How it was. Mountain skiing in the USSR

"Skis may not be happiness, but may well replace it," one of the great French skiers once said. In the midst of the ski season and before the main period of trips to the ski resorts, we offer you a photo story about how the skis themselves changed and their role in the lives of our compatriots from time immemorial to today.

1. The first references to the skis were found in sharp painting thousands of years before our era. Northern peoples, including our distant ancestors, this invention was simply vital to be able to move on the snow and extract food during the winter.

2. Many centuries later, namely, around the middle of the XVI century, the skis began to be used by the military. In the photo: Painting Ivanova S.V. "Muscovite campaign. XVI century. The painting itself is dated 1903.

3. In general, until the very end of the XIX century, skis were used mainly for hunting and in the army, therefore skiers all this time used only one stick - the second hand was supposed to stay free. As a sport skiing in Russia, they received official recognition in 1895, when the first ski races were held. Photo: Getty Images

4. At first, skis did not have special shoes and simply tied to the existing. And considering the famous Russian frosts, the first ski shoes most often played felt boots. So until the 30s of the twentieth century, when the early boots and fasteners appeared, which were actively used by skiers until the 70s, and sometimes continue to be used now. In the photo: Russian soldiers on skis and in boots, 1900-1919.

5. In the Soviet Union, as it is known, physical education and sports occupied a very honorable place in the life of every citizen. And skis - first of all, running - became one of the most common and popular winter sports. Millions of sports and healthy lifestyle fans annually participated in mass ski races.

6. Provided to skiing began since childhood - in the long winter months, all the Soviet schoolchildren were engaged in cross-country skiing. In the photo: Moscow State University, Moscow, 1959.

7. And this is a physical education lesson in Ulyanovsk in 1967. Photo: Sergey Yuriev

8. Adult skiing was also considered an excellent way to conduct winter leisure and even often replaced romantic dates. Here is the time to remember the famous Soviet ski ointment with its specific smell, far from any romance. However, without it, wooden skis, alternatives that did not yet exist, did not go. Photo: Sergey Yuriev

9. As for the skiing, they began to develop in Russia much later than running, and at first it was mostly in the preparation of climbers. In the photo: Dombay, 1937

10. The first "breakthrough" in the Soviet ski sports occurred in 1956, when Evgeny Sidorova (in the photo) won the first Olympic medal at the Winter Olympics in Cortina D'Ampezzo, Italy. The athlete ranked third, despite the injury gained.

11. After that, in the 60s, the skiing began to conquer in the country unprecedented popularity. And Dubai began to turn from the climbing camp to the chief ski resort of the country. In 1964, the construction of a leisure and sports complex begins here, including a chain of hotels, bases, huts and cableways. In the photo: Modern Dombay

12. Another remarkable period in the history of domestic skiing - the Era "Golden Team", the time of our triumph of the end of the 70s - the beginning of the 80s, when the skiers led by Alexander Giolov literally broke into the Poddestals of the World Cup Stages. The headlines of sports newspapers were impressive: "Ahtung! Russians are going "," Russians are rushing to leaders "," 24 days of the Russian miracle. " The period of the "Golden Team" was the time of the heyday of talents and the long-awaited victories of domestic sports. Photo: Roman Denisov

13. In 1974 there was a real coup in the ski world - the first plastic skis appeared. At the same time, boots and attachments began to actively improve. As a result, the ski equipment acquired a completely modern appearance, although the skis themselves, and attachments and boots continue to be constantly improving and now. Photo: Roman Denisov

14. Modern lovers of ski sports have something to choose: stores provide a wide range of ski goods, including a suitable inventory can find not only an amateur, but also a professional.

15. Nowadays, schoolchildren are still laid by the Aza cross-country skiing.

16. And the skiing and rides to the ski resorts are increasingly popular among compatriots. Photo: Roman Denisov

17. Some parents begin to attach to the beloved sports kids from the very early age - ski schools take students from three years.

18. And for those who can not live without skis, even in the summer - covered alpine skiing complexes with artificial snow.

Following the awakening interest in various manifestations (including everyday) life in the country called the USSR, we wanted to try to plunge into the ski life of those times. When creating an article, we did not pursue the goal of creating a kind of analytical report with various statistical cuts. Instead, we wanted to try to convey the ski atmosphere in various small sketches and private descriptions, not at all pretending to complete and community. So, let's begin.

The history of the ski ski in the USSR began in 1923, when the doctor A.A. Pearls, along with the ski team, opened the Alpine Ski Section (later the bourgeois word "Alpine" was replaced by "mountain"). The section settled on the most sparrow mountains, who later became one of the central ski seats of Moscow. From Scandinavia, equipment and materials for skating training were delivered. From that moment on, our country began its own ski history; New objects on the Lenin Mountains are erected; In the country there are skiing sports and competitions on such ski disciplines, as a slalom, giant slalom, high-speed descent. The Great Patriotic War suspended the rapidly early development, but nevertheless, even during the war, the city and allied mountain ski championships were held. After the war, the skiing began to develop a rapid pace. This contributed to the introduction of the USSR to the International Ski Federation. The bulk of the competition of that time is carried out in Almaty Chimbulak. The first and one to this day the bronze medal at the 1956 Olympic Games in Cortina D "Ampezzo in Slaloma went to the Soviet ski of Evgenia Sidorova (in 1994 SilverSvetlana Gladysheva in Lillehammer). The USSR began their own championships with the participation of athletes of world values. For the first time the USSR participates in international cup competitions.

