The popularity of hiking is also due to the relatively low cost of the equipment required for them and, as a rule, the small distance of interesting routes.

Similar to mountain tourism, hiking is classified into 6 difficulty levels. For example, weekend hikes have categories of difficulty 1-3, and the highest, sixth category suggests the presence of serious local obstacles on the route - rivers, ravines, rocks, passes, etc. For hiking trips of a certain distance and duration, their participants are awarded the ranks and titles of masters of sports. Hiking tourism is well developed on all continents, including Antarctica, but it is most popular in Europe. North America and the Himalayas.

Hiking in Europe

The European continent is distinguished by a huge variety of cultures and landscapes; the largest number of museums, attractions and historical monuments are concentrated on it. All kinds of concerts, festivals, fairs, fashion shows and other interesting events are regularly held here. On the territory of Europe, there is the most developed network of hostels in the world - hotels that offer accommodation in Spartan conditions for a symbolic fee of about 5 euros. All this, as well as the transparency of the borders, makes Europe extremely attractive for backpackers. Trekking peaks in the summer when hiking can be combined with visiting beaches. In addition, many attractions are available for excursions only during the tourist, i.e., summer season.

Hiking in America

In the United States, hiking is truly a national hobby. This is facilitated by the variety of natural conditions inherent in this country and the developed system of camping. As a rule, hikers go by car to the camp of the same travelers, and then make hikes with a backpack and a tent. Eight so-called are especially popular. National landscape trails, where not only Americans rest, but also tourists from all over the world. In South America, trekking is localized mainly in the Andes. In particular, the legendary Inca trail in Peru with a length of 33 km is very popular among Europeans.

Walking tourism in Central Asia

Exotic lovers who have sufficient financial means often choose the Himalayan and Tibetan mountains for trekking. In these places there is a well-developed system of shelters and mini-hotels for tourists. For a fairly small fee, you can travel between them in groups or prefer an independent trip, accompanied by a guide and a porter. As a rule, hiking trails pass at an altitude of 1-3 thousand meters above sea level and run through various landscape zones. Trekking is most common in Nepal.

2.3 Water sports tourism

Water tourism is an extremely broad concept that includes a large number of its types. It is often combined with educational tourism, when, while rafting down the river, vacationers get acquainted with the wonders of local nature, city sights and historical and cultural monuments.

The most popular types of boating are river rafting, rafting, sailing, kayaking and diving. All of them require travelers to be in good physical shape.

Fans of active recreation on the water, who are ready to experience the thrill and fight the water element, choose rafting.

Diving is scuba diving with special equipment. This is a rather expensive type of extreme tourism.

Diving tourism is not a cheap pleasure (Table 2.3.).

Table 2.3

Average cost of 1 day of diving (daily-diving) in some places

Currently, there are several aspects limiting the spread of the geography of diving tourism. They are:

political and state structure;

war activities;

underdevelopment of infrastructure, maintenance of equipment and equipment;

poverty in recreational resources, underwater facilities, etc.

Political and state structure, military operations - these are the countries of the Middle East, Mediterranean, Red Sea, countries of the African coast. For example, the state of Oman has a very rich underwater world, but there is a danger for tourists from terrorist organizations. There are countries with excellent service, dive centers, tourist complexes, with various types of recreation and entertainment, but the underwater world is poor, sometimes due to the harmful anthropogenic impact. For example, the countries of the Black Sea region, Western Europe, the Baltic states. Another example: a rich underwater world, diverse flora and fauna, the presence of interesting underwater objects, but diving is practically undeveloped, there are no large hotel complexes on the coast, service for scuba divers, divers' bases, few dive centers and companies organizing dive routes - these are Russia and Vietnam. An analysis of various sources showed that the main centers of underwater tourism are located in countries with rich flora and fauna, with a favorable climate, high service for tourists and equipment.

Windsurfing is a kind of sailing; racing on a special oval board made of carbon fiber with a rough surface for stability, with stabilizer fins on the bottom plane and a small sail that attaches to the board.

Surfing is the same, only without a sail. Actually, windsurfing originated from surfing. With a good wind, you can reach speeds of over 10 - 12 m / s. Well, the record for today is over 70 km / h.

Consider the world's most popular surf centers.

1) Safaga is located 50 kilometers south of the well-known Hurghada (airport) on the Red Sea coast and is deservedly considered one of the most popular surf and kite resorts. As you drive along the coast towards Safaga, you will find yourself in the middle of a desert landscape. The contrast between the blue sea and the barren desert will impress you for a long time.

Safaga itself is a small, typically Egyptian town. There are only a few hotels there and they are located outside the city on the seashore.

2) Dahab is located in the southeast of the Sinai Peninsula. It is known as the best windsurfing spot in the Red Sea.

The shores of the Gulf of Aqaba, in this place, are mountainous and the wind accelerates quite strongly in this pipe. The lagoon, on the banks of which all hotels are located, is about 2 kilometers long and 800 meters wide. The shores are a magnificent sandy beach.

