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Federal Agency for Education of the Russian Federation

Tomsk State University of State Architectural and Construction

Department "Design of the architectural environment"

ESSAY on this topic:

Design of sports facilities

Performed

art G.536

Harmash I.A.

Checked

Levchenko I.I.

Introduction

Fitness (eng. Fitness, from the verb "to fit" - correspond, be in good shape) - in a broader sense, this is the general physical fitness of the human body.

Physical preparedness consists of the following elements:

preparedness of the cardiovascular system;

flexibility;

muscular endurance;

power;

the development of a sense of equilibrium;

good coordination of movements;

rapidity;

the ratio of muscle and adipose tissues in the body.

In biology, the term "fitness" means the individual perfection of the individual, expressed in the success of the transfer of genetic information to descendants. Biological fitness is defined both congenital individual characteristics and its physical condition and behavioral features in specific environmental conditions.

In the narrow sense, the fitness is a health technique that allows you to change the shape of the body and its weight and for a long time to fix the result achieved.

Fitness is a whole science of a healthy lifestyle, helping to work out availability to organize your activities in a non-permanent, volatile world. This is a way of life aimed at improving the well-being and physical condition of a person. The system "fitness" originated in America. This word from English can be translated as "to be in the form", "match the form". The concept of "form" is currently taken to consider not only as a physical condition of the body, but also as a state of health as a whole, the level of physical activity, the system of nutrition, useful habits. There was a fitness in counterweight to a huge number. sitting work and hypodynamines. In a modern understanding, the fitness took shape not so long ago and necessarily includes physical culture and amateur sports, implies special attention to the supply regime and food quality, rejection of bad habits. Fitness classes, as a rule, radically change the representation of a person about their purpose in life, make it possible to make their lives healthy, full and interesting. Many often begin to do fitness with one goal - to lose weight. And having acquainted closer with this system, they understand that fitness is a real philosophy of life. It is not only the removal of fatigue, stress, voltage, it is to maintain the form and the right way to a great mood.

Sport design Constructions

Construction of sports facilities is a separate direction in the work of construction companies, which is today special attention. After all, every new construction is not just walls and platforms, it is excellent designed buildings equipped with the entire most modern technique. That is why it is so important today design of sports facilities.

Modern sports facility, this is a complex "body" in which the most complicated processes are intertwined and at the same time, continuous work on sports achievements and improving the nation. But in parallel with this, complex engineering and engineering systems, help "people of sports" to seek victories as in the district championships and olympiads, and just feel better, doing a favorite sport.

A full-fledged sports facility is more than just a building or playground. This is a meeting place for people - association of like-minded people, inspiration of communities of athletes and fans, creating an atmosphere of communication. This is a union of thoughtful concept, planning, technology and design. Understanding this is the key to creating a successful project.

In our country, they were always treated with respect, but recently he has become fashionable with all the consequences with all the consequences. The sports industry is developing tirelessly, producing a large number of new materials, technological solutions. It is worth noting the increasing demands not only to the high functional and strength characteristics of structures, but also to design (design). The following groups of sports facilities can be distinguished:

Universal playgrounds

Volleyball and basketball courts

Tennis courts

Golf and mini-golf courses

Tires and other facilities for shooting

Gyms

Sports platforms

Each of the groups has its own features when designing and building, but here it does not make sense to describe them, because They depend on both the specific type of terrain and the project. It is important to determine the type of construction and from a variety of projects provided and materials to choose exactly those that are ideal for a specific project. For example, the use of lungs metal structures Allows you to give any geometric shape and flood facilities. On the other hand, if the basic idea is the proximity of nature, then almost the same designs can be erected using rustic arches, which are quite durable and give extra opportunities for designer thought.

Today sport is an integral part of our life. Both sports events of the world and state-owned, and competitions and training, in which we can take direct participation with you, are becoming increasingly popular every day. That is why the mass construction of sports facilities today is one of the most significant areas of activity of various construction organizations.

However, the need for the construction of sports facilities is still quite high. After all, the main criteria for such premises are not so much the speed of construction, how much quality, reliability, durability and functionality. Sports facilities must be a rather complicated object, where, along with habitual and durable construction materials, complex engineering systems should be used. Also do not forget about such a component of construction, as the cost of the project. And naturally, what it is below, the better it is.

Universal sites. The main advantage of such a plane structure is universality, i.e. The combination of several playing fields: volleyball, basketball, mini-football, badminton, tennis court, as well as different combinations.