Ski-Extreme

High-mountain ski tourism originates from the 30s. E.captation of the Osoviahima Pearlovenova and Barghash make hiking through the Snegro-Ice Tweber Pass (3600 m) and Zanner (3950 m) with descent to Svaneti and return. Initially, ski tourism implies just multi-day trips to the mountains, through passals, gorges and glaciers, and not a civilized holiday in a cafe with hot mulled wine. In addition to the ski ski in Arsenal, the Parkoknik includes a sleeping bag, ice axes, cats, ropes. Skiing in deep snow highlands is a well-deserved award after a grueling climb. Mountain trips in the absence of high-quality communication and emergency services were a serious endurance test and demanded that participants in serious sports training. As a rule, teams of professional athletes from the mountain sections were sent to such hiking, but single hiking was performed with a huge risk.The first ski descent from Elbrus was carried out later by the champion in high-speed descent by Vadim Hippenrater. Then there were descents on skis with the foot of Everest, Himalayas, Pamirs.

From the author's notes "Once again about skis" (http://www.clamber.ru/117-eshhyo-raz-o-lyzhax.html):

The instructor of the tourist hotel "Azau" Vladimir Muzzle did not have to go for the tried lands. I remember this case well, almost worth the Volodya of Life, because I still am friends with him and regularly rewrite. At the end of November, Volodya passed through the Ceper-Azaau Pass, located in the main Caucasus Range, from the Azau Gorge to the Nanskryra Valley, from Kabardino-Balkaria to the Swankian district of Georgia. He counted, using skis on rare and descents, pass from housing and before housing for a day, two, and the transition from him took four days.
On the rise, he tropped freshly fluffy fluffy snow and moved very slowly. The snow was deep, and all the time silent in a rut. To reoperse himself by the bombardment of a snow cave, not reaching the pass. Digid skis and hands. He did not have a tent and he had to climb from the cold in a cotton sleeping bag. He facilitated as much as possible to quickly pass the route, and he had little warm things, and those that were, he tried to use with benefit.
He sat in ski boots, the backpack dressed a sleeping bag in his feet, she tried all night not to sleep and move a little inside the sleeping bag. By morning he is so frozen that barely got out of the sleeping bag. But, in some way, skiing, stubbornly cloudy longer, although it was much easier and faster to return. On this day, he expected to pass the pass and go on skis into the village of Chubheri. But nature made adjustments. On the knee and above in the snow it was very difficult to descend, it is almost impossible, because the skis did not roll. And Volodya, removing the ski and attaching them to the backpack, went on foot. I had to go almost on the chest in the snow, raking the snow with my hands, the trambus knees. Several times he fell. It was the most difficult - climb. Because it was incredibly difficult to get on my feet in such snow, there was no support. Volodya shattered in the snow, his fallen, fell asleep, he flured, trying to get up.
I had to remove the backpack, get up, put a backpack again and then go further. It took a lot of time and effort. Going to the foot of the pass, he looked like a snowman. At that moment he began to doubt the success of his event.
On the second day, he fell into the river to his knees. Looking out socks and inner boots, he shoved and went on. Walking in wet shoes, he frosted his legs. They swollen so that the outer shoe is not fastened. They hurt so much that every step was bare and pain. Volodya did not take primus and fuel, so he could not eat hot and eat.
Skiing had to roll a small part of the way. Almost all the time on foot with frostbitten legs. Ski quit it was a pity (state utterance), and he dragged them, despite severe fatigue and pain in the feet feet. At night, almost did not sleep. Only occasionally forgotten for a few minutes. Woke up from the trembling, shook the whole body. Immediately began to rub the ears, suffering from the body.
After the second night, he understood that he would not reach. And yet she walked, mechanically rearranged his legs, fed from pain, insomnia, hunger and cold. He no longer walked, but Brel, like drunk, when he entered the first Svan village of Chubheri. He was able to explain to the defeated Svaans that came through the pass. He was able to retreat to the house, where he was sheltered, fed and warmed. And then turned off for a day.
Sobana Svany fulfilled the Holy Law of the Gorsky Hospitality, but hardly believed that a person can at this time of year alone almost without special equipment and products to pass the pass. But Volodya his story, and, most importantly, convinced them with his appearance.

60s

As of the 60s, there is a flourishing of amateur skiing. At the very beginning of the 60s, the mountain skiing themselves in society are not yet perceived by some very expensive exotoic (elitism and aristocracy of this hobby will be attributed later). Amateur skiing goes in one bundle with mountain tourism and mountaineering, and riding them is considered only as a small part of the entire tourist. However, very soon ski skiing acquires independence and becomes a self-sufficient view of amateur sports.

By this time, a huge number of ski resorts was already erected in the world. In the USSR built cable

the road on Mount Cheget, who has become one of the most popular skiing sites. At the same time, the names of the skiers who later appeared the legendary - Jean-Claude Kiel and Karl Schranta. Karl Scrantz visits Tourskol's tourist base. There was a mass of truthful and non-monkey stories about his famous visit. One of them, allegedly, it turned out that the Scrant did not like to ride skiing at all, and even afraid of them. And when he arrived at Elbrus, his shock was shocked from the seen of the mountains, in no way appropriate to the security regulations that were dominated at that time. Before his first descent, he thoroughly studied the track, insisted on the installation of damping elements of safety in the form of mats and other things, and then ... slowly descended on it. Certificates of further accurators of the ski star on Elbrus together with Soviet partners in the shop differ and replete with various details, but the final result of this sports (and not very) travel was the phrase, they spoken in the Austrian Sports Journal: "When Russians are somewhat somewhere, Elbrus with rope roads, they They will be as invincible in skiing, as in other sports. "

In parallel in the USSR and the rest of the world, systems for learning amateur skiing techniques are being created. In addition to trainers of ski schools, the class of mentors in the ski hierarchy is complemented by a new category - Mountain Skiing Instructor.