A platform has been built in the sea on which you can sit and take a breath. Nobody goes far out to sea, because the wind is weaker and the wave is not so steep.

3) O. Sal belongs to the group of islands in the country of Cape Verde. This is the Atlantic, opposite to Dakar (Africa), 2000 km south of the Canary Islands. The main surf hangout is in the center of Santa Maria Bay in the center of Club Mistarl with extensive coastal infrastructure around (Beach bars, etc.). The place is quite suitable for windsurfing and kite surfing. As the beach is very large, very similar to Tarifa, there are many places for kitesurfing.

In general, in the town of Santa Maria, the conditions are quite mild, it is difficult to break on rocks and there are no large waves.

The wind is mostly cross-shorr (i.e. from the side).

4) Tarifa is considered the capital of the winds. In addition, it is the most popular surf kite spot in Europe. Located at the narrowest point of the Strait of Gibraltar. Apparently the wind flies through this narrowing according to Bernoulli's law, that is, it accelerates. Tarifa is the southernmost point in Spain. Africa is 16 km away. You are standing on the shore, on the left is the Mediterranean Sea, and on the right is the Atlantic Ocean.

Local winds are called Levante (from the sea) and Poniente (from the ocean).

Tarifa is a year-round surf kite resort.

5) Cornwall, Newquay - surfing Foggy Albion

Newquay is a town in the south of Cornwall, about 8 hours from London

The history of British surfing is amazing. There is a version that surfing in Britain was first heard after the First World War. From soldiers who returned home, who were told about this amazing occupation by front-line friends from the Australian and South African colonies. And the first prototypes of the surfboard were "sawed" in Cornwall by a local undertaker.

Like the rest of England, Newquay is distinguished by its high cost. For your information (all in pounds sterling): round trip bus ticket - 45; housing - 15-40 per day; food - 5-10 per day; equipment rental - 5-10 per hour.

6) In the USA, the main centers of surfing development are: Hawaii, the states of California and Florida

For any surfer, Hawaii is a sacred place. It is here that surfing as such appeared many hundreds of years ago. Then it was the sport of kings - only noble Polynesians could afford to ride on long wooden boards over the waves. And today in Hawaii anyone can surf, both a professional and a beginner. Hollywood stars such as Cameron Diaz and Justin Timberlake often come here in search of a heavenly vacation and a good wave.

It was in the Hawaiian Islands that the popular surfer clothing style (bright colors and floral designs) originated.

The California coastline, especially places like Santa Cruz and Huntington Beach, are the "classics" of surfing in the world. It was here that surf culture reached its dawn in the second half of the 20th century. The most famous films about desperate big wave seekers were shot here: ("Gidget", "Surf Crazy", "Barefoot Adventure", "Endless Summer" ("The Endless Summer")). Here was born a style of music called surf (classics of this style - Beach Boys and Jean & Dean).

Florida

With its many attractions and beautiful beaches, Miami is Florida's most popular resort. A variety of restaurants, bars, trendy nightclubs and shops are an essential part of a Miami holiday. Surfing lessons take place on the famous South Beach Miami, so you are invited to choose one of the many hotels in the beach area.

The best skiing times are from December to May. The water temperature varies from 19? From winter to 32? Happy summer. The standard course consists of three lessons of 2-3 hours each. After completing the course, all the necessary equipment for self-study is provided.

Kayaking is a popular type of recreation abroad, gaining more and more popularity in Ukraine. This is a singles sport, although it is not devoid of team spirit. It makes it possible to challenge the elements and stay alone with it. There are three main trends in modern kayaking - rowing slalom, rodeo and rafting.

Rafting is an extreme water tourism that finds more and more fans every year. Rafting is a wonderful vacation for those who have never held a paddle in their hands, and for experienced tourists - water sportsmen. It is difficult for beginners to navigate all the variety of tours.

Rafting is fundamentally different from other types of water tourism both in the type of vessel on which the rafting is made and in ideology. Rafting is a commercial type of rafting, which means that no previous experience is required to participate in rafting. It is enough to pay for the tour, and you are in the group. Accordingly, rivers for rafting should be easily accessible, that is, roads to them for the start and finish of the route should be laid.

Examples of classic routes:

Dalaman 3-5 k. S. - Turkey;

Melen 3-4 k. S. - Turkey;

Bhote-Bones 4-5 K. with. - Nepal;

Marciandi 4-5 K. c. - Nepal;

White Nile 3-5 k. S - Uganda;

Apurimak 3-5 k. S. - Peru;

Bzyb 1-6 K. with. - Abkhazia.

For rafting, rivers with an abundance of rapids, shivers, rifts and waterfalls are suitable. These rivers are usually found in mountainous areas or in very rugged terrain. As a result, such areas are poorly or not at all populated.

Rafting routes are classified on a six-point scale (1-6) for difficulty categories. Clarifications are allowed: for example, 3+ k. From. or 5 - k. from. The obstacles themselves are also characterized by a seven-point scale (0-6) of difficulty categories. Similarly to routes, clarifications are also allowed here: for example, an obstacle 5 ++ k. From. or 4 - k. from.

