The most important thing in basketball. NBA can reduce the number of free throws

Throw on the ring - The most important technical element of the game, the ultimate goal of all actions on the site.

Players of any class usually pay the thrust workout most and work on them especially carefully. The task of the coach includes the direction of this work, its dosage and correction of technical errors. The coach, together with the player, determines the optimal way of throw, based on physical capabilities, motor skills and psychological characteristics of the player. After that, a complex and very important work begins to work out the technical execution of the throw, bringing it to perfection.

Thursts differ in the type of their execution: one or two hands; According to the method of execution: from the place, in the jump, in motion, after the passage, after a fraudulent movement, a hook, a half-face, a throw from above; By the distance from the ring: Middle (0-3 m), medium (3-5 m) and long-distance (due to line with a radius of 6.25 m), or three-point throws.

You can train the throws on the ring individually, without resistance, with passive resistance (using a chair, mannequin-scarecrow), with the active resistance of the defenders, in pairs, troops, groups, in the state of fatigue and psychological voltage

To start training the throws is best from a distance of 1.5-2 m, directing the ball into the ring so that he passes through it, without touching the arrow. As an inventory, you can use an ordinary chair - throws are performed standing on the chair, sitting, standing on the knees. Then the distance to the shield increases, the player gradually departs from the ring to its normal positions for the attack.

The accuracy of the throw depends primarily from the technique - brought to automatism, stable and rational, as well as from psychological properties - courage and confidence in their actions, collens, ability to resist the opponent.

It is necessary to put the right-to-carry out a throw in the earliest stage of training, since the throwing error in the technique of throw is much more complicated than to immediately train it. Players are useful to constantly browse the film programms of the best snipers in order to learn the correct placement of the brush, the position of the hands, legs, the case, the performance of the jump. It is even more useful to see the actions of the famous sniper in training when he commits a throw on the ring. Well, if the coach himself can demonstrate the correct execution of the throw, but even more importantly, if it dispels all the technical errors of students and can correct them.

Valuable experience can be obtained by watching the best players of the NBA, Russia, Latvia and other countries throw along the ring, even if watching their game is not on the site, but on television.

A very often famous sniper becomes a cumier for a novice player and, perhaps, the imitation of the idol is one of the successful ways to achieve the goal: the acquisition of the skills of a stable and accurate throw.