Unfortunately, we only in the 80s began to appear specially designed "tourist" techniques with a pedagogical focus on the amateur level. In the 60s, sports riding with various simplifications and variations is taken as the basis of training.

A typical instructor room is a small trailer equipped with the item of the first need, a minimal skiing tool and a table for friendly gatherings with colleagues and new students. And the former or now the practitioner coach of some kind of children's school at the head of the table.

Let's touch in a few words of skating technique. It is clear that it will be exclusively about classical technique. In the 60s, key points in teaching tourist skating - telemertia, Christiania, Avalman, Plow. As for the telemarket, in the 60s it was already an ease of riding. With the advent of good ski fasteners, riding without fixed backs went to no, and practiced mostly among those who still rode on old wooden skis with homemade fasteners. But the tradition of telemarket did not die, and in the 70s there was even a splash of interest in such skating, and the followers of this type of riding can be found today. In the first days of classes with an instructor, riding a plow was mastered, and a transition was gradually transferred to parallel skating. After that, it was possible to go high in the mountains. After successful development of the turn of the Christianity on parallel skis, the skier on the slope looked no longer so awkward. On average, on the comprehension of uncomplicated tourist skiing, so that the skier does not sharply rush into the eyes of his unsure, one season went away. Next was polished by the receptions of the activities of the technicians. The tracks as a rule had a low quality of preparation and abounded by the fights, so Avalman was given a considerable time (pushing the skis forward with tightening the legs at the beginning of the turn). Beginners stubbornly worked in attempts to load-unload skiing by flexion-extension in the turn phase. A diligent and capable beginner skiers with apotheosis of a two-week stay in the mountains becomes rhythmic skiing on parallel skiing with frequent conjugate turns.

Now about skis. In sports circles and skis are spinning others. Sometimes we met Slalle - a Russian copy of the Austrian Kestle. Also on the ear there were such brands like AustrianFischer, Kneissl, Yugoslav, and later french firmELAN. Such, truly elite, skis were the subject of envy or indescribable delight even at the alpinerals not dedicated to the ski life. The glitter of decorative coating, design, trimmed fasteners - all together looked by the avant-garde of contemporary art. Such skis usually supplied with the "semiautomatic" type marker fasteners.

But the bulk of "persons who are not close to skiing" went on wooden skis. The full-fledged human skiing production in our country appeared only at the beginning of the 70s, and in the 60s it is wooden skiing with self-made edging, as a rule, screwed on the screws, or the "favorite" skiing from sports schools without identifying signs. Either, Mukachevki - skiing Mukachevskaya factory. Delied From pine, at best with the addition of Karelian birch. In common, the "oak" was called. In 57th, skis with duralumin edges appear.

Ski mounts. The first attachments for mountain tourists usually represented a set of leather belts,

several times wrapped around the boot. Next went to the attachment of the type " kandahar "- Hard not hinge fastening of a shoe sock in a strong bracket.This design provided for the use of only special shoes, stitched from thick skin, which had a flat solid sole and reinforced stage. By this time, semi-automatic plates with a fixed backdock and a released head are already developed.(Marker, Look-Nevada, Salomon ), But they rarely meet. Still Used belt mounts, consisting of two or three pairs of rings mounted on skis.

Ski boots . Plastic boots with clips began only to appear in the late 60s. And before that, rode in leather shoe shoes. With long-term skating, the laces weakened or unleashed, and they were re-tightened from time to time. For the first time, the French firm "Caber" released boots, instead of lacing equipped with metal clips. Buckley instead of shoelars - great innovation of that time. Attempts to make plastic boots for a long time remained unsuccessful. The polymers of that time were or too expensive, or not durable, or not durable, in any case, without holding the competition with the skin.

By the way: Automatic fastenings for internal use were invented by Edgar Nagorno, the father of the famous coach of Voldemara Nagornohnaya. The heel was fixed by a special latch. And to the ski of the sides, two metal plates were adapted to the ski. They walked along the shoe up and fastened to the ankle - there was a special belt with felt so as not to rub. The plates went along with the foot back and forth, but they could not choke the right-left shoe. With a strong impact, the foot from the attachment flew. (a source http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2002-12-25/8_2/ )

Later, among the inventory, risen and glue metal skiing are obtained. In the ski equipment in this decade, the Polish firm of the Polit appears, and the Bulgarian infancy, which had enough fans in the ski environment.

Folkler: If you want to make a friend, giving her skiing jait.

Metal skiing had a number of constructive flaws - more weight, in the cold the snow was at the surface, and they practically stopped. In addition, metal skis vibrated strongly (compared to wooden) on the hard snow, which complicated the control, and when hitting, it was easily deformed.

By the way: the first Soviet metal skiing were aircraft skiing for take-off and landing on snow-covered areas.

70s

Ski tourism continues to increase turns. In Cheget, people are already far from the first time. Constructsthe cable car to the top of Mussu-Achitaru, and Dombai on a row with Elbrus becomes one of the main ski centers. The famous skiers at this point have a serious ski experience gained in various mountains of the Soviet Union, and neighboring countries. But the Alpine Mountains remain impregnable and uncomparable to an ordinary Soviet citizen, and not so much because of their grandiosnosis and majesty. But rumors about the unprecedented service and comfort of Western ski resorts are starting to crawl through the srangian radio from the "experienced" diplomats and employees of Torgpredov.