Tennis courts. Now tennis is not just a sport, but the element of prestige and style. In addition, the attachment to the game in tennis is observed both in commized citizens and in people with small income. Therefore, the relevance of this building is justified. On the tennis courts Not only play, but also concludes transactions and, therefore, the courts must fit quite high. The Eurocort with dimensions of 36x18 is suitable for very advanced tennis players, and for most middle-level tennis players, the Court 34x17 is quite convenient or even 32x16. Less court is not recommended to build, because Over time, players will feel certain inconveniences from the game on such a court.

Cardio theater systems

Cardiovascular classes are very popular, but somewhat monotonous. In order to make the necessary variety and somehow take attention, the simulators in the cardiosis are placed, orienting them in one direction, creating a row, taking into account the location of those engaged in such a way that everyone has a clearly visible series or a group of telemonomotors installed or under the ceiling, or on the wall. Such a location, apparently caused the Association with the theater and gave rise to the name itself - a cardiotheater.

Attention! Important aspects of the design of cardiosis!

The location of the monitors is the most important aspect when designing cardiosis. It is important to take into account not only the height of the suspension of monitors, but also how many monitors with a certain comfort can be viewed each involuntary. When building a system with collective monitors, it is extremely desirable to preview from one place at least two-three monitors, only in this case the cardiotheater system fully reveals its potential. In this regard, it is obvious that the best decisions are where monitors make up a wall or strip with minimal intervals between them.

Also, each simulator needs to stretch cables from the rack with equipment.

FROMspotlights

The location of sports halls in the city depends on their appointment (whether they have a universal character or are intended only for sports) and from the sports traditions of the country, region or city. It is necessary to provide convenient transport links, sufficient area for car parking, convenient connection with other sports facilities.

Purpose of the hall: if possible, universal (multipurpose).

Dimensions and shape of the hall. The size of the hall depends on the value gaming field. The gaming field of 20 x 40 m is needed by the day of the following games: hockey on rollers, hockey, handball, tennis, basketball, volleyball, badminton, volleyball and bike polo.

The field of such sizes is also suitable for figure skating, table tennis, boxing, struggle, fencing, judo, weightlifting, as well as some athletics disciplines (nucleus pushing, length jumps, height and height with sixth) and gymnastic exercises.

The height of the hall depending on its size can be in the light of 7 - 15 m. The overlap of the hall most often has an arched outline with an arc climb in the zone maximum height Flight ball.

There should be no intermediate internal columns in the hall. In the middle transverse axis, a unobstructed overview of the entire playing field should be provided.

Natural and artificial lighting. Uniform illumination is required, characterized by the E Min / E ratio, according to DIN 5034 standards ("Natural Lighting"); For all types of games with the ball requires soft lighting. Illumination of places for viewers should be less so that the playing field is highlighted. Good overall lighting (150 - 200 LC) for boxing competitions, wrestling, gymnastics, table tennis, fencing, etc. It should be complemented by local directional lighting (Fig. 1).

Technical equipment (Fig. 2). For competitions, seats for viewers should be provided with separate passages to them. Mobile stands for viewers can be built into the wall niches. It is advisable to provide in the middle of the hall, opposite the stand for the audience, the scoreboard indicating the time, microphone and lighting panel.

Fig. 3 - big and small sport halls With Darmstadt High Technical School: 1 - shealing; 2 - Small Hall; 3-male dressing; 4-worst; 5 - lobby; 6 - teacher room; 7 - dressing for boys; 8 - chronimale, 9 - storage of sports costumes; 10-Machine compartment; 11 - storage of balls; 12 - storage of cleaning inventory; 13 - Large Hall

Halls for sports games and gymnastics are placed in removal from the main streets and industrial enterprises (Fig. 3). The direction of the longitudinal axis of the hall - from the east to the west. The walls of the hall must be smooth, without protrusions and niches; The surface of the walls is durable, bright and easily cleaned. The wall covering should be effective in acoustic terms, the reverberation time should not exceed 1.8 s. The hall of the hall can not be placed on the ends; Placing doors in the middle axis on which the gate is located for a number of sports games is not allowed. Doors in the locked state must be flush with the wall (door devices are lying in the canvas).

For portable gymnastic shells, it should be provided for fastening and storage sites (for crossbars, ropes, rings, swedish walls, Basketball rings should be fasteners in the floor, beams for suspension, etc.). The axes of shells must be perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the hall:

a) the axis of racks for rings takes place in the middle of the hall;

b) the axis of the crossbar - at a distance of 6 m from the end wall, opposite to the input; axis rope -on distance 4-5 m from the end of the hall.