The ten inflatable rafting spots listed below are the best you can find for those looking for real adventure.

Zambezi river, Zimbabwe

The Zambezi boasts a number of waterfalls, but the main attraction is the famous Victoria Falls, one of South Africa's geographical wonders. It is its cruel and raging waters that will give you the best rafting in the world. Numerous river rapids and obstacles will make your trip unforgettable.

Colorado

The Colorado River is located in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico and is a popular rafting destination. In addition to the vivid impressions of the rafting, a wonderful addition to the rest will be the views of the beautiful flora and fauna.

Costa Rica

The Costa Rica River is a cherished destination for many rafters. Here you can find everything that extreme fans love so much. The recalcitrant and cold river waters, coupled with uncharted wilderness, are one of the secrets to Costa Rica's success.

Nepal

Nepal, a mountainous country with one of the highest peaks in the world, is also one of the great rafting destinations. The sensations that can be obtained by rafting here are not for the faint of heart. However, having tried it once, you will want to come back here again and again.

Australia

Rafting through Australia's foaming waters gives you a unique chance to experience ancient rainforests. Australia has several rivers dedicated to rafting. And these are, first of all, the North Johnston River and the Nimboyd River. They are the first in the list of must-see.

Futaleufu River, Chile

In Chile, you can find a full range of popular entertainment options - from horseback riding to mountain biking. Here you can also go kayaking, kayaking or kayaking down the river. Despite the above, Chile is one of the best places for rafting. Huge waves of rumbling rivers are the most interesting that Chilean nature can offer to fans of extreme sports.

Idaho, USA

Excellent rafting spots in Idaho are the Snake and Salmon Rivers (Middle Fork section). The beautiful greenery and mountain peaks around are likely to encourage you to continue your adventure further. For example, the surrounding nature will interest any camping fan.

Yangtze River, China

The Yangtze or Long River is one of the longest and deepest rivers in Eurasia. For several years now, its waters have faithfully served all fans of rafting. The stunning scenery is an added bonus to your holiday in China.

Rivers Megpai (Canada) and Victoria Nile (Uganda)

Numerous waterfalls are the main advantage of these rivers. Rafting on the Megpay and Victoria Nile waters, you can truly feel the taste of life. Difficult obstacles are the first thing any rafter will have to face.

Section 3. State and prospects for the development of sports tourism in Ukraine

3.1 The current state of sports tourism in Ukraine

However, the history of health and sports tourism shows that this movement becomes massive only under the condition of a stable economic situation, when relatively sufficient material living conditions have been created and the growth of real incomes of the population is ensured.

The lack of government funding led to the fact that the structures of management of health and sports tourism, which existed before, basically ceased their activities. The organization that has assumed the functions of coordinating the activities of health and sports tourism is the International Tourism and Sports Union (ITCC). It was established in 1990 on a voluntary basis and is the legal successor of the Amateur Tourism Office of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. The members of the MTCC are the CIS and Baltic countries, including Ukraine.

The main areas of work of the MTCC are coordination of a general strategy for the development of sports and health tourism in the CIS and Baltic countries, the creation of a unified legal tourism space, the development of common regulatory documents for the member states of the commonwealth of the CIS and Baltic countries, the creation of international tourist routes, and the holding of international tourism services fairs.

Ukraine as a full member of the MTCC is represented by the Tourist Sports Union (TCC), created simultaneously with the MTCC (December 1990 p.). This public organization works on the basis of the approved charter and aims to unite the efforts of the members of the Union and coordinate their activities to promote the development of sports and health tourism in Ukraine.

At the end of the 1990s pp. such organizations as Kharkiv Regional TSS, Vinnytsia TSS, Dnepropetrovsk TSS, Federation of Sports Tourism of the Republic of Crimea, Odessa Regional Sports Tourist Club "Odessa", Sevastopol Tourist Club, Nikolaev Travelers Club, AT "Mountain Club", Donetsk Regional Tourist Club and "Mountain the Odessa union are part of the MTCC as full members.

In 1991, an Agreement on cooperation in the field of tourism of the CIS countries was concluded, the creation of a single legal tourist space, the application of a single international system for the classification and standardization of tourist services. To develop this agreement, the MTCC has developed and adopted on the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Charter for Physical Education (UNESCO), the Tourism Charter and the Tourist Code (WTO) "International Charter for Sports Tourism" of 10 articles. It, in particular, says that sports tourism as a comprehensive form of health, sports, educational tourism and travel is an effective direction of the modern development of world tourism. A characteristic feature of sports and health tourism is the variety of forms and the multivariance of programs for its organization and development: sports trips, championships, competitions, expeditions, etc. The general availability of sports and health tourism contributes to the massive participation of people, especially young people, in the field of educational trips, expeditions and other tourist events with active means of transportation on the routes.

