Diving - the English word, which in its original meaning marked diving under the water, diving. Many will be survived, but until recently, people did not practice snorkeling. First, the water is instinctively perceived by a person as an extreme and dangerous medium. Secondly, things were a lot and on earth: not before swimming. Thirdly, there was no technical possibility of long immersion under water. The invention of scuba and the appearance of people's free time turned diving from technical diving into a full-fledged vacation under water.
The emergence and development of diving
In order to correctly understand everything about Diving, you need to refer to the history of its development. Began how exclusively professional occupation, he was transformed into a way of entertainment and further - in a set of sports disciplines. Allocate the following types of diving.
Commercial diving
Traditionally, even in very late past, the relationship of man and the sea was based on the basis of the benefit that a person could get from him. It was mollusks, algae, pearls, fish, trees on sunken ships, etc. Therefore, the immersion in the water was traditionally a profession. Divers with their craft provided themselves and their families to livelihood. There were no scubales, and to dive accounted for a breath delay, i.e. All pearl hunters were, in modern language, freedives. Thus, initially diving was a highly specialized professional and, in most cases, an extreme occupation.
Today, the tasks of the commercial immersion have significantly expanded, translating it into the category of industrial. The seas are packed with pipes and cables, rescue operations are carried out in case of accidents, spills of petroleum products, etc. Contemporary spaces and air systems are allowed to be immersed at a depth of 100-200 m (with an extreme record at 330 m - a week's skyscraper). Professionally, these people are not at all divers, but divers.
Recreational diving
As you since since the 1970s. People became more and more rest in tropical countries, swimming underwater began to acquire a massive character. Despite the fact that in the Mediterranean Sea there is something to see (there are also sunken artifacts, and living beings, and corals), it, of course, cannot be compared with the violence of paints and forms that are observed at the coasts of South Asia, Australia, Near thousands of islands scattered in the ocean.
An entertainment component of scuba diving brought it out of the discharge of highly specialized classes. Today there is hardly a person who does not know what diving in the recreational meaning. The same category includes extreme types of dives, practiced not with commercial or industrial purposes.
Sports diving
The development of the recreational segment led to the emergence of competitive scuba diving, which was taken into a sports diving. It consists of four disciplines.
- Combined swimming. Combines swimming with a tube and a dive with aqualanging at one distance alternately.
- Bar of obstacles. Overcoming obstacles and exercises for time, with scuba and mask alternately.
- Night sports diving. The limited area requires to find and raise three chaotic scattered cargo on the surface.
- Lifting 6-kilogram cargo. Lifting the cargo from a certain depth of time.
Thus, scuba diving, starting for the inhabitants of island states as a way to ensure their lives, developed into sports diving. For most people, interest is a recreational or amateur dive.
What is amateur diving
Standard diving, which is practiced for recreational purposes on the shores of the seas and oceans, involves possession of scuba diving skills and knowledge of actions in extreme situations. All this is trained in special diving courses. In addition, the diver must be in good physical shape and at the time of diving do not have diseases. Since swimming under water is associated with a change in the pressure of the medium on the body, the main contraindications of health are:
- cardiovascular diseases;
- diseases of the yo-nose ear system.
Immersions are considered to be at a depth of up to 40 m. In order for the abstract figure to become more specific, it should be noted that such depth corresponds to the height of the 13-storey building. The limitation is explained by the following reasons:
- too high water pressure;
- with greater depth, decompression is required on the rise;
- below - too twilight and without additional lighting can not do;
- all the most interesting and beautiful is closer to the surface.
40 m is the most advanced level of amateur diving, to achieve which you need to practice for a long time.
There are certain qualification dischargeswhich define the most affordable immersion depth for each diver. The practice of four discharges is used in many countries where diving is developed (USA, Australia, etc.).
Table 1. Fans of amateur diving (PADI Standard).
|
Discharge number |
Original category of discharge |
Russian name |
Maximum immersion depth in warm transparent water, m. |
| 1 |
Diver of the initial level |
||
| 2 |
Open Water Diver. |
Diver of open reservoir |
|
| 3 |
ADVANCE OPEN WATER DIVER |
Advanced open reservoir diver |
|
| 4 |
Deep-water diver |
Bad visibility in the reservoir or cold water reduce the maximum immersion depth by 2-3 times.