Throw training

Throws from under the shield. Players are built into two columns. In each column two - three goals. After keeping the head player throws the ball and passes it into his column. Then goes into the tail of another column.
Throws from under the rings with an obstacle. The player gives the ball to the coach, runs away to the ring, gets a retaliatory transfer, makes two steps, jumping down. Has chair, and throws the ring. Task: When throwing, jump up as much as possible, do not touch the chair and be ready to fight on the shield. The exercise brings up the players to finish throwing from the rings at the highest point of the jump, stay in the game after throwing and participate in the fight for the rebound on someone else's shield.
The same as Ex. 2, but the coach transmits the player to the ball to complete the attack in one jump.
Throw from the middle distance without resistance. The player leads the ball from the center of the field to the line of the penalty throw, performs a throw in the jump, goes to the selection, in the case of a mischief, finishes the ball into the ring, again picks it up and returned to the penalty line. Repeat 10-15 times in a row in the rapid pace.
The same as Ex. 4, but keeping starts from the front line to the line of the penalty throw and the throw is performed with a rotation of 180 °.
The same as Ex. 4, but the throw is performed from a distance of 5-6-8 m, from different points.
The same as Ex. 6, but after transmission from the wall.
Thursts from under the rings with one hand in motion. Players are built into two columns along the side lines of the field, the players of the left column balls. Movement to the ring begins the first two players from different columns. The player with the ball leads the ball until the penalty line continues and makes the transfer to the right. The player from the right column catches the ball, makes two steps and performs a throw from under the rings (without hitting the floor). Pasking picks up the ball, returns it to the left column, after which partners are changing in places.
Throw from-under the rings after the passage in the top three with an obstacle. Four troops - at one rings. The first numbers in each troika bypass chairs with keeping the ball are performed by Fint on a throw or pass and go to the other side. The exercise is competitive: the troika wins, which will raise 15 goals faster. When attacking the ring you can not stop, you can perform the throw only as much as possible. The exercise brings up courage, players cease to fear collisions, master the power pass.
The coach command changes the direction of passage (to the left or right of the obstacle) and change the positions of Trok. The pace of exercise is very fast.
Throws from under the rings with partial resistance. The purpose of the exercise is the training of attackers to cover the ball by the corps and the execution of the passage when contacting the defender and small fouls from its side. The exercise brings up the will and fighting qualities of the attackers and helps to work out the technique of knocking out the ball in defenders. The defender gives an attacker the opportunity to get the ball, enters contact with him, tries to knock the ball out of his hands, can slightly push him. The striker should cover the ball by the body, do not release it from the hands and score into the ring. It is allowed short dribbling (no more than 2-3 blows), two steps and throw.
The change of seats occurs in a circle: after the throw - to the transmission, then - in defense. According to the signal of the coach, the side of the site or the angle of movement towards the ring is shown.
The same as Ex. 10, but the defender is allowed to try to cover the ball when throwing (in this case, even small fouls are prohibited).
Throwing from under the rings with resistance. All players - with balls, the two best player teams on covering throws are in opposite three-second zones. The task of the attacker is to overcome the resistance of the tall defender and score the ball. The task of the defenders is to clean the throw.
On the task of the coach, the striker can get the right to the flap of the ball by the coach if the throw on the ring is impossible (the fold is permitted only at the last moment). In this case, the defender must have time to make a few steps towards the transfer.
Exercise is performed in pairs, stream, attack both main rings. The striker begins to move from Fint to any side and makes a jerk past the defender to the ring. His task is to get the ball from the coach and not to give a defender to it to reach it. Attack the ring is allowed only by the long-distance from the defender of the hand.
Throw from above:
1. score the ball from above after keeping;
2. score the ball from above after receiving the transfer in the jump from two legs;
3. score the ball from above with passive resistance;
4. score the ball from above five different ways (held as a team competition for the most beautiful throw);
5. to score two goals from above in one jump (the second ball throws the coach, or the player holds both balls in his hands);
6. throw from above in a row of one and two goals at the time and number of repetitions;
7. score the ball from above after passing along the front line from the opposite side of the ring (5-6 times in a row);
8. score the ball from above by a throw due to the head, after jumping in a jump 180 ° (5-6 times in a row).
"Exercise Sniper" from three points within a radius of 180 cm from the ring. Throwing in the jump (each player performs its usual throw), ten shots from each point. Only those throws are considered successful, at which the ball flies into the ring, without touching the alignment.
The same as Ex. 15, but from five points within a radius of 320 cm from the ring.
"Sniper competition" in pairs from five points within a radius of 4.5-5 m from the ring. From each point, each player must score three goals in a row. Wins the case that will pass all the points, i.e. score 30 goals.
Game 1x1 without selection. The defender gives the ball an attacker and immediately takes a protective position. The striker can break through the ring immediately from the point on which he received the ball or after one (no more) hit to the floor. It is conducted as a competition: he wins the one who will score out of ten attempts.
Thinks in pairs. Ten shots are performed from medium and far distance. After each throw, the player makes a jerk to the central line of the field and returns back.
Thursts in pairs up to 21 (31 or 51) hit. The player performs a throw (medium or far), picks up the ball and returns it to a partner. It is conducted as a competition: the case wins that fasterly gains the number of hits with the coach faster.
Throw groups. Two groups - for each ring. Players, according to Amplua, perform throws from their positions. After the throw pick up the ball and give it to a partner. Time or number of hits is set - 20,30,50.
You can perform with passive resistance from the serving player's ball.
Throwing in pairs from the middle distance after long transmission. Partners - on opposite sides of the site. After the throw, the player picks up his ball and makes a long transmission to the partner on the other half of the field. He performs a throw immediately after catching the ball, without hitting the floor. It is conducted as a competition: the couple is defeated, which earlier will score 20 goals.
Throwing in pairs from the middle distance after short. The player H receives the ball, encourages an obstacle (chair) and after 2-3 strokes performs a throw in the highest jump. Partner X, picking up the ball at the shield, returns it to the attacker N at its original position. Change after 10 attempts. At the signal of the coach, players begin to circle an obstacle on the other side.
Throwing in the jump from medium and distant distances with landing at the jumping point. Performed in four two balls. The first player in the column begins at high speed to the obstacle, before which stops dramatically and hits the ring at the highest possible jump (obstacles are high beams or mannequins).
Landing at the point of jumping, the player must not hurt an obstacle. By making a selection of the ball, he returns his partner and runs to his column's tail. It is conducted as a competition: the fourth wins, which will score 40 goals faster.
Throwing in a jump after a sharp stop when receiving a transfer. Player 2 makes a jerk on the line of the penalty throw, gets the ball from the player 1, dramatically stops and performs a throw in the jump. Player 3 picks up the ball and returns it to the column. The change of places of players occurs in a circle.