Tourism organizations, adopted the charter, pledged to actively interact with public organizations, parliamentary and government bodies of the CIS and Baltic countries in the development of health and sports tourism; to help sports tourist groups to carry out sports trips across the territory of their country, to contribute to the formation of a single tourist space, to maximize the simplification of passport, visa, customs and other formalities for the movement of tourists across the country, to prevent discrimination in the choice of the route of hiking and travel; protect the environment and the tourist environment, historical and cultural monuments; carry out preventive work to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of tourists.

In accordance with the provisions of the International Charter of Sports Tourism and the aforementioned concept, most of the affiliates of the MTCC (including Ukrainian ones) seek to apply a unified approach to assess the sports, referee, instructor and other types of tourist qualifications by creating a modern regulatory and improving the existing base of sports and health tourism. The "Sports Tourism Competition Rules" and "Unified Sports Classification" have been developed and approved.

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Subtitles

Ranks and ranks

Currently, the title of MSMK in sports tourism is not awarded, the rest of the qualifying sports categories and titles before the ZMS are awarded on the territory of Russia. On October 15, 2013, a meeting of the ESCC commission of the Russian Ministry of Sports took place. The commission decided to restore the category of the candidate for Master of Sports and the sports title Master of Sports of Russia in the group of sports disciplines "route".

In addition, the CT has specialized professional titles related to the right to carry out professional or teaching activities in the field of sports tourism: guide-guide, instructor (senior instructor, international instructor) of sports tourism.

As in other official sports, there is an organized and professional refereeing in sports tourism, the activities of which are regulated by the relevant regulatory documents. By gaining experience in refereeing and undergoing appropriate professional training (schools, seminars), judges acquire the appropriate judicial titles. At the same time, a certain feature of refereeing in ST is that the remuneration of sports referees is small, or refereeing is carried out on a voluntary basis. Many of the judges are themselves sports tourists with extensive experience and significant sports achievements. Sports judges in ST, without exaggeration, are respected, honorary representatives of the sports community of ST.

Features:

Many sports tourists are also engaged in related sports: orienteering and multisport, rock climbing, mountaineering, rafting, mountain biking, skiing, sailing, etc. Sports tourists are, among other things, a reserve for training rescuers in the natural environment.

Participation in sports hikes of initial categories of difficulty and in competitions at distances, as a rule, does not require significant financial costs, at the same time, it allows you to get the necessary basic skills and pleasure from participating in hikes and competitions.

Engaging in sports tourism as a complex sport carried out in a complex natural and social environment, of course, carries certain risks and requires an athlete to have versatile knowledge, skills, experience and good physical, technical and psychological training.

In large cities of Russia there are many sports tourism organizations and amateur tourism clubs, which, among other things, run schools for the training of tourist personnel (primary, basic, specialized and higher levels). Education in such schools is desirable, although not mandatory for tourism.

Sports Camping Positions

Among the main functional positions in a sports campaign, in addition to the official position of the head of the tourist group, one can list the deputy head of the group (can be appointed if necessary), the head (captain) of the rafting or sports vessel, the medic, the navigator, the head of the economy (the manager), the head of equipment ( chief), mechanic (remaster), meteorologist, treasurer, timekeeper, chronicler, photographer, etc. At the same time, the division into positions is, with the exception of the head, and to a certain extent a physician (if the physician is a professional medical worker), it is enough flexible, since all tourists of the group must possess, to one degree or another, various basic skills and provide mutual assistance whenever necessary. In small groups, one person can combine different positions.

Equipment

Equipment in sports tourism depends on its type and includes special clothing and shoes (storm jackets and trousers, wind jackets, insulated trousers, self-dumping, etc., fleece jumpers, thermal underwear, gloves, trekking, skiing, mountain or trekking-bicycle shoes , shoe covers, bicycle uniforms, wet and dry wetsuits, neoprene shoes or socks, goggles of various types, etc.), helmets or helmets, ropes, carabiners, figure eight, zhumar and other technical means of belaying and working with ropes, flashlights with batteries, tents , awnings, climbing tools and devices (alpenstocks, ice axes, crampons, walking sticks, snowshoes, etc.), campfire accessories and camping utensils, multi-fuel burners, navigation and communication aids, as well as pack animals, technical aids and equipment by type (catamarans and other means of rafting, skis, bicycles, cars and motorcycles, etc.).

Skills

The basic skills of a tourist include: providing first aid, organizing and carrying out the evacuation of victims, skills in choosing a site and setting up a camp and temporary parking, working with ropes and technical means of guiding crossings, belaying, etc., movement techniques and overcoming obstacles of various nature, organizing the order of movement and other actions in the group, survival in extreme conditions (for example, spending the night in the snow, working with insufficient food, acting in extreme weather conditions, actions in case of loss of contact with the group, self-help, using improvised means as equipment, etc.); etc.), drawing up a menu and food layout in a sports trip, lighting and maintaining a fire, cooking, repairing equipment, orientation and navigation, psychological work and conflict resolution, managing various works and actions in extreme situations. Additional useful skills include knowledge of the language of the hiking area or the common language, skills in related tourism and sports, skills in hunting and fishing, handling animals and various equipment, useful knowledge in the field of geography, flora and fauna, skills of a negotiator, storyteller, engineering knowledge.