By the end of the 70s, avalanche flow of tourists to the universal commodity deficit of the union add another conditional unit - lifts. The built-up morning queues for lifts are compared in length with queues in a wine shop before opening. If the pendulum lifts delivering tourists to the mountain thinly pole with the flow, then already "on the spot" to ride on the Bougiel without long idle in line becomes impossible. The queues and the attack demand for new-fashioned tourism give impetus to the beginning of the development of the resort infrastructure. In some places, Yugoslav Charming Lifts for the Soviet tourist are set up, the slopes begin to rotate with special rapid machines, snow cannons are imported. Student sites in the fireplace are complemented by APRE-SKI in Soviet variation. Bars and restaurants open, new hotels of resort type are being built, including pools, saunas, gaming rooms.

The quality of the equipment is increasing. Already became a classic ski style in the form of a knitted sweater and insulated pants-sharovar, usually complemented by a guitar and a thermos enriched rarely occurring at that time with new-fashioned ski overalls. The bright colors of costumes, attracting attention on the slope, work out their original safety functions, but also hint at the status of the arrival of the ski.

T. act of the 70s are launched into mass production of Wils and Mukachevian domestic metal skis. The first, despite the good strength characteristics, did not differ in any dynamic qualities. It was originally planned to release a tree-metal skiing, but the ski simply did not work.The technology turned out to be complex and capricious, the ski was severe, the metal layers were blocked poorly, they were deformed with a strong blow and often peeled (this should be said, it happened to the metal skiing of many firms). Ultimately, the release of serial fiberglass skis with a wooden core called Wils was adjusted. The most advanced skiers managed to buy new or diet skiing brought from Western Europe.

Mukachevsky skis were more successful, but nevertheless subsequently at the factory steel under the license to produce skis under the Fisher brand. Vils skis stopped producing in the early 1990s, putting a point in the Soviet ski industry.

In the 70s, new technologies in the production of skis appear. More precisely, they appear in the 50s, and successfully introduced in the 60s. But it was in the 70s that the new types of skis becomes known especially advanced Soviet skiers. On the change of metal structures, the innovative technology "Cap" - ski comeswith stainless steel lid and wooden core . A revolutionary company becomes a revolutionaryHead. Howard Hed developed and in 1954 patented technology for the production of wood-metal skis with a plastic sliding surface. New skis acquire good sliding properties, they are most durable to twisting than wooden counterparts, and more dynamically compared with metal. Decorative plastic from above completed the design of the most perfect skiing at that time. In 1967, Head proposed a model 360 - a universal version of Competition for unsporting riding, which became one of the best-selling skis in world history. With ultra-technologies, Hed by the end of the sixties becomes the leader in the production of ski equipment.

SKI foot from Salomon
Application of the first
automatic
ski-Stop -
brake Verle (Wehrly).

Plastic mining
ski shoes
ROCES.

The Soviet attachments of the CLA, Neva (copied by the company), NEVA-2 were distributed from the fasteners. The lack of ski stops were compensated by ropes tied to shoes. Although the ski feet themselves were developed in the 61st E.Miller. The attachments themselves are shrinking manually. Well, here should be mentioned about the already nominal imported automatic spring fasteners with skiops - marker and salomon.

The boots in the mass of their were leather shown. To achieve the desired stiffness, they had to label very much. Two-layer boots had a double lacing system - it was necessary to completely unravel the exterior lacing, then pull the inner and again to tie out the outer. Sometimes there were still Polish leather boots on clips. They began to meet more often from abroad plastic boots on clips. The new plastic technology was used by the company ROCES. The first plastic ski boots roces had a huge success. The use of plastic paved the road to future new products - Alpine, Dynafit, Salomon. Domestic ski shoes are appear on clips.

mata. (clubSki-Pro.ru.) Writes:

2-3 years old rode her leather boots. They had a check, the inner boot had to be stirred very hard, and the external can be loose ... And what length were shoelaces !!! And not the laces at all, the cigarette ribbon with the factory is concentrating, this tape is also a crazy shortage, her parents from work brought! ... Rings on the sticks themselves did ... by the way, they even have it, as memory left.

Logo-alex (clubSki-Pro.ru.) Writes:

Skiing bought in the commission for mad money, Czech costumes skiing cost 60 rubles. I bought as in 79 in the store "Prague". Semi-dry, and a jacket, not insulated with pseudo-protection on the knees and elbows. Soviet production in principle could be bought in the store in Moscow. But on the slope I needed my own bohegel, and they were allowed to the lift for free, the slopes were running in sports clubs. I remember we were constantly in the vine.

80s

Separate lucky ones become the owners of skis K2, Blizzard, Elan. Good branded skiing in Moscow with a large markup could be purchased in a commissable store on a straw guard. The ski bridge was located on the street. Saikina (Avtozavodskaya). Range -soviet skiing, skiing countries of the Eastern Block - the clues, half a vessel, rarely came across Western copies. Western manufacturers are mastering new technologies that allow you to create a slightly fitted skis by saving plastic characteristics. Prior to this, such experiments led to a skis breakdown with a significant load in turn. Skiing at the same time remained classic in comparison with modern carving geometry, but skiers began to celebrate the increased purity of skiing.

Leather shoes on laces were replaced by more modern plastic boots on clips. The most popular in Moscow were shoesAlpine. In the 80s, they cost about 160 - 250 rubles. One-lipped bootsSalvo. it was possible to buy in an ordinary sportswear, but not every day. Also, mostly in sports schools, there were bootsDynafit, San Marco. There were very exotic boots consisting of2 parts: Inner boots - leather on laces, external - plastic on clips. At first, the inner boot was laid, and then the foot was inserted into the external one.

The most common mounts marker was worth about 120-140 rubles. Later on the market there were cheap automata from the company Look, which cost much cheaper. Gradually, all world brands began to be seen in the union, and in the commission by the end of the 80s there was already a sufficient choice of both skis and fasteners with shoes.