The same as Ex. 25, but the player 3 has passive or active resistance to the player 2.
Throws in a jump through the hand of the opponent. Permanently performed in pairs. The striker N makes a throw through the hand of the defender 3, it is forbidden to beat the ball into the floor. The coach can give a defender a few options for the task: just lift your hand on every throw, keep your hand at the face of the attacker, jump off with an elongated hand on "/ ^ or ^ your jump. Players in a pair are changing places after each throw.
Sniper competition, or game "around the world". Rules of the game:
1) each ring is not more than three people;
2) The first sniper begins to move from point 1 and throws with each subsequent point until it goes all or not miss;
3) In the case of a slip, the sniper can use the second attempt from the same point and, if it is successful, continues its path. In the case of the second miss, he must return to the point 1 and start the game first, waiting for his turn. The player also has the right to refuse the second attempt and wait until the opponent is made. In this case, when the queue reaches him again, he continues the game from the point on which he stopped. Wins the one who will be the first to pass all 5 points.
"25 + 10". Permanently performed in pairs. Within a radius of 4.5-5.5 m from the ring, 5 points are placed. The player performs 5 shots from each point and after each series breaks 2 fouls. Wins the one whose amount will be the best.
Thinks in the troops. Performed with one ball. The player throws along the ring, one of his partners picks up the ball and gives it to the third player for throwing. The location changes occurs after each throw in a circle.
Thresters in three - two balls, 1-5 shots in a row. The cast range defines the coach. It is held as a competition: the troika is defeated, which will rotate 10, 15, 30 hits faster. You can enter passive resistance from the serving player's ball.
Middle throws in pairs against one defender. Two players are located within a radius of 5-6 m from the ring, at a distance of 3-4 m from each other. Before throw, they perform 3-4 transmissions without going off place. The defender prevents the ball to pass the ball, and then prevents the throw. The change of seats occurs in a circle after each slip.
Three attackers (H) are located on a 6-meter line: opposite and under 45 ° to the ring. You can only throw the ring after the first or second transmission (but not more than four gears). The task of two defenders- (3) is to actively interfere with the throw. The change of seats occurs after each slip. The misappropried becomes a defender, and one of the defenders goes to his place.
The same as Ex. 33, but after the throw is allowed to fight for the rebound. In the case of mastering the ball, the shifts are shifted.
Middle and distant throws in groups (five or six). In each group, three goals. Players must remember who to give the ball and from whom they receive a transfer (for this it is advisable before starting the exercise to make several gears in a circle). The player throws around the ring, he picks his ball himself, gives his partner and comes back to the position for receiving the transfer and throw along the ring.
Throws in three with resistance. One of the partners will leave the ball by an attacker who is under the guardian guard. The striker takes the ball and attacks the ring immediately or after short. The tasner of the defender is determined by the coach: the struggle for receiving the ball, the way to the player received the ball, the fight against the passage, etc. The change of seats in the triple occurs in a circle after every 5 shots. It is conducted as a competition to the account.
Thresters in three (15 shots). Each player in the troika makes 5 shots in a row, in every ring in the hall. The troika is defeated, which will take more hits. Can be performed with resistance.
Far and medium throws in three. Each triple has two goals. One player performs 10-15 consecutive throws, two partners supply it with balls, not allowing you to make a pause. Then there is a change of seats. Each three-time player must make 2 approaches and consider the number of hits.
Middle and distant throws in pairs or topics. Competition between couples (top three): who will drop faster 21,31,51 hitting.
Long casts without resistance. In 5-7 points along the 6-meter line lies on the ball. The first trainer player runs from the front line to the first point, takes the ball, throws the ring, goes to the selection (if the throw was inaccurate, fines the ball into the ring), returned to the first point, puts the ball and moves to the next point. At the moment when the first player puts the ball to point 1, the second player starts. Exercise is performed on two rings 3-4 minutes.
Middle and distant throws on the ring in groups of 5-6 people. Players pass 2-3 goals in a circle. When the sequence of gear is well mastered, the coach gives a signal to embark on the ring. Players with balls are thrown along the ring, go to the selection, make the transfer to partners and return to the point for the throw. Each group of players loudly considers the number of hits. It is carried out as a competition: the group is defeated, which will raise 50-60 hits faster.
Playing basketball 2x2 or 3x3 on one half of the site. Thursts from the three-second zone are prohibited. The game is underway up to 20 points, after entering the ring, owning the ball is saved. For the ball, scored due to the 5-meter line, 2 points are accrued, for all others - 1.
Game in basketball 3x3 or 4x4 throughout the site. A quick breakthrough is allowed to complete the throw from under the ring, and a positional attack is only a middle or distant throw.
Exercise for tall players - crawling through a hook. The tall player (C) gives the ball to the coach, enters the three-second zone, gets the pass and attacks the ring with a hook. After landing, it necessarily jumps to the ring to finishing, even if the ball got into the ring.
The coach can direct the ball to the foot to the foot blow so that he learned to process strong transmissions. On the coach command, the side is changing with which the entrance to the zone is.
The same as Ex. 44, but with resistance. The tasks of the defender (3) - to interfere with the attacker (C), when he gets a pass from the coach, throws the ring, fines. Before starting the movement to the ball, the striker must complete the Fint in the front line. If the defender blocked straight transmission, the coach can give a hinged pass to the edge of the shield to complete the attack in one jump, throw from above.
Exercise for training skills throw with a rotation of 90-180 °.
Player 1 from the left column gives the pass to the coach 1 and starts movement through a three-second zone, coach 1 makes the transfer to coach 2, and he gives the ripter 1 at the zone border. Player 1 performs a throw with a turn. At the moment when the coach 2 is released from the ball, the player 2 of the right column gives him a pass and starts movement through a three-second zone, coach 2 grabs the ball to coach 1, etc. After throwing, players must pick up their ball and go to the opposite column.
Throw for centered players. Each player with his ball makes throws in motion in all shields in the hall: from above, hook, half-fruit, with a turn on 90 or 180 °, distant.
Changing the type of throw and movement direction occurs on the team of the coach.
The same as Ex. 46, but one defender is introduced. The coach determines the degree of activity of its resistance.
Middle throw from under cement, 1x1 into two rings. On both lines of the penalty throw are located one free player. Along both side lines there is a game of 1x1 over the entire platform. After the transition of the central line, the player who owns the ball (H) gives a pass on the line of the penalty throw and leads his guardian (3) to the barrier. Then, having received a response, the striker should make a throw on the ring as quickly as possible.
Throw on the ring from above or from the shield after receiving the attachment from the playing or coach.
Throw on the ring from a distance of 4-5 m after a knuckle forward with the ball in the hands.
Throw on the ring from a distance of 4-5 m after a knuckle back with the ball in the hands.
Throw on the ring after a few knuckles in a row with the ball in the hands.
Pass in the shield, catching the ball and throw on the ring in one jump.
In one jump, the player must complete the pen on the transmission and throw along the ring.
The ball rolls from the front line to the line of the penalty throw. By the signal of the coach, the player starts from the front line, picks up the ball, jumps out and performs a throw on the ring with a turn by 180 °.