Types of sports tourism

The types of sports tourism differ:

walking tourism - movement on the tourist route is carried out mainly on foot. The main task is to overcome relief and landscape obstacles on foot, for high categories of difficulty - in areas with difficult terrain and climatic conditions.
ski tourism - movement on the tourist route is carried out mainly on skis. The main task is to overcome relief and landscape obstacles on snow and snow-ice cover on skis, for high categories of difficulty - in conditions of harsh climatic zones and in mountainous terrain.
mountain tourism - hiking in high mountains. The main task is to climb mountain passes, climb tops, traverses of mountain ranges.
water tourism - rafting on rivers by means of rafting (ships), usually in mountainous areas. The main task is to pass water obstacles formed by the relief of the river bed and the peculiarities of its course.
speleotourism - traveling through underground cavities (caves, cave systems, including partially flooded with water). The main challenge is to overcome the structural obstacles encountered in the caves.
sailing tourism - sailing on ships on the sea or in the waters of large lakes. The main task is to fulfill the vessel's cruise plan in accordance with the rules of navigation in inland waters and on the high seas.
by means of transportation - a section that includes cycling tourism, equestrian tourism and auto-moto tourism. The main task is to overcome relief and landscape obstacles on a long route (roads and paths with different relief and coverage, up to roads on the verge of passability (passability), tourist, livestock trails and animal migration paths, fords and ferries, mountain passes, traverses, etc. in difficult conditions, as a rule in mountainous or difficult in terms of climate and relief, highly rugged terrain.
combined tourism - hikes that combine elements of various types of tourism;
motorcycle tourism is one of the types of tourism in which the motorcycle serves as a means of transportation. The concept of "motorcycle tourism" is ambiguous and refers to both one of the types of outdoor activities and a variety of sports tourism.

By age-social On the basis of sports tourism is divided into:

adult tourism;
family tourism;

In recent years, the following have been actively developed directions of sports tourism:

travel (including single travel);
discipline distance indoors on artificial terrain;
short routes in the class of sports hikes.

Sports hiking trips

Depending on the difficulty of the obstacles to be overcome, the area of \u200b\u200bthe hike, autonomy, novelty, the length of the route and a number of its other factors characteristic of different types of sports tourism, according to the increasing complexity, the hikes are divided into:

weekend hikes;
hikes 1 - 3 degrees of difficulty - in children's and youth tourism;
sports category hikes. In different types of tourism, the number of difficulty categories is different: in hiking, mountain, water, skiing, cycling and speleotourism - six categories of difficulty (c. S.); in auto and sailing tourism - five; in equestrian - three.

A more detailed division is given in the "Unified All-Russian Sports Classification of Tourist Routes" (EVSKTM). Route qualification commissions are public expert (certification) bodies that carry out conclusions on the categorization of tourist routes, confirmation of the qualifications of participants and the head of the declared category of complexity of the route. They work at sports organizations of sports tourism (regional and all-Russian federations) and a number of physical culture organizations accredited by them (sports tourist clubs). The Route Qualification Commission, among its other functions, is the body that authorizes the release of a group on a sports tour.

Categories and titles in sports tourism

The category of a tourist-athlete makes it possible to judge his sports qualifications, expressed in the ability to pass routes of certain categories of complexity.

To obtain a sports category in tourism, before passing a tourist route, a group needs to register it and obtain permission from the itinerary qualification commission (MCC). After the completion of the campaign, a report is submitted to the MCC, on the basis of which the materials are considered, and in case of a positive decision, the participants and the leader are assigned ranks.

According to the "Rank requirements for sports tourism for 2010-2013" the categories can be assigned (in ascending order of sportsmanship): Routes "- directly hiking and sports tours (in accordance with the category of difficulty); 2. "Distances", the former "tourist all-around", depending on the complexity of the stages are divided into classes - from 1 to 6. The class of the distance conditionally corresponds to the category of difficulty of the corresponding trip.

Competitions are usually held separately for each type of tourism. It is allowed to hold competitions at combined distances.

By socio-age competition factors are divided into:

family;
children's;
youthful;
student,
youth;
adults;
among the elderly;
among veterans;
uneven;
among boys and / or girls;
among men and / or women;
among the disabled.

Currently, tourism is a sphere of human life, which allows him to satisfy various needs - for recreation, communication, knowledge, new experiences, etc. The first level of motivation that drives a person to travel is physical motivation, which aims to restore body and mind, health goals, pleasure and sports.

This is largely determined by the rapid pace and high level of stress in the life of a modern person, which increasingly stimulates him to spend his free time actively. These factors largely explain the growing popularity of active types of tourism. One of the types of active tourism is sports tourism, which, on the one hand, satisfies a person's need to go in for sports (active tourism), and on the other hand, the need to participate in sports when a tourist travels to attend sports events at which he enjoys being a fan (passive tourism).

It should be noted that today sports tourism is an underdeveloped, but nevertheless, a promising direction of tourism both in Russia as a whole and in its individual regions.