In ski clothing, the membrane fabric appeared later, and the ski jumps and jackets were mostly either on the Sintepsum or impregnation. But in the USSR, the profile ski suit is rare on the slope. Ski clothing was paid not much attention, and in some kind of ski equipment, this category was not included. The main thing is to tear the expensive imported skis with the mounting machines and comfortable Alpina boots. Therefore, all - down jackets, bologna, knitwear went into the move. The most massive option is either waterproof pants and a jacket, or a regular knitted training suit. Another option of the "ski suite" - jeans plus the jacket appeared only after the disappearance of the denim deficit.

Muscovites rode there - a tourist sport house in Shukolovo, Mountain Sparrows, Krylatskoye, Nagornaya. In the mass of his prevailed the bugel lifts from enterprises.

By the way: in Krylatsky there are still three bougiel lifts from some of the organizations there, which not only survived the 90s, but also retained such rary property in a fully working condition. Sometimes there is a lot of amateur slalom "those times" when instead of modern plastic hops, wooden sticks are installed with flags.

The beginning of the 80s was the triumphal and most bright period of Soviet skiing. The only bronze Olympic medal Evgenia Sidorova, taken in slalom in the distant 56, did not promise neither officials or fans of any success of Soviet athletes in ski disciplines.The success of E. Sidorova then attributed to the category of random, since the material base of domestic skiing (equipping ski centers, hotels, lifts, tracks) far back from the level of development of foreign complexes. P on the material and technical support of the skiing has always been at the latest place. Neither equipment, nor inventory, no lifts, no modern tracks. As more and 40s started, the Union did a bid exclusively on those sports in which athletes could take medals. Skiing in this category did not fall at all. In the paradox of the initial appearance of chicken or eggs, sports officials gave preference to the egg. First medals, then money and good equipment. So, at the Olympics in Innsbruck in the 76th year, our 18-year-old ski team Vladimir Andreev represented in the singular! Neither the coach, nor the server serving the sports equipment, did not send with him, considering in vain money. Anyway, they say, the medal does not shine.Our industry has not released anything except the asked Lviv skis, but to buy all the borders. And suddenly…

Of course, those events that have occurred cannot be called random. For victories, there were years of grueling workouts and a tense struggle. Changes in the sport policy began to occur in the 70s. One of them is associated with the appointment of a very young Leonid Tyharchev to the position of coach of the Soviet national team. Despite today's incomplete criticism of this sports official, it is necessary to recognize that for future victories of the 80s made the highest contribution. He somehow managed to attract to his side on a public basis a number of leading world specialists and Soviet experienced coaches, who were athletes themselves in his youth. It was his pupils that later became winners and winners of the World Cup. And by that time, a strong teaching school has already grown, an athletic technique of the training process was improved. Ski centers of Kamchatka, Ufa, Kirovsk, Mezhdurechensk (Kemerovo region) and Shukolovo (Moscow region) became the forge of Soviet athletes. The country began to acquire modern tracks worthy for the championships; They were for examplein Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, in the Carpathians.

Nevertheless, no one was ready for the sunrise of their own ski stars. Neither us nor in the West. Here again began to remember the famous words of the scan of the "invincible Russians", and the Western world seriously spoke about the awakening sprouts of the new ski power.

In 1981, he declares itself the first Soviet winner of the World Cup stage in Aspen - Valery Tsyganov. But the most vivid athlete of that era was unconditionally Alexander Firov. Later, after the tragic death of Alexander, "Number One" skier Ingaemar Stenmark will tell about him "Fat was a wonderful skier. Probably ... (pause) he was a genius. ». Of the 19 World Cup competitions, he was in the ten strongest, and 7 times turned out to be among the prizes, and four more popular competitions won four times. He repeatedly defeated the ingestion of the wallpaper in the disciplines of slalom and slalom giant. The death of Alexander Zhirov in a car accident has become a huge loss for Soviet sports.

The Soviet ski school continues to be improved and the fruits of its activity we will see in the early 90s. Our famous skiers Svetlana Gladysheva will bring fame to Russian sport, who took the third place in the World Championships in Zalbach (Austria) and in 1994 second place in the Winter Olympic Games in Lillehammer (Norway), Varvara Zelenskaya, who became the third in the overall World Cup -97 on high speed descent is the most prestigious achievement in skiing. But in the future, Russian sports in ski disciplines has already needed to boast. A new country in the 90s gained completely different realities and landmarks. But, as they say, this is a completely different story.

sLALOMER. (clubSki-Pro.ru.) Writes:

Good ski bought abroad and then they diverged on acquaintances. The limit of dreaming of the K2 Race, which were brought on sale specially for sale, and the fairly stunned, but happiness did not become less from this. Mystery and pins, it seems Polish to buy was simpler. Skisi was repaired by all possible ways, paraffin, ladded, spitled and caught, but never emitted. The rarity was to find new Kants. Sportmagazas sold Salvo boots seem one or two clips. It was impossible to buy anything else in them. Marker fasteners with a normal heel appeared in Moscow seems closer to the end of the 80s.

Mishka-S-Gor (clubSki-Pro.ru.) Writes:

The beginning of my ski history, this is the 80s and Alpalar "Ullu-Tau" in the mountains of Kabardino-Balkaria. In skiing, there were mainly infancy and a semicline from the fastening of the Neva and Neva-2. With a special location of the ski masters, it was possible to get a Fisher with M-35 fasteners. Top of sophistication! Machines! Look at the sports French elans with a metal ober-Kant and the aforementioned American K-2!