Exercises for training free throws.

The significance of accurate throws from the penalty line is difficult to overestimate, especially after entering new rules (the appearance of a situation 1 + 1). However, players independently train penal throws extremely reluctantly. Organization of such training is one of the important concerns of the coach. For its effectiveness, it is advisable to recreate the conditions close to the game: imitate the noise of fans through the speakers, the intense psychological voltage of the players, artificially increasing the price of the free throw. In addition, penalties should constantly train in a state of physical fatigue.
It is most convenient to deal with the work of free throws in pairs or troops, and if there are rings with a returning chute in the hall, then individually.
When performing the penalty throw, the following rules should be followed:
relax the body (especially - hands and brushes) and at the same time focus on goals;
take the right rack;
Feel the ball, twist it in your hands, 2-3 times to hit the floor, take it in hand so that the last phalanges of the index and middle fingers of the throttish hand were on a black bar strip;
Concentrate on the arms of the rings, mentally imagine how the ball scatters through it, take a deep breath, exhale - and only after that throw.

Penal throws in pairs of series 2-3 throw. It is conducted as a competition: the couple is defeated, which will rotate 15-20-30 hits faster.
Penalty throws in pairs to the second blunder. Wins the one who gains more hits from two attempts.
Penalty throws in pairs. After every three throws, players make a jerk on the opposite side of the site and make a new series of shots. Wins the one who has more hits for three minutes.
Penalty throws in a state of fatigue. Performed individually. At the end of the workout - 6 penal in a row.
Series of penalty throws at the beginning and at the end of the workout. Performed individually, as a competition for the number of things in a row.
Competition in pairs. The first partner throws free to first misses. The second must repeat or exceed its result. The exercise continues up to three victories of one of the partners.
The player performs a 1-1.5-minute series of jumps, after which it immediately throws 10-15 penalty in a row. Calculate the most hits among the players.
In the five players, one free-kick is performed alternately. The top of the five, which will score 15 penalties faster.
In the game training, there is a pause for 2-3 minutes, during which players in pairs thrown the penalty series, three throw. Winning a couple that will score more for this period of time.
In the break between the hats, both five beat free throws into their rings through three throw. The amount of each five penalties scored to points scored in the first half.
Penalties are performed individually under psychological pressure: ridicule, threats, unexpected foreign noises, visual interference, etc.
When working on intensive forms of the game - Pressing, fast breakthrough, etc. - In training it takes a break for penalties in pairs. For 2-3 minutes, players perform a series of three penalties to the account.
Training of free throws with two balls. Performed in the top three. One player throws, two others serve him the ball. Throwing gets the ball in hand as soon as it is released from the previous one. The number of hits is calculated in the series of 20 shots.
Penalty throws in pairs of ten series. With odd throws, the ball should get into the ring, not assigate; With even - after hitting the shield. Exercise raises confidence in his throw.
Alternation of throws from points and penalties. See UPR. 29. You can pierce the same number of shots in each series.
Artificial increase in the value of penalties in training. For each violation of the rules to pierce not 2, and 4 penalties.
The same as UPR 72, the team that committed a technical error is a run, a proceal, etc. - punishes the penalty throw.
The same as UPR 73. Each controversial ball is solved by a series of penalty shots to a mischief.
Penalty throws after OIS classes or SFP. After cross, classes at the stadium, swimming (but not after class in the hall of the rod), players beat the penalty at heart rate 180-190 beats per minute.
Unexpected stops in training for 1-2 minutes to perform free throws.
Game in penalty throws 3x3 with a selection of the ball. Team "A": players 1, 3, 5; Team "B": players 2, 4, 6.
Player 1 beats a penalty throw. His partners in case of misses are trying to finish the ball into the ring. The opponent's team seeks to master the ball and bring it out of the penalty line. If a player 1 scored five fouls in a row, he changes the player 3, and then player 5. If the ball is mastered by the "B" team, then the player 2 begins to beat the foul. For each foul foul, the team gets one point, for achieving the ball - two points. The team wins the first time of 31 or 51 points.
The ball rolls from the center of the field to the penny line. The player catches the ball, picks it up and performs a throw in the jump.
Throw with a hook on the right after the show left.
Throw with a hook to the left after the show to the right.
See UPR. 41 in "Training of throws" (2 complex). The second defender is added, taking a player on the line of the free throw. After receiving the reverse transmission or attacks the ring itself, or does it with a partner.
Exercise for training ultra-lifting throws in special situations (ending meetings and time). 2 are located on the continuation of the line of the penalty throw at a distance of 7-8 m from each other. By the signal of the coach, the player 1 starts the jerk to the opposite ring, gets the ball and attacks due to the 6-meter line. Task 2nd to prevent the throw. The change of seats in pairs occurs after each throw. It is conducted as a competition: the one who will throw three goals will be defeated faster

Famous American Basketball Analyst, who worked in the teams of NBA Denver "Nuggets" and Seattle "Supersonix", the author of Basketball On Paper Basketball Statistics, Ding Oliver allocated four key factor in the game, most affecting the final result.

These four factors relate to four different basketball skills and they are quite independent of each other.

The first and most important factor in the game is the ball in the basket. From the very first days, as soon as the basketball was invented by James Nasismith, his main task was to score the ball in the basket and not to score another team. In this regard, nothing since the invention has not changed. However, consider just the percentage of getting from the game is not entirely correct. For example, if the player completed 6 shots from the game and all two spectacles and scored 3 times, he scored 6 points with a percentage of getting from the game 50. If the basketball player completed 6 shots from the game from them all three-way and got 2 times, he scored those Same 6 points for 6 attacks, but the percentage of getting from the game is only 33. Therefore, the effective percentage of hits, which is calculated by the following formula, was taken for assessing the factor of throws from the game.

Ef. PP% \u003d (n + 0.5 * zb 3 o'er) / si, where

N - the total number of hits from the game

ZB 3EKK - scored three spectacle balls

C - the total number of shots from the game.

The second factor that affects the game is careful attitude towards the ball and minimizing the number of ball loss in the game. This factor can be very important especially in the children's and youth matches, where dribbling and transfer is not yet to the end of the intended elements of the game in the arsenal of young basketball players. It is possible that some very young players are not able to translate the ball in half the site, which means no possibility to even quit in the attack. In professional basketball, such a problem is not so expressed in view of the fact that in each team there are several players who are able to translate the ball on the half of the rivals, so pressure on the entire highest level is far from so often brings success than in children's or youthful competitions . However, at the highest level, the number of ball losses can play a decisive role in success or not the success of the team. Since losses deprive the attack team even the opportunity to make a throw in the attack.

This factor is best reflected as the ratio of the total amount of losses to the total number of possessions in the match.

% PT \u003d PT / VL, where

PT - the total number of losses in the match,

VL is the total number of team possessions in the match.

Vl \u003d si - PDN + PT + 0.4 * shtv

C - the total number of shots from the game;

Pt - total loss in the match;

SWTV is the number of fined.

The third factor that affects the result of the match is the selected in the attack. If the team is able to regain the ball after the misses, then in general, it is able to solve the problem of the first factor - an effective percentage of hitting. It is clear that during the seabilities in the attack, the goal to score the ball in the basket remains, but the possibility of re-attacking the ring can serve a good service in matches when the throw just "does not go."

Dean Oliver considers the team's ability to select in the attack, by calculating the relationship of selection in attacking the total number of rebounds on someone else's shield.

PDM% \u003d PDN / (PDN + PDZ prot), where

PDN - the number of selected in the attack;

PDZ prot - the number of recruitment of the opponent's team on their shield.

The fourth factor is the ability to get on line of penalty throws as often as possible. It is the ability to punch free throws, and not "score penalties" or show a high percentage of getting off the penalty. Commands that get on the line of penalty more often more efficient than teams that are punished with a higher percentage percentage. In any match, there may be exceptions to the rules, and the teams can play matches without getting free, but in long-term analysis the ability to often get on line of penalties allows you to win the teams more matches than a few missions from the penalty line to lose.