Currently, there are about 400 centers, stations for young tourists, tourist centers, as well as many tourism departments and houses of creativity for children and youth in Russia, according to state statistics, about 425 thousand students are engaged in 28 thousand of united institutions of additional education. More than 1.6 million children participate in the hikes every year. Up to 3 million people are engaged in sports tourism in Russia. The development of sports tourism in Russia is carried out by the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia and its technical committee - the Federation of Sports Tourism of Russia, which unite more than 70 collective members, constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Hiking trips vary in duration, distance, modes of travel and route complexity. For the fulfillment of certain standards, a participant in a sports hiking trip is assigned ranks and titles in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Sports Classification approved by the State Committee for Sports. Camping trips are divided into types according to certain classification criteria. According to the form of carrying out, walks, hikes, travels, gatherings, competitions, expeditions are distinguished. On territorial grounds, it is customary to distinguish between local (for example, within the same administrative region) and long-distance hikes. According to the method of movement and types of route, tourist trips are divided into hiking, skiing, mountain, water, speleological, cycling, motorcycle, automobile combined.

Hiking - most often the first type from which the passion for tourism begins, the easiest and most accessible, the organization of which is not very difficult. A group of average fitness (4 - 12) people can walk 25-30 km a day. The weight of the backpack depends on the duration and distance from the settlements. In 2-3-day hikes it is 12-15 kg for men, 6-10 for women. In categorical, at the beginning of the route, the weight of a backpack can reach 25-30 kg for men, 15-20 for women. The driving time is 5-6 hours, usually from 9.00 to 16.00, in hot weather it is recommended to use the morning and evening hours.

Specificity ski tourismmakes high demands on special, physical and volitional training. Skis should be wider than ordinary skis, with various rigid bindings, allowing you to put shoe covers on your feet against snow and cold. For the night they use tents with double walls, tourist stoves, warm sleeping bags (down) and suits. The open area presupposes an emergency supply of fuel (firewood, dry alcohol, stoves) in case of a forced stop (weather, illness, short daylight hours, frost, heavy cover, route change, etc.). A special repair kit is also required. Due to the additional warm clothes and food, the backpack of the tourist-skier is 15-20% heavier. In addition, when crossing, you must carry a thermos with hot tea and broth. Setting up a tent, making a fire and preparing food in the snow and at low temperatures is a challenge. The group must be at least 10-12 people.

Mountain tourism - a kind of hiking or skiing, but due to the specific mountain conditions, it is isolated as an independent type.

Water tourism is one of the most popular types of tourism, usually organized using watercraft (kayaks, catamarans, rafts). The peculiarity lies in the fact that most of the time is spent on the water, and there is no need to carry the load on yourself. This means you can take more equipment, food, personal belongings. Water trips usually take place along rivers and lakes of varying difficulty, using various means (vests, air containers). Things and products must be in impermeable shells and be securely attached to the craft. A repair kit for the craft is required.

Cycling tourism has a number of advantages, it is especially important that the speed of movement is 5-6 times higher and equipment with food does not need to be carried on your shoulders. In this type, trained people most often participate, who own the riding technique, who are familiar with the rules of movement and the structure of the bicycle. Usually used by tourist, travel or mountain bikes... The role of competent management of the tour and compliance with safety standards by participants is very important. A repair kit, first aid kit and bicycle parts are also required.

According to the construction of the route, the hikes are differentiated into linear, circular and radial. Linear routes pass through several (at least two) geographical points or tourist objects (bases), and the starting and ending points of such a route do not coincide and are located at a certain distance from each other. Circular tourist routes pass through a number of geographical points or tourist sites, while the starting and ending points of the route are the same. Radial routes involve the stay of tourists during the entire duration of the hiking program in one tourist facility, which does not exclude their participation in multi-day tourist trips with overnight stays outside the tourist facility. According to the duration, there are weekend hikes and multi-day hikes. According to the operating time, tourist trips can be year-round and seasonal. According to the organizational duration, it is possible to distinguish trips organized by tourist firms, stations of young tourists, tourist clubs and sections. According to the age structure, travelers are divided as follows: children, youth, middle-aged people, the elderly.

Goals of the hike

“Why are we going on a hike?” - this question should be asked by everyone: both you and your comrade who is going to go with you, since the goal of the hike determines a lot: the composition of the group, equipment, route.

Unfortunately, it happens that an inexperienced tourist group goes on a hike without thinking about the route. Such a trip will not bring pleasure, because the picturesque corners of nature may be left out, and you will not be able to swim in the river because of the difficult approach to it. This happens to those who set out on a journey according to the principle: "We go wherever our eyes look." The success of each expedition depends on how well prepared it is.

Hike - the same expedition... This means that without preparation it cannot take place. First of all, determine the purpose of the trip. The goals - and therefore the campaigns - are different:. health-improving (walks in the forest, in the mountains, along the river); ... educational, excursion (acquaintance with the republics, cities, museums, historical monuments, protected areas, etc.); ... military-patriotic (study of the combat path of famous military formations, meetings with participants in the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars, collection of materials about fellow countrymen-heroes); ... historical and local history (such trips help to replenish the expositions of local museums, collect information on the history of a school, village, town, city); ... environmental protection (installation of feeders for birds and animals, cleaning of debris from river banks, forests and other places of mass visits); ... educational (beginners master basic tourism skills); ... sports (the participants of the hike compete, fulfilling the standards approved by the Council of the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia).