Types of amateur diving
In amateur diving allocate individual categories:
- reef diving;
- cellp diving;
- diving safari;
- underwater archeology;
- underwater speleology;
- deep-water diving;
- ice diving;
- freediving.
Reef diving - That's what most diver lovers are engaged in tropical coasts. Corals, shells, algae, fish and other living beasts are abundant on reefs.
Kelp-diving (Kelp Diving) is opposite to bright tropical reef immersion. Cellpi is a giant algae growing vertically from the depths near the West Coast north America. Although the water is here and cool, and visibility leaves much to be desired, swimming between the huge cores of algae produces an impression: something average between the fantasy world and the film of horrors.
Safari - The type of collective immersion, which is intended to study underwater space in the open sea / ocean. Safari are held on the paths of fish streams, in the habitats of interesting instances. According to the severity of sensations - the most impressive of all possible types of diving safari.
Underwater archeology (Wreck Diving) - Immersion in the seats of cities who went under water or sunken vehicle (ships, airplanes). All treasures, of course, have long raised up, but the entourage remained.
Underwater speleology (Cave Diving) - Study Caves under water. This entertainment is extremely and lost danger: inside the caves penetrate is prohibited.
Deep-water diving (Deep Diving) with immersion 30-40 m is not massive. Diver never puts himself the goal to dive as deep as possible. The man falls under the water to see the sea world. At such a depth is gloomy, and life almost does not exhibit itself even in the form of algae.
Ice (Ice Diving) - extreme View Diving in water with a temperature near zero or a little higher. Such dives impose special requirements for diver equipment, to the functionality of the air access system. The visual picture in cold waters is definitely not as interesting, but also live creatures are also found. In Russia, Ice Diving is engaged in the White Sea ( Arkhangelsk region), in Kamchatka, on Baikal.
Do not forget that swimming under water without scuba, on a breath delay or with a tube - freediving - is also considered a variety of amateur underwater immersion.
Organizers:
- Russian underwater federation
- Perm Regional Federation of Underwater Sport
- MOU DOD "DYUSSH water species Sports "G. Perm
Diving as sport is relatively young. Wider fame diving acquired as a view active rest and tourism. However, it is precisely the popularity of diving and created the need to develop a new discipline of underwater sports, such that would be based on the skills of recreational diving and allow fans of this direction to compete in their skills. Such discipline was created, and special pride is the fact that it was developed by the entire specialists of the Federation of Underwater Sports of Russia. We must pay tribute that the first attempt was made by the Federation of Spain, but the discipline developed by them is "combined swimming" - rather was a compilation of the classic voyage in the flippers and some techniques of scuba diving. The discipline "bar obstacles" created by the FPSR completely reflects the skills necessary to the usual dive. And any sufficiently experienced diver amateur is capable of participating in such competitions.
Now the group of diving underwater sports disciplines includes the following disciplines:
- combined swimming
- bar obstacle
- night diving
- lifting load
Competitions in Perm are not held for the first time. In 2012, the Second European Diving Championship was held here, Russia for underwater sports championships are held regularly. But for the first time, such a number of athletes from 7 regions of the country arrived at Diving Competitions. For the first time, a team from the city of Ekaterinburg of the Sverdlovsk region was participated. Russian athletes Show excellent results, and this cup has not exceeded. The fact is that the Russian Cup is selection stage On the World Cup, which will be held in August of this year in Kazan. Participation in the championship puts special tasks before athletes and coaches, and the result was justified - 3 higher world achievements were established in Perm, which are an application for the global record.