1) the relationship of SWTV / SI, where

SWTV is the total number of fined throws;

2) Calculate the ability to enter the penalty points of the Ts / C, where

GPS-Rating of clogged penalties;

C - the total number of skots made from the game.

The book analyzed the statistical indicators, where Dean Oliver determined that not all factors were equally equal. The team can exceed the rivals in three of the four factors, but still lose. The team can stand out in three categories, but be weak in the fourth and achieve an average result. The determination of the value of each of these factors is very important and helps to determine the strategy for building a successful team.

If you assess the importance and value of factors on a 10-tibal scale then:

1. Effective percentage of hit - 10 points.

2. The ratio of losses to the total number of possessions - 5-6 points.

3. The percentage of seabilities in the attack - 4-5 points.

4. The ability to often pierce free throws - 2-3 points.

In the percentage of importance, these factors will be located in the following form:

1. Effective percentage of hit (40%).

2. The ratio of losses to the total number of possessions - (25%).

3. The percentage ratio of seabilities in the attack - (20%).

4. The ability often punch the penalty throws - (15%).

Conducting its statistical studies for NBA matches, you can see that the team that showed a higher percentage of getting from the game won 79% of matches.

The importance of getting in basketball is indisputable, but if the team loses the ball, it also loses the opportunity not only to get, but even perform an attempt to throw. In the NBA, the teams who least lost the ball won 58% of matches. And if the percentage of two rivals falling on the results of the game was approximately the same, then the teams who lured the ball less often won 69% of matches.

With an approximately equal percentage of two teams, another important factor is the selection in the attack - a team that collected more rebounds in the attack won 63% of their matches.

Teams that are gaining less personal comments win in 67% of cases.

Penalty battalion. How Bosses NBAs are crazy

The idea of \u200b\u200bDaril Mururi and Dan Reed on reducing the number of penalty throws exposed existing contradictions in the NBA manual.

Watching the image to the article about the penalties, to your surprise you can find that the corresponding photos, in fact, are not so much.

Search by phrase "Penal Things NBA" in the photo bank GETTY IMAGES gives about 25 thousand coincidences, and most photos are made literally under the copy. They depict basketball players, mainly with a world name, with the ball in their hands and a look directed towards the ring of the opponent, which by all means it becomes necessary to hit. The expression of the face of the players is unlikely to be called missing, but it does not closely displays the tension that we used to tie with the strongest League of the Planet (especially if we are talking about PLOCH FFFs). The penalty throw is one of the few moments of any duel when the photographer can not rush to build a frame. No acrobatics, twisted ankles, gestures or inimitable facial expressions. If you give the appropriate equipment in the hands of ordinary fans, 10 people out of 10 will be able to achieve if not the same as the pro, then at least a tolerable result.

Last season, on average, the spectators on the stands in the stands and the TV screens have been forced to watch the NBA players perform free throws. The ordinary match of the regular championship could boast about 47 attempts to the line in the execution of basketball players of both teams. This is a kind of little world inside a large, in which enthusiasm caused by the dynamics of the game episode instantly leads to disappointment, it is worth only to sound the whistle of the referee.

Muri: "NBA is an entertaining product, and the more basketball, the better, will be directly in one or another match."

Full-sighted people (often experts and journalists, sometimes - coaches and functionaries) can discuss the specifics of the penalties, calling them the corresponding punishment for violating the rules or the necessary evil with which basketball is somehow necessary to put up. But it is difficult to deny that the execution is hardly fading attempts to two teams in ordinary fans and primarily television companies, about 15-20 minutes of pure time. And this is despite the fact that the penalties themselves rarely remain in memory or become the most memorable episodes of fights. If you carry out parallels with the work of the editor of the sports edition, then the penalties are the "water", the less which in the text, the better. It is for this reason that many foreign companies that buy the rights to show the NBA matches, cut out the appropriate moments, and the audience in the stands, it is necessary to sound a whistle, instantly lose interest in what is happening on the site, preferring to bug into the screens of their smartphones.

A few months ago, during a break in the NBA regular championships on the match, the presidents of clubs on basketball operations and representatives of the Association, regardless of which situation it was fixed. The President of the Development League and the General Manager of Houston walked among the most influential supporters of progressive innovations. It was not about to change the rules in the foreseeable future, but the leadership of the NBA was definitely interested in cutting the duration of the basketball match, and the idea that seems at first glance is madrodnous, received the right to life. To try it, of course, it was not the association itself, but a league of development.

The essence of Reed and Mururi's proposals consisted in the following: if the rules were violated on the player, the rules for throwing or foul was recorded after the team, whose player was guilty, had already exhausted the limit of command comments, the affected basketball player should break through one free throw. At the same time, its "cost" should vary from one point, if we are talking about "end-wane", up to three - if the violation of the rules happened when the throw is executed due to the arc.

If such innovations are accepted, instead of 47 attempts for the game for two teams, we will get the average of only 26. The average time indicator that the punishable throws occupies is simply not exist, but it is not forbidden to forbid anyone to the eye. Having made it, it can be concluded that there is between a whistle that fixes the violation of the rules and the moment when the ball reaches the rings after the execution of the second penalty, it takes about 45 seconds, and in case we are talking about one attempt (after "end-van" or Technical comment) - 30. But these figures vary greatly from the case towards the case: for example, if the rules violated the center in the struggle for the selection on someone else's shield, the process of intersection by both teams and arbitrators of the entire platform is hardly eternity. But we can safely take as an axiom that the second and the third throwing occupy about 15 seconds each, and at the output to get more than five minutes of the saved dirty time.

"The NBA is an entertaining product, and the greater in one or another match it will be directly basketball, the better," said Muri. - Numerous polls conducted at different times, just confirm. The game gets better when stops in it less. Pause, some of which are prolonged, catch up on the audience longing. Basketball is the most beautiful game in the world, and the closer we can get to get two well-trained teams to fight each other without anyone else's interesting breaks, the better. "

Last season, other innovations were tested in the development league, allowing to reduce the "dirty" time of basketball matches - from reducing the number of timeouts to the requirement that the teams were faster to replace, "due to the average duration of the duration of the fight fell for two minutes. This is not so little as it may seem at first glance, but not even half of those five, which will save a decrease in the number of penalty more than twice. And, more importantly, this time will be crossed out exclusively from the pauses and stops in the game, which is in no way compare to the proposal to reduce the duration of the quarter from 12 minutes to 10, squeezing in the fans a total of 8 minutes of exciting spectacle.