Purpose of Travel may be associated with the implementation of any public assignments (to conduct biological observations, compile a geological collection, collect useful plants, medicinal herbs, examine the state of cultural and historical monuments, small rivers, etc.). Do not set too many goals, it is better to choose one. If there are several of them, highlight the main one. Consider the rest as accompanying. If you manage to implement them - well, no - it doesn't matter. Set aside for another hike. Beginners shouldn't have any goals other than educational goals at all. The purpose of each trip must be indicated in the waybill and known to all participants. Let everyone, after thinking, decide for himself whether or not he should go on such a campaign. Its organization also depends on the purpose of the campaign. For example, in a sports hike, responsibilities are distributed so that everyone does what he does best; in the classroom it is the other way around: everyone is better off doing what he / she is still doing poorly in order to learn and acquire skills.

Route selection and development

Novice tourists often have a desire to immediately go on a journey "across the three seas". It seems to many that there is some kind of miracle land where everything is much more interesting than where they live. However, first of all, it is necessary to know the native places and you should start with traveling in the vicinity of your city or village. Do not get carried away with large kilometers at once. It often happens that the less you walk, the more you learn, see and better rest. Choosing a route is the most crucial stage in preparing for a hike. Browse the literature on the area's geography and history. Maps of the neighborhood of a city or region can be found in libraries or local history museums. It is helpful to talk with people who know the area. In any case, try to take a scenic route. To avoid monotony, do not return home the same way you walked. It is better for beginners to use the routes already known, traversed by someone. Do not be confused that they have already been passed by someone. This will not make them less interesting. Most often, the routes are formed on a circular basis. In the vicinity of large cities, where railways and highways diverge from the city by radii, you can start a route from a railway station on one line and end it at a station on another line.

For hiking trails, it is more advisable to choose small country roads and paths. Large motorways are not only dangerous, but also harmful: dust and exhaust gases of cars will not improve health and will not bring pleasure to the participants of the hike. Looking through the maps, diagrams, one should note places convenient for arranging halts, woodlands where you need to follow the compass, various natural obstacles - ravines, swamps, thickets, and the like. Learn all about local transport, settlements, roads, trails, forests. Don't forget to ask about shops, canteens, bakeries. Be sure to contact the forestry and inform about the upcoming hike. They will help you to clarify the route so as not to damage the nature on the way, they will tell you about convenient resting places. If your path goes through the reserves, you will be given a special permit, without which you cannot collect medicinal plants here, prepare firewood for a fire. Make a timetable: break the route by day, determine the distance of day crossings, roughly mark the places of parking, restocking.

Experienced tourists are advised to draw a route diagram - a visual illustration for the timetable - and show the entire path of the group on it. When planning a route, you need to set the exact departure and return hours in order to have time to rest after the hike. 10-15 km per day are considered the norm for beginner tourists. More experienced tourists can walk 25 km a day. Determine the task that you will have time to do on the hike, based on the duration of the trek: take into account the time it will take to inspect interesting places, stops and breaks, swimming, games, etc. It is advisable that all participants of the hike are engaged in the development and discussion of the route. If the route is developed by one manager or preparatory group, you must inform everyone of the details of the upcoming trip. The hike should be registered well before leaving. If it takes no more than five days, it is enough to register with your educational institution (university, school, health camp). If the route is designed for a longer time, you need to register at the Ministry of Emergency Situations, at a tourist organization: at a club or at a station for young tourists.

Acquisition of tourist groups

Recruiting a group is an important point in the work of its leader. The success of the route largely depends on the size of the group, the social, age composition of its participants. The cohesion of the group, its organization, and the effectiveness of its management depend on the optimal combination of the listed characteristics. However, the leader of the tourist group must be ready to work with any contingent, gently, but persistently and consistently form the skills of tourists' behavior. For the campaign to go well, the team must be homogeneous in strength and interests. The involvement of too many people quickly reveals differences in taste and fitness. Some are active, they want to see more, others are attracted by long stops; some walk fast, others slow.

Therefore, the maximum number of travel participants is no more than 25-30 people. However, if a lot of children signed up, you should not worry: in the process of preparation, some of them will be eliminated for various reasons (one parents will not let go, the other will change his mind). In a campaign, such guys are good who do not push unnecessary worries off themselves, do not refuse to bring a backpack of a sick comrade, do not save, do not leave in trouble, with whom, as seasoned soldiers say, you can safely go on reconnaissance. Therefore, discuss and approve each before the trip. In doing so, consider his interests and inclinations. For example, if you are planning a local history trip, then you really need guys who have the skill of pathfinder work, members of the history circle or museum section. In no case should there be "passengers" on the journey. Each has a specific case, each has certain responsibilities.