Competition results
Combined swimming - women
1st place - Vlad Sazonova (Perm Region)
2nd place - Anna Vedernikova (Perm region, Sports Air Force)
3rd place - Anastasia Sorokina (Perm Territory)
Combined Swimming - Men
1st place - Oleg Popov (Perm Region)
2nd place - Maxim Bykovac (Moscow region)
3rd place - Kirill Molchanov (St. Petersburg)
Lifting goods - women
3rd place - Alisa Okulovskaya (Perm region)
Lifting of cargo - Men
1st place - Denis Mikhalev (Perm Region)
2nd place - Kirill Molchanov (St. Petersburg)
3 place - Dmitry Maslov (Mordovia)
Obstacles - Women
1st place - Anastasia Sorokina / Ksenia Imaichina (Perm Region)
2nd place - Vlad Sazonova / Alisa Okulovskaya (Perm region)
3rd place - Natalia Charpathy / Anastasia Popova (St. Petersburg)
Obstacle band - Men
1st place - Oleg Popov / Denis Mikhalov (Perm Region)
2nd place - Alexey Kuzmin / Kirill Molchanov (St. Petersburg)
3 place - Oleg Potapov / Mikhail Morozov (Mordovia)
Night Diving - Women
1st place - Anastasia Sorokina (Perm Territory)
2nd place - Vlad Sazonova (Perm Region)
3rd place - Ksenia Imaichina (Perm Region)
Night Diving - Men
1st place - Sergey Zharov (Perm region)
2nd place - Daniel Vankov (Mordovia)
3rd place - Nikolai Fominy (DUSSH Air Force, Perm region)
Results of the Common Health:
1. Perm region - 1076 points
2. Moscow region - 641
3. Republic of Mordovia - 521
4. St. Petersburg - 412 points
5. Ekaterinburg - 227 points
6. Moscow - 192 points
7. Udmurt Republic - 32 points
Corresponding fact: Sports diving was born in a diving environment. And in it, he causes the greatest number of complaints.
Let's try to return to the history of this question. The initiator of the introduction of sports diving as the Spanish underwater federation of Fedas is considered the initiator of sports diving. Even until 2000, the Europeans conducted competitions of various levels, where ordinary divers performed participants. What did divers under water competed? They floated at the speed in the Skub, the buoy was inflated with tied cargo, they were looking for scattered cargo by taking a scotch with a mask. Some of these exercises look at sports, some are simply entertaining. Having written these lines, I unwittingly remembered how in the days of my youth (unfortunately, it was already in the 80s) on ice dives, we threw the bank of condensed milbs in Mayne, and then tried to find it enthusiastically. Sometimes they found (about joy!), Sometimes - no, and sometimes they found the thrown and not found earlier - double joy (right as "twix").
Over time, the level of competitions and the number of participants grew, and in 2005 at the General Assembly of CMAS (the World Confederation of Underwater Activities, created by Jacques Yves in 1959), the Spaniards presented to the participants a distance of 300 meters combined swimming and spoke about the need to make sports diving to the underwater disciplines Sports. This process took three years, and in 2008 CMAS included sports diving in underwater sports, officially recognizing 5 distances. These are three individual distances - 300 m Combined swimming, night diving, lifting 6-kilogram cargo - and two teams - 100 m bar of obstacles (pair exercise) and briefing (team from 4 people). Russian-speaking readers can especially rejoice at the bar of obstacles. This distance was developed in the depths of the Russian underwater federation (RPF) and, at first glance, greatly lifts on the status of the TRP.
Two of these five distances have a clearly pronounced length: 300 m Combined swimming and 100 m bar of obstacles. They can be considered the most sporty, and on them are held competition international levels. The last, European Championship, passed on July 25 - 30, 2010 in Kazan. The remaining three distances are gaming. The word distance is not quite suitable, but this is a sporting structure: sport - underwater, discipline - sports diving, distances - 5 pieces listed above.
To date, only sports distances have some trend towards development and are the most discussed in the environment and athletes, and divers. And those and others have both supporters and opponents. I understand that I am writing this article for divers. Himself passed through the phases of denial, bewilderment and non-acceptance. Emotions can be the most different: from "To whom it is in FIG, it is necessary to" damn, great. " True, with the first I come across more often. Let's try to postpone emotions and figure out: what is this sports diving, and at what stage in the world and Russia is now.