According to various sources, Reed actively promoted the idea of \u200b\u200breducing the number of penalties last spring, after the meeting of general managers of the Association clubs, and often raised a delicious question during telephone conversations and informal meetings with representatives of the League Clubs of Development. As a result, the innovation became one of the items of the program of the Constituent Assembly of Clubs in August, but by the time the leader of the second largest basketball league of North America left his post, taking the position of head of the Department of Partnership with sports organizations in Facebook. Having lost the support of the influential functionar, the concept naturally was not accepted.

"By itself, the idea of \u200b\u200breducing the number of penalty throws to one causes a certain interest, - commented on the situation of the Vice-President of the Lagging of Basketball Operations, commented on the innovation. Chris Alpert. - But, consulting specialists, we came to the conclusion that it will significantly affect the integrity of the game and the statistics of basketball players. And we do not burn the desire to artificially create contradictions in the first case, neither in the second. "

"Extra 15-20 minutes of" dirty "time arising from numerous pauses and stops, help basketball players save and restore forces in the course of tense fights."

In support of the allert of the alpert of the League of Development published entertaining statistical calculations, confirming that the second penalty throw basketball players perform better than the first (76.3% implementation against 71.1% in the matches of the Development League, and 77.7% against 73.2% - in the NBA fights). The trend is preserved and in the case of a breakdown of three penalties - the percentage of implementation is growing from the first attempt to last. If we are talking about the only throw after "end-van", then in the development league, their accuracy is 71.8%, and in the fights of the association - 72.8%. The two last figures the organization obviously operated on, arguing that the statistics of players from innovations would certainly suffer.

But how much is the rejection of two or three penalties in favor of one-sole affect the total percentage of the sale of throws on the season? If you take into account the dry figures of statistics, then it really will become somewhat worse than now. But in general, on the dynamics of innovation games, no action will be raised. After all, firstly, and, secondly, all teams will be in equal terms. The price and importance of the penalties varied since their appearance in the game, and over the past 50 years, the percentage of their implementation has increased significantly in order to achieve a mark of 70 with a decent ponytail of interest. At the same time, international rules for blocking throws, the introduction of which the League of Development initiated in 2010, influenced the final statistics of the players much more significant than Moury and Reed can imagine. In particular, this applies to the number of blocks among the "large", the number of which rapidly increased by the season for the season.

It is also necessary to take into account the fact that existing statistics will not fully reflect the percentage of the basketball player of the penalties. For example, 75 percent accuracy from the line will not mean that a player scored three-quarters of points after it violated the rules that could. Roughly speaking, if the conditional goes on the line four times behind the duel, three of which fell on the fouls when throwing from the middle distance, and one more - after "end-van", then sending 3 out of 4 attempts to go to goal It can bring a team to the piggy bank as 71% of the points that should have (in the event that there will be one of the shots worth 2 points), and 86% (if the ball will be blurred after the ball, clogged with the fol). All this is so, but in general, the season consisting of 82 matches will reduce the mathematical effect of innovations hardly to absolute zero.

In fact, the reasons for the refusal of the Reed from supporting them the initiated innovations should be seen not in empirical indicators, but in cultural values. If you leave the financial component of the functioning of the Development League, bringing a small profit to those who invest in the clubs of the organization, it exists in order to, first, provide players to adapt to the specifics of the overseas basketball and progress so that in order to get the opportunity to benefit in NBA, and, secondly, to serve as a platform for experiments initiated by the Association itself. These two goals do not contradict each other, but also do not coexist in peace and harmony, as it could seem to the third inhabitant. More than once, and not two have ever heard and read the cardinal opposite statements to this matter. The medium-sized basketball players who have completed a lot on their path, which have already completed the game career, are talking about the importance of the existence of the development league precisely as platforms for the NBA basketball players who have not secured with the opportunity to reanimate their own career without extreme measures like moving to Europe or China. The "New Wave" functionaries, each of whom wishes to bring anything to the game, on the contrary, we are confident that the organization in which pharmaceutical clubs perform is a kind of time car that allows you to see how to change certain basic settings as Might a basketball one or two decades later.

All 10 years of their work in the structure of the NBA Reed was in the second camp, and his resignation was perceived with regret with people who supported radical and not very change in modern basketball. Muri and his colleagues at different times were described by Dan as a person who appreciated the ideas of others, knew how to implement them and had sufficient influence to convince their own opponents in an informal setting, avoiding public disagreements and conflicts.

In many ways, precisely because of the lack of a classified classification of the above-mentioned objectives of the development of the League of Development on the main and secondary NBA still cannot decide on the candidate of the Reed successor, and hopes to close the vacant position at best by mid-November, when the regular organization championship starts. Apparently, the choice will be made in favor of innovation, since in the environment of the general managers of the NBA, the opinion that in the existing system it is necessary to change something, prevails over the desire of representatives of the older generation of specialists to keep everything in their places. Personal opinion Adam Silver It is unlikely that anything will change even if he decides to go against the current.

For this reason, the discussion on changes in the rules for the execution of penalties can be represented as the next stage of the natural conflict between the two generations, which is opposing the tradition of research, developments and experiments. It is much easier, of course, to think that the idea failed because of the reluctance of the functionaries to cut the living and change the existing idea of \u200b\u200bthe basketball, which has established years and decades. But in fact, each initiative, how utopian and alien, neither seemed to be at first glance, requires a detailed discussion and study so that over time get a responding look over time. Surely to the conversation about reducing the number of penalty throws, General managers of the NBA clubs and the management of the Association will return more than once and not two to come to the killing argument "for" or "against", and subsequently repel from him.