The task of the head of the tourist group is to unite into a single friendly team of people of different age, education, social status: pensioners and students, newlyweds and elderly spouses, workers and businessmen, for this he should study the social and psychological characteristics of each tourist. In addition, the team leader should:. be able to smooth out and (or) eliminate conflicts that arise both within the group and outside it as much as possible; ... take measures to rally the team of the group; ... identify within the group of informal leaders who can (or cannot, or do not want, that is, oppose) to help the group leader in his work, and if there is "opposition" - to find ways to neutralize it. The motivation for recruiting tourists into groups can be very different, for example, based on common interests.

So, skiers, mushroom pickers, fishing lovers, as a rule, use weekends, vacations, holidays for travel. Travel for such groups of people is best organized by buses, local and suburban trains, as well as sea and river vessels. Tourist groups can be united by one profession, occupation. For students and schoolchildren, these trips serve as one of the forms of study and practice, provide an opportunity to see much of what they learn in the lessons of geography, local history, zoology, botany, history. In addition, when recruiting groups, one should take into account not only the common interests of its members, but also the time convenient for travel. For schoolchildren and students, this is a vacation, for most working people, it is a vacation time.

The effectiveness of organizing and conducting the campaign largely depends on the size of the group. If the group is small, it is more difficult to organize the passage of difficult sections of the route, equip a place to sleep, and, if necessary, provide assistance to the victim and his transportation. An overly large group is difficult to manage, especially on difficult hikes. Finally, large groups of tourists cause significant damage to the environment. Practice shows that the optimal size of a tourist group on a hike ranges from 6 to 10 people, and for a tourist group taking part in a weekend hike, non-category hike or travel, it should be at least four and no more than 50 people. The rules for conducting tourist sports trips set the minimum number of participants: in trips of the lowest categories of complexity - from 2 to 4 people; in groups of tourists - schoolchildren - 8 people, except for ski and mountain ones.

Depending on the age group and the complexity of the hike, the maximum number of participants can be from 12 to 30 people. Requirements for the leaders and participants of tourist and sports trips are presented depending on the category of complexity of the route. When forming a tourist group to travel on categorical routes, it is necessary to take into account the experience of participation in the hikes of the instructor leader, the quantitative composition of the group and the minimum age of participants. Participants in category hikes and travels in all types of tourism should be able to swim and know the rules for rescuing drowning people, and tourists traveling in winter and during the off-season should have experience in organizing field overnight stays. Participants in categorical trips and trips must have special knowledge and skills, as well as have relevant experience in participating in certain types of trips and trips (water, mountain, ski, etc.).

The organization organizing the hike or trip provides appropriate training. At the time of recruiting a tourist group or at the beginning of a trip, the leader can select assistants from the most active and disciplined tourists, find out if there is a medical worker (doctor, nurse) among the tourists. Each tourist on the route performs this or that social work in accordance with his abilities and desires. The route manager thinks through the proposals for the distribution of responsibilities and expresses them at the organizational meeting of the group. In this case, everyone's wishes and abilities must be taken into account.

In a tourist group, there are usually several main social "positions":

. headman - First assistant instructor. This is usually the most experienced or most reputable tourist. He participates in all organizational activities of the route preparation, monitors the well-being of all members of the group, regulates their load on the route. In a hike, as instructed by the instructor, he is usually either the guide or the closing one. In addition, the headman assists the leader in organizing tourists, in maintaining discipline and order in the group, and in some cases replaces the absent leader of the tourist group;

. in charge of equipment responsible for the receipt and correct use of public inventory, distributes it among the participants in the campaign. Monitors the condition of the equipment, supervises all repair work, and at the end of the trip he hands over everything to a tourist club or to a rental point;

. food manager must be an energetic, quick and neat tourist. He organizes the receipt of the required amount of products, their packaging. It also distributes the entire stock of the products being moved among the participants. On the route, it keeps track of the consumption of products in accordance with the layout by day, daily redistributes the remaining products between tourists. Gives food to the attendants. Usually 2-3 people are allocated to help him;

. treasurer makes an estimate, makes all monetary calculations, keeps a strict record of expenses, collects and files documents for reporting - transport tickets, receipts, copies of sales receipts; ... the sports organizer conducts morning exercises, organizes sports games and competitions at halts. Stores and is responsible for sports equipment;

. orderly is responsible for observing the daily routine, the sanitary condition of tourists, stores and replenishes the first-aid kit, issues medicines. He cares about the quality of products, about adherence to the drinking regime. He also provides first aid; ... the cultural organizer prepares and organizes entertainment and cultural programs, singing songs by the fire and other events;

. photographer captures all the interesting moments of the trip, prepares photographs for the report;

. chronicler writes travel notes, draws up a report on the trip. Depending on the goals of the trip, the participants may have other "positions", for example, a mechanic, local historian, topographer, meteorologist responsible for collecting herbariums, medicinal herbs, collections of minerals, etc. Depending on the needs of the group, the same duties can be performed by several tourists. All participants take turns on duty.