According to the rules, sports diving is the movement of an athlete of software and (or) under the surface of the water caused only by its muscular strength, in the basic set of underwater equipment of the industrial sample. The athlete must overcome the distance for the smallest time with the simultaneous implementation of the assigned tasks and overcoming obstacles. Distance 300 m Combined swimming is held in the following way. Athletes enter the water with a wide step, immediately plunge and float under water. At the turn of 12.5 - 25 m, they should remove and leave at the bottom of the scuba. After that, the athlete emerges on the inclined, turns on breathing through the tube and floats the cable over the surface. At the border of 100 m, the athlete again grandsilizes, flows under the water before scuba, it puts on it and floats under water to the finish line 300 m. When passing the underwater part of the distance, including on turns, it is impossible to disrupt the surface of the water by any part of the body or equipment. For this, the athlete is removed from the distance.
A pair of athletes starts in the obstacle course. They sail each through their obstacle: a two-meter pipe formed by hoops. Then they float together, using air from a balloon of one athlete (at octopus). Then disconnect, remove the masks and put them in special baskets. After turning, they find and put on masks, remove and, holding a scuba in front of them, swim in each other after a 5-meter pipe from the hoop. Owing scuba, raise a rubber ball with a negative buoyancy - "Burenka". And, while maintaining constant contact with the "burenk", finish. There is also disqualification here, for example, for displaying equipment, and, plus, a system of penalty seconds has been developed for the bottom touch, shift obstacles, etc. In the combined swimming, the first place comes the speed, in the bar of the obstacles - the swimming technique.
Now I am ready to return to emotions that cause these distances. For me, the first and rather long feeling was complete denial. For many years I taught divers to swim under water calmly and measured, without hitting the breath and not harm to the underwater environment. This is built by the ideology of amateur diving. And in sports it is necessary faster, faster, even faster ...
For myself, this contradiction, I decided as follows: In real submersions, let not often, but there are situations where the diver must perform certain actions as quickly and technically. For example, come to the aid to the partner, remove the hooked BCD, find and put on the torn mask. I'm not talking about pro and technomers now, but about lovers. And it is them that all learning systems are recommended to maintain a good physical form.
And in order to answer the question "Who needs it", open the minutes of the Russian Championship - there are surnames and regions. Even if 100 people are engaged in sports diving and receive pleasure from this, I am ready to express your approval. By the way, athletes and divers performed at the championship of Russia. True, the first was much more. Well, the motivation of the arrival in the sports diving they have different. For athletes, the turning point was the moment when the Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation in 2010 in the section "Underwater Sport" "Unified All-Russian Sports Classifier" (Evsk) included the disciplines of sports diving combined swimming and bar of obstacles. And for divers, all-season and accessibility becomes the main motive. By purchasing quite expensive diving equipment, I can use it several times a year. I have been not interested in swimming in the pool "to get experience and pleasure" for a long time. And for health I swim without scuba. But as soon as the distance is exhibited and your friends get up to the next track, in each of us wakes up the oldest instinct - to win. It is he who is the driving force of evolution, which made a man's monkey. And the boring ordinary swimming in the pool turns into an entertaining contest. And if you take sports higher achievements, there is an intrigue even more. Who among you came up with the tie a long octopus hose by a node so that it interfered with less during the passage of the distance? And every time you remove the shoe from the cylinder to get easier to sail through the rings?
This article is primarily informative and does not affect a number of problems arising in connection with the advent of sports diving. I express my subjective opinion in it and I want to contact all skeptics: no one forces you to love the sporty diving, but at least, do not interfere with it to develop. He is now at the beginning of the hard way to formation. But he has every chance of becoming massive, and attractive.
Diving is not only a kind of hobbies and recreation, this is also a relatively young sport. Sports diving arose with the filing of the Spanish underwater federation fedas, but Diving Competitions were held until 2000. They had such species like swimming in the scuba for speed, the inflation of the buoy, the search for scattered goods and other semi-help, semi-solid activities.
But over time, the level of competition Ros, in 2005 a 300-meter distance for combined swimming was presented, and in 2008 sports diving was officially included in the Cmas underwater sport in the form of five distances: three individual (combined swimming 300 meters, night diving, lift Cargo 6 kg) and two commanders (bar of obstacles 100 m pair and briefing for the team in 4 people).