For example, the statement will not be paradoxical about the fact that the extra 15-20 minutes of the "dirty" time arising from numerous pauses and stops helps basketball players to maintain and restore the forces in the course of stressful fights. We do not accept confidence to assert, whether it really is or not, but this argument is much more objective than the conditional impact of innovations on the statistics of the players. Moreover, in the era of information technology when

By and large, the NBA can choose the most convenient version of the development of events, and appoint a president of the Presidential League of the Unnamed Artist who would submit to collective opinion, and voiced only the ideas of the majority. A similar outcome is also likely for the simple reason that in North America, there are enough specialists of the Middle Hand, which they find that they are fully able to lead the organization, in their activities almost everywhere copying "older brother". In a word, even if suddenly, any kind of misunderstanding or problem situations arise in the process of activity, they can be eliminated or allowing "in the image and similarity", not even possessing sufficient authority, the flexibility of the mind or the ability to find a common language with all sides of the conflict.

But at the present stage of its existence of the NBA and the development league, they had to improve their own commercial and financial indicators at any cost. Therefore, an influential person who could properly arrange priorities should be found for the position of a vacant Reed, who could properly arrange priorities and with time to turn the organization into a testing ground for a variety of ideas. And not at all because innovation in the existing system is more important than the progress of the basketball players themselves. The fact is that the association and its farm league raised a sufficient number of truly class specialists who can work directly with the players. The functionar possessing short-term strategic thinking, find an order of magnitude harder.

Imagine that you throw a coin until "Eagle" falls two times in a row. how many Throws (on average) do you need?

And now another experiment: you throw a coin until the pair of "Eagle + Rush" will not fall (exactly in this order). how many Throws (on average) will required for this?

Before you start deciding, try to guess whether the answers are the same for these two questions. If, in your opinion, they are different, in which case the average number of shots will be more?

Tip 1.

Of course, we consider the coin "honest", that is, having equal chances of falling out "Eagle" and "Dishki". The answer requires an understanding of what is the average number of throws. Mathematics usually talk about the "mathematical expectation" of the number of throws. It is useful to note that if the result of the first throw was the loss of the rush, then the whole experiment began to re-start and last for one move longer.

Tip 2.

At first glance it seems that since the probability of falling out of two eagles (oo) and the combination of "Eagle + Rush" (OR) is the same, the number of shots before the desired combination will be the same. Think why it may not be so. What is the difference between the fallout (non-showing) two eagles in the second game and the enhancement of the combination of OR in the first?

Decision

Let's start with two eagles. Let be B. - The number of moves through which the winnings will come on average. Consider also two auxiliary values B R. and In O.: The first of these will mean the average number of moves to the winnings, if the rushka fell on the first move, and the second is the average number of moves to the winnings, if the eagle fell in the first go.

Note that since the eagle and the rush in the first move have equal chances, then IN = (B R. + In O.)/2.

However, this is not all that you can get "on your fingers" from the conditions of the task and entered just notation. Indeed, if an eagle fell in the first move, then on the second move with a probability of 1/2, the game ends and has a length of 2, and with a probability of 1/2, the rush is falling down, and the game continues. The length of such a continuation (again, on average!) For 1 more than the length of the game, which began with a column, because the rush dropped on the second go. It means that In O. = (2 + (1 + B R.)) / 2. If the game began with a rush, then she will definitely not end after the second move, that is, after the river, the game can be considered again and laugh at one move more than if this river was not at first. In other words, B R. = 1 + IN.

We obtained three linear equations that bind values IN, B R. and In O.. Solving the resulting system, we will find In O.= 5, B R.= 7, IN \u003d 6. So, on average, the fallout of two eagles can be expected on the sixth go.

Now we investigate the game in which the winnings comes after the "Eagle + Rush" combination.

Let be D. - the average length of the game in all cases, and D O. and D R. - Length in the case of the first eagle and in the case of the first rush, respectively. As in the first game, equality D. = (D O. + D R.) / 2 follows from the equality chances of the fallout of the eagle and the rush in the first go.

Next, if the game began with an eagle and not Ended at the second go, this means that the eagle fell by the second move. That is the length of such a game on average equal to 1 + D O. (We can forget about the first eagle and assume that the game began from the second stroke) - we get the equation D O. = (2 + (1 + D O.)) / 2, from which we immediately find D O. \u003d 3. Finally, if the game began with a rush, it actually began again, that is D R. = 1 + D.. From equations D. = (3 + D R.) / 2 and D R. = 1 + D. Find D. = 4, D R. = 5.

So, in this case, the game on average will end at the fourth move - two strokes faster.

Afterword

How would the answer and the decision change, if the game had not been to two eagles, and up to three? Apply the same reception for a larger number of variables.

Let be E oo, E Or., E RO and E RR - Average duration for games that began with the fallout "OO", "OR", "RO" and "RR", respectively. Then the average length of an arbitrary game is equal E. = (E oo + E Or. + E RO + E RR)/four. On the other hand, E oo = (3 + (1 + E Or.)) / 2, since after the "OO", the game with equal probability either ends, or continues on the loss of the rush, and then it lasts on average for one time longer than the game started with "OR." Similarly, E Or. = (1 + E RO + 1 + E RR)/2, E RO = (1 + E Or. + 1 + E oo) / 2 and E RR = (1 + E RO + 1 + E RR) / 2. This system of equations is a bit more difficult than previous, but if not afraid of difficulties, then it can be obtained that E oo = 10, E Or. = 16, E RO \u003d 14 I. E RR \u003d 16, so E. = (10 + 14 + 16 + 16)/4 = 14.

We list a few more generalizations of the results obtained.

If you consider the winning the loss of not necessarily three eagles, but also three grills in a row, then you will have to wait smoothly smaller - only 7 moves. In the general case, waiting for a combination of N. The same specified results (that is, either eagles or maps) when throwing a coin on average there are 2 N. + 1 - 2 strokes, and if you win the appearance of any of two combinations, then - 2 N. - 1 move.

If we replace the coin with a 6-graded playing bone, then wait for a combination of N. The same set faces will have an average (6 + ... + 6 N.) moves, and combinations from any N. The same faces are six times less. Why is that? Try to prove it yourself.