Eh! And after all, they rode all this and did not nuñuli, what is better to buy to walk along fresh or on a shoot? Many Chegenet was the first mountain!))) I still remember your first descent to the second stage of Cheget, actually ass).

Boots - Red Alpans. This is also the top of happiness! If you are not lucky, then the cable has sex. While we button, all your fingers will break ... Clothing forms number eight, which was found - that we carry)). In the best case, abalak bugs, pink color. And mostly windbreakers and pants from Bologna, over the sports suit.

With the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution in our country, physical culture and sport have become the property of the masses and gained genuinely popular. Mass, multimillion, amateur physical culture movement. The most advanced and scientifically based system of physical education, reflecting the interests of the state and the people in the preparation of comprehensively developed people, active builders of the Communist Society.

In the first years of Soviet power, in the context of foreign military intervention and civil war, the government and the Communist Party set the task of preparing the population to protect the young Soviet Republic and to high-performance socialist labor.
On April 22, 1918, implementing the resolution of the VII Congress of the Party, the CEC Council of Workers, Soldiers and Peasant Deputies issued a decree signed by V. I. Lenin about the general military training of workers under 40 years of age and the pre-examination of young people from 16 years. A composite element in the program of universal military training includes physical education. A special place was made by ski preparation than it was necessary to start mass learning to workers in a ski case. As instructors, the strongest skiers - athletes, such as P. Bychkov, N. Vasiliev, were attracted. NEMUKHIN, V. Serebryakov, I. Skalkin, and others. Pre-revolutionary ski clubs were reorganized into the experimental points of Vsevobuch (OPV). In 1918, the training courses of instructors were discovered at all and issued "instruction on training in skiing" and "Regulations on individual ski rates and teams", the first sports competitions were held.

In 1919 t. The Defense Council obliged to Vozbuchi to prepare and form the ski detachments. In the same year, 75 ski mouth was prepared and sent to the front, next 12 more skiers.

I V. I. Lenin demanded to use skis on the North and East (fronts in combat operations. Skier troops played a big role in the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion. A particularly bright example of using skis in the civil war is the defeat in 1921-1922. Kulatsky rebellion in Karelia. The ski squad of the cadets of the Leningrad International Military School, in which there was a lot of Finns, the heroic raid on the reasons of the opponent was done during the month to the Toyvo Toyvo Toyvo, and the blizzard and the blizzard were held about 1000 km, having had substantial assistance to the North Front.

In the period 1918-1923 Aloud and the Red Army had the basic impact on the mass development of skiing in our country.

In 1923, the Supreme Council of Physical Culture was established, which accepted the heritage of All-Vovobuch and with direct assistance to Komsomol laid the beginning of a new stage in the development of sports in the country. Under the councils on the ground, sections were created by sports, an asset was rallied around the sections that assisted advice to the Councils in their work. But at the factories, in institutions and educational institutions only functions of physical education on general physical training. Skiing competitions rarely were held with a small number of participants and, as a rule, only one distance.

1925 became a turning point in the development of sports in our country. Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of July 13, 1925 and then the decision of the XV party conference on the cultural and educational work of trade unions helped improve the quality of sports work. Sports sections on sports began to be created in the lower groups, the competition began to be held more often, and their program is expanding, the number of participants in the competition has increased.

In 1929, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a decree on physical culture and sports, recognized it necessary to eliminate the disorder in physical culture work, increase its scale and strengthen physical culture in the village. The CEC of the USSR decided to create the All-Union Council of Physical Culture with the functions of the highest governing body.

Komsomol made a proposal to introduce a complex of exercise "ready for work and defense of the USSR" as the basis of the state system of physical education. The introduction of the GTO complex in 1930 led to the restructuring of training work of sports organizations. Skiing was included in all the steps of the GTO complex, which contributed to the replenishment of the rows of skiers-athletes.

In 1936, a Committee on Physical Culture and Sports and Sports Affairs was established during the USSR Council, it was decided to create voluntary sports societies, which gave a new impetus to further development and ski sports.

In subsequent years, there is an increase in the mass and skirts of skiers. The active development of ski jumps, federal and slalom began. From year to year, the number of competitions increased and their program became more and more diverse.
The international situation demanded an increase in the country's defense capability. New militarized forms of skiing, mass ski crossings appeared.

Since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, sportsmen skiers teachers, coaches were in combat and labor fronts: in ski battalions, partisan detachments, in the defense industry, worked at the points of Vsevobuch.

The heroic affairs of individual battalions and ski partisan detachments during the Great Patriotic War occupy a special place. Ski battalions were in all fronts and armies, the fascists called them "white death".

In the battles for their homeland, many athletes of the country died, including the champions of the Soviet Union in the ski racing champions, Vladimir Soft (he was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union) and Lyubov Kulakova (she was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War).

It should be noted the active activities of the Department of Sports of the Institutes of Physical Culture of the HColipc and the GDOFK. Teachers and skier students who were not mobilized to the Red Army, voluntarily entered the partisan detachments and flew themselves to the enemy. These institutions did not stop their pedagogical activities. Recomplying in Sverdlovsk 'and Frunze, they continued to train sports personnel and reserves for the Red Army (HColifk prepared 113 Ltd.-skiers, 5,000 military-ski training instructors, conducted more than 150 mass ski crossings).

In 1947, in order to further encourage the growth of sports achievements of Soviet athletes, gold, silver and bronze medals were established to award winners of championships and championships of the USSR and the same dignity of tokens for winners and record holders of the Union republics, Moscow and Leningrad cities. The VSSPS approved tokens for the three strongest athletes on the championships CA DPO.

On December 27, 1948, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a special decree on the further development of mass physical culture and improving sports skills. This ruling led to a fundamental improvement of not only practical, but also scientific and theoretical and methodological activities.