Two distances with a clear length - combined swimming and obstacle course are included in the program. international CompetitionFor example, they were included in the European Championship, held in 2010 in Kazan. Three other distances can be attributed to the game. Sports distances are currently developing and burly discussed, both in the environment of athletes and in a diving environment. Opinions about the need for this sport is the most controversial.
According to the rules of sports diving, the athlete must move under water and (or) on water due to the muscular strength in basic underwater equipment, overcoming the distance for the minimum period of time and at the same time performing all tasks. The combined swimming for 300 meters is taking place in this way: the athletes are increasing into the water, immersed, float under water, leave a scuba by 12.5-25 meters, then they dial on the inclined and roll on the water, they dive again at 100 meters, get dive Before Scuba, they put it and swim up to 300 meter finish. During underwater swimming, it is forbidden to break the surface of the water with body or equipment.
The distance of the obstacle course involves the start of two athletes, each of which swims through a two-meter pipe from the hoop, then they float together on the octopus, using one cylinder, disconnect, remove the masks and put into the baskets, rotate, wear masks, removed and swim through a five-meter tube, Educated hoops, holding a scuba in front of him. Then they put on the scuba, raise the "Burenka" (rubber ball of negative buoyancy) and come to the finish, keeping contact with a burenkoy. Disqualification is provided for the display of equipment, for the touch of the bottom, shift and other penalty points are accrued. There is no speed in the first place, but diving technique.
In the Russian championship act as professional athletesAnd divers, in 2010, a sports diving in Russia, namely, a strip of obstacles and combined swimming was included in the section Evsk "Underwater Sport", which attracts to new types of athletes. Many divers go to Sport due to the availability and all-season sports dives. In addition, you should not forget about the excitement, wrestling and intrigue, which is undoubtedly, for many, it gives interest to a diving, like sports.
Of course, in real amateur diving, the main emphasis is done just on tranquility, exposure, dimension, and sports diving is focused on high speed and competitiveness. But in amateur dives, there are situations in which you need to act as quickly as possible, besides the sport allows you to keep the dive good shape. Without a doubt, sports diving will develop, as it is a rather spectacular and interesting direction of underwater sports.
To date, only sports distances have some trend towards development and are the most discussed in the environment and athletes, and divers. And those and others have both supporters and opponents.
According to the rules, sports diving is the movement of an athlete of software and (or) under the surface of the water caused only by its muscular strength, in the basic set of underwater equipment of the industrial sample. The athlete must overcome the distance for the smallest time with the simultaneous implementation of the assigned tasks and overcoming obstacles. Distance 300 m Combined swimming is as follows. Athletes enter the water with a wide step, immediately plunge and float under water. At the turn of 12.5 - 25 m, they should remove and leave at the bottom of the scuba. After that, the athlete emerges on the inclined, turns on breathing through the tube and floats the cable over the surface. At the border of 100 m, the athlete again grandsilizes, flows under the water before scuba, it puts on it and floats under water to the finish line 300 m. When passing the underwater part of the distance, including on turns, it is impossible to disrupt the surface of the water by any part of the body or equipment. For this, the athlete is removed from the distance.
A pair of athletes starts in the obstacle course. They sail each through their obstacle: a two-meter pipe formed by hoops. Then they float together, using air from a balloon of one athlete (at octopus). Then disconnect, remove the masks and put them in special baskets. After turning, they find and put on masks, remove and, holding a scuba in front of them, swim in each other after a 5-meter pipe from the hoop. Owing scuba, raise a rubber ball with a negative buoyancy - "Burenka". And, while maintaining constant contact with the "burenk", finish. There is also disqualification here, for example, for displaying equipment, and, plus, a system of penalty seconds has been developed for the bottom touch, shift obstacles, etc. In the combined swimming, the first place comes the speed, in the bar of the obstacles - the swimming technique.
And for divers, all-season and accessibility becomes the main motive. By purchasing quite expensive diving equipment, I can use it several times a year.