And now imagine that you are playing against the "single-bar bandit". For participation in each game, you pay a certain amount, and in case of winning, you immediately go with him. True, it is useful to understand how often you can wait for winning? And is it worth it to wait for him if on average the amount of winnings turns out to be less than what you spend on continuing the game?

If instead of one-arorant bandit, you played the game described in the task with a throwing coin (up to two eagles) and for each throw paid 1, and for winnings received N., then with what the smallest N. Would you find the game fair and agreed to play? Is this question equivalent to the one that was asked in the task? Do not rush to answer ...

Here is another situation with a deliberately disadvantageous game, which requires a neat mathematical calculation. Let the conditions of the game are such that your winnings in each round occurs with a probability of less than 1/2 (for example, this is how things are in roulette, where, due to the presence of the Sector "Zero", the probability of winnings at any rate does not exceed 18/37, There is such a probability to double the bid, and with probability 19/37 - to lose it). If you can play one round, then it is considered reasonable to put the entire amount on the con and risk. And if it is allowed to play only the even number of rounds and the winner of the game can be, only winning more than half of them? Many believe that in this situation you need to play two games and "carry legs". In fact, (as mathematical calculations show) it is more profitable to play a fairly large number of games - 18 or 20. It is with such a quantity that the probability of victory in the game as a whole turns out to be the greatest.

In the theory of probabilities and the theory of games, there are many tasks, in whose decision, intuition is even very sophisticated in the mathematics of people. Often such tasks are made in the form of paradoxes. For example, the paradox of two brothers is usually formulated as follows: each of the brothers - Vanya and Danya - "throws out" 1 or 2 fingers, then they fold the amount of fingers, and if the amount is even, then the Danya gives the number of shortbarns, equal to this amount, and if it is odd - then Vanya gives the number of shortbarns equal to This amount.

At first glance, it seems that the game is quite honest - Vanya puts in two cases of four equilibrium, and at the same time it gives 3 + 3 clusters. Danya puts the brother of ribbed in two other cases, and at the same time it gives 2 + 4 shortbar. The snag, however, is that the intuition is mistaken - the optimal strategy for each of the brothers is different from the strategy to "throw out 1 or 2 fingers with the same probabilities", and therefore the game turns out to be unprofitable for one of them and profitable for another. What do you think for whom it is profitable? Check your intuition.

Let us return to the disassembled task with the loss of Orlov. The use of linear equations in this task eliminates gigantic computational difficulties. After all, if we just "in the forehead" tried to list all (equivalent) cases of games that continued no more than N. There are accurate duration for each such game (the moment of the first appearance of two eagles in a row) and averaged all the values \u200b\u200bobtained, they would face the need to count the complex recurrent relations and the calculations of the "telescopic" sums. Even the task of counting the number of games in which the first appearance of two eagles occurs exactly on k."Go," this is not the simplest task, but for our task it would be a light warm-up in front of the "main dish."

If you want to continue familiarizing with the theory of probability, we recommend the following books:
1) G. Sexy, "Paradoxes in the theory of probability and mathematical statistics" - the book of the Hungarian Mathematics of Gabor Seja, containing a huge number of unexpected statements from the theory of probabilities, mathematical statistics and the theory of random processes.
2) F. Mostelller, "Fifty entertaining probabilistic tasks" - a selection of simple tasks for beginners.
3) V. A. Nikiforovsky, "Probabilistic World" - a popular science book on the history of the development of the theory of probability and its applications.
4) David Salsburg, The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science In The Twntieth Century is a modern popular book about mathematical statistics.

On average, the basketball team for the game holds 65-70 shots of the ball in the basket and up to 20-25 free throws. At the same time, the preparation for the throw itself is the main content of the entire game. But the hit in the basket is the main goal in basketball. There are several types of throws for different positions and situations. For the game you can observe their variety. At the same time, each player has its own technique, both maintaining and throwing the ball. All this complete with a healthy competitive feeling creates a spectacular show.

Types of balls of the ball in basket in basketball

1. Breasts with two hands from the chest

This type of throw is actively used to throw the ball to the basket mainly from distant distances. Such throws also occur in the absence of active counteraction from the defender of another team. When preparing for such a throw, the ball worst with the fingers of both hands, after which they put on the level of the face, when straightening hands, the ball goes to the basket according to a given arc. If all the player calculations are true, and the throw is accurate, the ball will fly straight into the basket of opponents.

2. Three hands from above

This type of basketball throw is used with medium distances. Also, this throw is relevant with the dense care of the enemy. To perform a throw of this kind, the ball is removed above the head, while the hands are slightly bent in the elbows, when straightening hands, the ball goes to the basket. During the straightening of the hands, the ball is given the necessary acceleration and the trajectory, allowing you to get exactly in the target - in the "enemy" basket.

3. Bottom two hands from below

A cast of such a type in the game is actively used during a quick pass to the shield, as well as during the attacks of the basket in a protracted jump. To perform a throw, the player takes the ball in motion under the leg, after which makes a wide step and makes a jump. The straight hands the basketball player throws the ball in the basket, while completely pulls his body. When straightening hands, acceleration is attached, at the expense of which the ball flies to the basket. It is also extremely important to the right landing after performing this maneuver.

4. For one hand from the shoulder

This is one of the most common types of balls of the ball in basketball. Apply on medium and long distances. In this case, the player holds the ball in the right hand at the head level, when straightening his hand, the ball goes to the basket.

5. For one hand from above

This type of basketball throw is used quite often for attack in motion with close distances, as well as from under the shield. When preparing for a throw, the ball is placed under the right foot. At the highest point of the jump, the player's hand straightens, and the ball pushes his fingers into the basket.

6. Bring one hand from above - "hook"

This kind of throw is used by central players for attacks with close and medium distances. For a throw, the player turns the left side to the shield, repelled with his left foot, makes a jump, while the right hand with a ball arcuate movement rises up and throws into the basket.

7. Doby the ball

When the ball is repelled from the shield, with an unsuccessful basket attack, the player can catch the ball and throw it back to the basket.