All-Union competitions began to be held immediately. They were preceded by the first at the Soviet authority of the Moscow Championship on January 28, 1918. The winner at the distance 25 of the vert was N. Bunkin, the second and third were N. Vasilyev and A. Nemhin. In 1919, the first competition was conducted for women. The winner of 5 miles became V. Morozova. In the same year, the titles of the winners of a number of cities of the country were played: Petrograd, Yekaterinburg, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Rzhev, and others.

In 1920, in Moscow, the first championship of the RSFSR was held at a distance of 30 km, which N. Vasilyev won. In 1924, such a competition has already passed as the USSR championship. The winner at the distance of 30 km was the younger brother Nikolai Vasilyeva - Dmitry, who was the leader of the Soviet skiers - among women at a distance of 5 km won by A. Mikhailov.

Until 1926, the country's championship was held only for one distance, and a small group of skiers participated in them, in 1926 in Ostankina (near Moscow) a winter holiday was held. These competitions attracted a lot of skiers; For the first time they were included in the jumping program from the springboard (V. Voronov won - 18.5 m). After these competitions, the Championships of the country (with rare exceptions) began to be held annually.

In 1928, a race for rural skiers, rustic letters, reconnaissions, and a new species, and a new species, and a new species were included in the program of the Winter Garts. 638 people participated in the Olympics. Young talented, previously little-known skiers: V. cleaner, reached the start.
A. Dodonov, L. Bessonov, V. Guseva, E. Tsareva, Chistyakova.

In 1934, an important event of the country was a ski holiday, which was dedicated to the opening of the largest ski base and springboard in the country with a design capacity of 45-48 m in umbils near Sverdlovsky. 50 people took part in jumping competitions. The winners were: at a distance of 15 and 30 km - D. Vasilyev, 5 km - a student of the Moscow Institute of Physical Culture E. Jutkin, 10 km - M. Shestakova, on the jump - N. Ferkov, according to Sllyom - V. Glasson (slalom for Men was first included in the country's championship).

The championship of the country for Sllyom for Women was held for the first time in 1939 (champion - A. Bezonova), according to Sllyom-Giant for Men, in 1947 (Champion - V.Prevezhensky), for women in 1947 (champion - m . SemiMind), on high-speed descent for men - in 1937 (champion - V. Gimenorator), for women - in 1940 (champion - Taiga). Since then, the championship of the country by type of skiing began to be held annually.

In 1936, the first All-Union Competition of Kolkhoz skiers took place in Voronezh. The winner was the team of Karelia. In 1938, the first All-Union Colhoment Winter Games were held in Moscow, in which 283 skiers participated. Competition has passed with great success. The first place in the team competitions took the team of the Leningrad region. From this time, the collective farm holidays have become traditional.

In 1936, after organizing sports societies, the championship of individual CA DPOs and departments by type of skiing were carried out.
Period 1936-1941 It is characterized by the Yisviya level of sports achievements in races, ski jumps and two.

These years, such famous masters of sports, like V. Soft, grew up
B. Smirnov, P. Orlov, I. Bullochkin, A. Karpov * K. Kudryashev, I. Dementiev, 3. Bolotova, M. Pogyatova, etc.

In the 50s. In the ranks of the leading skiers, talented young people were joined: P. Kolchin, V. Baranov, N. Anikin, V. Kuzin, F. Terentyev, V. Butakov, A. Kuznetsov, A. Shelyukhin, V. Tsareva, A. Kolchchina, L. Baranova, R. Eroshina, M. Maslyannikova, M. Gusakova, K. Boyar, etc.
In 1934, the feast of the North took place in the Polar Murmansk, who later began to attract the strongest skiers of the country and soon there was a conversion to the competition of the Union, and then international importance. This holiday is held in the spring and how the winter season completes in the country.

Since 1962, every four years in 2 years before the Olympic Games hosts the Winter Garts of the Peoples of the USSR. This competition attracts up to 20 million participants.

Since 1969, in our country, the USSR Championship for certain types of skiing was held every year.

In the 60s. I. Voronchikhin, I. Wastobin, Vaganov, and at the end of this decade - V. Venenin, Kulakova, R. Achchina, A. Privalov, V. Milanin, A. Tikhonov, V. Mamatov, V. Gundarians, etc. In the late 60s. Sports achievements, skiers skiers have significantly increased, the density of the results has increased. In the first half of the 70s. The strongest group was replenished with Yu. Skobo-Vym, V. Vorontkov, F. Simashov, L. Mukhacheva, O, Olyunina; In the second half of the 70s. - S. Savelyev, I. Garanin, N. Barsukov, E. Belyaev, N. Bondareva, R. Smetanina, 3. Amosova, etc.

Competitions for supermaphonic distances (more than S0 km) began to be held in pre-revolutionary Russia. Under Soviet power, supermaphonic races took place in 1938 and 1939. (Yaroslavl-Moscow - 233 km). In the first winner, D. Vasilyev was - 18: 41.02, in the second - P. Orlov - 18: 40.19.

In 1940, a race per 100 km took place near Moscow. Won at 21 member A. Novikov - 8: 22.44.

Since 1961, a race at 70 km is held annually in Kirovsk, in which since 1963 he played the title of the USSR champion in the supermaphonic race. Since 1976, a similar title is played for women (30 km).

The traditional steelmapon races in Miass (Asia-Europe-Asia, 70 km), in Nizhny Tagil (Europe-Asia-Europe, 70 km), in Novokuznetsk (in memory of the heroes of Novokuznece, who died in the Great Patriotic War, 70 km). From 1972, the Department of Ski Sports, the HColifka annually holds the Round Lake race for 80 km, which attracts many skiers (skiers participate in more than 60 cities of the country).
International meetings in Soviet times resumed in 1928 Muscovites took the skiers of the Finnish working union.