Sports diving can be interesting:
for divers who want to try their hand in sports, age restrictions are not here, but there is a real chance to achieve success and official sports ranks;
for athletes who want to try themselves in another sport;
for parents who are looking for children a fascinating, modern and non-massive sport;
for viewers, since it is a gambling and interesting sight;
for manufacturers of equipment for diving and swimming, because it provides a completely new field for modifying and implementing their product;
for diving instructors, since competitive activities gives good motivation to visit clubs, further education and training.
Diving is a group of underwater disciplines.
In accordance with the rules of CMAS and the All-Russian Register of Sports Sports Competitions are held in the following disciplines:
Combined swimming (300 meters)
Bar of obstacles (100 meters)
Night diving
Lifting load
Combined swimming. The task of an athlete is to pass the distance for the maximum a short time, Part of the distance is required under water using an autonomous respiratory machine, part - on the surface using the breathing tube.
Bar of obstacles. The task of an athlete is to pass the distance for the shortest possible time, while performing certain exercises, which are a demonstration of the basic dive skills (removal of mask, breathing from an alternative air source, removing-dressing of equipment set), and overcoming special obstacles. The time of passage of distance, cleanliness of exercise and overcoming obstacles is estimated.
Night diving. The task of an athlete - in the shortest time to collect three goods, weighing 1 kg, located at a given distance from the trigger end. The conditions of lack of visibility are simulated by using a mask to which a light-tight cover will be put.
Lifting cargo. The task of an athlete - in the shortest time to reach a 6-kilogram cargo, located under water at a distance of 25 meters from the start line. Then to increase the load by means of a standard buoy, the finish time is fixed at the time of the appearance of a buoy with a cargo on the surface.
It is very likely that in the near future the list of disciplines will be replenished with new ones, and now those who are not satisfied with the role of passive observers can offer their projects.
As an output, we note thatSports diving is not recreational tourism, but a group of disciplines and he is a fairly young view of underwater sports for example in Russia.
Conclusion
Research theme Extreme sports. To achieve the goal term paper The following tasks were made and solved:
- the definition of concepts "Parachutism and diving". Parachutism is one of the types of aviation sports. It is divided into subspecies: classic, group acrobatics, dome acrobatics, fifilai, skycerfing, freestyle, semicircle, parachute athletic all-around, steam-ski et al.
Diving (Diving) - Translated from in English means diving, immersion under water.
- Theoretical foundations are considered.. Italian Leonardo da Vinci came for the first time the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a parachute came. The practical application of parachutes began when mastering flights on balloons. Further development of parachutism is associated with the development of aeronautics. The coup in the history of diving occurred in 1943. Jacques Yves Kusto and Emil Ganyan invented the first working apparatus of the open cycle of breathing.
- marked their features of development. The new round in the development of parachutism began with the development of aviation. In the thirties there is a rapid development of parachutism in the leading aviation countries of the world. Perfected rescue parachutes for pilots, parachutes for landing and freight cargo in all conditions. Methods for calculating the jump for compensation and landing of people and cargo in a strictly specified area are being developed and improved. Created a management technique various types parachutes to evade obstacles and landing in the planned place.
Diving is considered one of the most integral sports, given the fact that all major muscle groups of body are involved in underwater immersions.
It improves breathing, increases the volume of lungs, improves psychomotor abilities.
Improves the interaction of a person with a water medium, and thus extremely contributes to relaxation and dismissal of stress.
- their development prospects and problems have been identified. In the post-war period, the main directions of the development of parachutism were determined in the leading aviation countries of the world. There is an active improvement in the designs of all types of parachutes, methods of their use and methods of teaching people, the search for new applications of parachutes. Parachutists learned to control the opened parachute in all weather conditions, individually and in the group and control the movement in a free fall, also individually and in the group.
The main specificity of the diving is the residence of a person in the unusual habitat and the dependence on equipment.
Diving is a snorkeling with special equipment. Diving can be like an act of active recreation and sports discipline with its competition system.
To do diving, it is necessary to master certain skills under the guidance of a professional instructor. Diving schools provide such services and equipment. Underwater swimming training in the diving center is a prerequisite to prepare for independent immersions.
Institutions (schools, clubs) in the Diving section, Scuba diving in Moscow
List of diving organizations, sections, sports schools, clubs are displayed in full in this catalog sports organizations in Moscow
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