In the same year, the Soviet skiers were invited to a competition to Norway, where for the first time and familiarized themselves with a four-star alternate move, which was subsequently widely distributed among our skiers.

In 1934, skiers of Sweden, Norway and Czechoslovakia participated in Sverdlovsk in the ski holiday.

In 1936, our skiers performed in the Finnish championship. This meeting was very useful, she served to revise the domestic ski equipment, the improvement of the ski equipment.

Special development international meetings received after the Great Patriotic War. Since 1948, our skiers began to participate in hollencollensky games, then in the Falun and Lakhta games, since 1951 - at the Universiaudes, since 1954 - in the world championships and since 1956 - in the Winter Olympics.

Since 1956, Soviet skiers regularly hold friendly meetings with foreign skiers in their homeland.

Since 1961, FIS has included Kavgol Games in his sports calendar who have become major official international competitions. These games are held in odd years in the intervals between the Winter Olympic Games and World Ski Championships.

Since 1961, the traditional ski competitions of friendly armies began, in which military personnel of the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR, Mongolia, Poland, Romania and the DPRK take part.

Mass skiing competitions were gained in a large development due to the introduction of the GTO complex. This event provided a tremendous coverage of youth skiing, as well as an adult population, millions of people began to engage in skiing and participate in competitions.

Since 1939, mass competitions that have been conducted by individual groups have grown into mass community, trade union and commercial trade union crossies, in which skiers of the entire district or city participated. The most numerous ski cross, dedicated to the XXIII anniversary of the Red Army, was conducted in 1941 and attracted 6,120,000 participants.
Multi-day ski transitions occupy a special place in the domestic history of skiing. They greatly contributed to the development of mass skiing, and in the post-revolutionary time they also served as a means of propaganda of political events held in the country. Attaching great importance to ski transitions, the party and the government awarded 38 participants of the USSR orders. The initiator of ski transitions was the Red Army. The participants were set up tasks to determine the Marsham regime, the physical capabilities of people, ski types for long-term transitions, shoes, clothing and equipment, and also carry out agitation for the development of mass skiing throughout the country.

The first transition was performed in 1923. In the future, the number of transitions grew every year. The British Agency Reuters called them "striking achievement." Narcar Defense K. E. Voroshilov, welcoming a group of participants in the transition, said: "I hope that your heroic transition will inspire new thousand fighters and commanders to combat mass skiing and new Soviet records." The call of the Commissar was picked up by various parts and compounds of the Red Army, and in 1934-1935. There were many wonderful transitions.

A special place in history is the transition of Bordernikov I. Popova, A. Shevchenko, K. Brazhnikova, A. Kulikova, V. Egorova. For 150 days, they passed 8,2 km from Baikal to Murmansk. Geographers attracted to the development of this route considered the transition is impracticable. There were some serious foundations. The Layage was to overcome the Baikal Range, cross Lena, Yenisei, Ob, go as deaf places in the harsh environments of the North. 22 nights participants spent in sleeping bags, 16 days moved along the compass. Changed several dogs and deer strokes, on which the necessary products were carried out, gear. But reached the target target.

After the war, ski transitions, including women, were further developed.
From the first days of Soviet power, measures were taken to create a material base for skiing. Already in 1923, 7 thousand pairs of skis were manufactured; In 1938 - 1860 thousand couples. Currently, in the country, more than 40 ski factories produce up to 5 million pairs of skis annually.

If in 1934 there was one comprehensive ski base in the country, then large skiing complexes of the allied meaning were created: for racing, jumps, federals in kyarik (Estonia) and ulitis (Urals); For all types of skiing on Sakhalin, Bakuri-Ani (Caucasus); for races and biathlon in Raubichi (Belarus) and Sumy (Ukraine); Mytishchinsky Biathlon Stadium (Moscow), Elbrus Ski Complex (Kabardino-Balkaria), Vorokhtsky and Slav-Sky Complexes (Ukraine), Krasnogorsk (Moscow) and Kavgolovsky (Leningrad) Travel Racing Stadiums; Created ski bases at CA DPO and departments. There are more than 100 ski jumps with a design capacity of more than 60 meters in the country. There are more than 5,000 mass use ski stations.

For the design of new sports facilities, the FizkultsportProject Institute was created, to develop new types and inventory models - All-Union Design and Technological and Experimental Design Institute of Sports and Tourist Products (Wiste).

Teaching and coaching and scientific frames began to prepare from the first years of Soviet power. Already in 1918, training courses of skiing instructors were organized. In 1920, the decree of V.I. Lenin in Moscow created the Institute of Physical Culture; At the same time, physical education courses in Petrograd, created by P. F. Lesgafet, are reorganized to the Institute of Physical Culture. The skiing departments in these institutes began to prepare frames for skiing for the whole country. Currently, the preparation of coaching personnel is engaged in 22 institutes and 2 branches of institutions, 89 faculties of physical education of pedagogical institutions and universities, 14 technical schools. In addition, all DPOs of trade unions and departments conduct training of community teacher and public judges.

Scientific shots, except for the departments of institutions, are preparing 2 Research Institute of Physical Culture and APU of the USSR. The country has prepared more than 130 candidates of science on the theory and methods of skiing.

Scientific and methodological literature began to be published since 1919. Currently, a large number of special literature is published. Over the period from 1970 to 1977, over 2 thousand articles were published and more than 100 benefits and programs were published. Methodical literature is published in the Union republics, and as a rule in their native language.

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