The area of \u200b\u200bwindows should be 1/5 of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe wall surface. Sports chairs should have natural lighting, but not blinding (sunscreen visors, blinds should be provided); The device is not allowed to be a wide interconnectic contemporary, which cause sharp contrasts in the lighting intensity. Glazing should be performed from unbreakable glass up to a height of 3.5 m from the floor level. Window sills at the height? 2.2 m can be arranged only on one longitudinal side of the hall.

In premises for physical education, the windows area should be? 1/3 of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe walls of the walls.

Calculated temperature: in the hall 12-15 ° C: in the utility rooms 18-22 ° C.

The scheme of the interpordability of the rooms in the gymnastic hall of the average value.

Installing temporary seats to sit the audience in indoor sports facilities should exclude the possibility of tipping or drive.

In addition to SNIP II-4-79, it is allowed to design without natural light: the premises, the placement of which is allowed in the basement; Sports and demonstration and sports and spectacular halls and rollers; Instructive rooms I. coaching compositions; Premises of massage, parry, as well as room baths of dry heat; Rooms for parking machines, buffets and other similar rooms and premises.

In rooms with wet and wet modes, the niche device in the outer walls for the placement of heating devices is not allowed. The exhaust ventilation system from sanitary nodes and smoking is allowed to be combined with the exhaust ventilation system from shower.

The removal of air from the harvesters, with the exception of the halls of the pools, should, as a rule, it should be provided for exhaust systems with natural motivation.

In small settlements, residential areas and in the countryside, sports halls without places for viewers or at their number are not more than 100, it is allowed to design with natural supply and exhaust ventilation with the provision of a single air exchange per hour.

The list of premises of public buildings, the placement of which is allowed in the basements and ground floors

Basement floors

Boiler; pumping water supply and sewage; Ventilation and air conditioning chambers; control nodes and other rooms for installation and management of engineering and technological equipment of buildings; Machine branch of elevators.

The lobby in the device exit from it through the first floor; Wardrobe, restrooms, washbasins, showers; smoking; divisory; Cabins of women's hygiene.

Storeroom and storage facilities (except premises for storing flammable and combustible liquids).

Tires for pool shooting; Sports rooms and premises of training and physical education recreational activities (without a tribune for viewers); Ski storage premises; Billiards; Rooms for playing table tennis, bowlbany.

Ground floor

All the premises, the placement of which is allowed in the basements.

Bureau of Pass, reference, registries, savings and other cash registers; Transport agencies; premises of patient statements; Central linens.

Service and office premises.

Pools, covered rollers with artificial Ice. without tribunes for viewers.

At least two evacuation exits must have basement and basement floors at an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 300 sq.m. or intended for simultaneous stay of more than 15 people.

Volume-planning and design solutions for buildings and structures

General requirements

Sports chairs and rollers depending on the destination can be: specialized or universal; with places for viewers or without them; Sports and demonstration and sports and spectacular. The assignment of the hall (roller) is determined in the design task

Sports and demonstration and sport-spectacular halls and rollers are designed, as a rule, universal: with the arena transformable for alternate competitions in several sports or several types of cultural and spectacular or public events.

Places for viewers

In facilities intended for the competition, there are places for viewers in the form of a tribune or balconies, and in sports and spectacular halls and rinks - both in the form of a parquet.

Tribunes for viewers are designed, as a rule, in stationary structures with seating places; In some cases, transformable or collapsible tribunes are used. Based on the above, the application of the following types of transformable tribunes can be recommended:

bench - tribunes consisting of spreading sections of a telescopic type;

parter-tribune type tribunes.

Both types of such tribune have a limited number of rows (as a rule, within 8-10 for seating), and their use in each individual case is determined by the specific nature of their use.

Tribune-Berble, in the form of advanced sections, has a strictly fixed location (it is attached to the walls of the hall or to the stationary stand with raised over the arena first side) and therefore may have limited use. By extending various numbers of individual sections, it is possible to change the capacity of this tribune, which can have a practical value during the operation of the structure.

Parytribune has great advantage Compared to Beders, as it is mounted on a mobile platform, it can easily move in any direction by the arena, providing the required project to its transformation, due to the changing angle of inclination of the parquet, can be used as a regular flat parter, which is very important when transformation of the arena For cultural and spectacular and public events (rally, concert, etc.), when the parquet is required.

To ensure the visual perception of what is happening in the arena at the location of the audience on the balcony, it is recommended to post one row of seats and one on it - for standing at the rate of 9 viewers on 2 m balconies. The balcony is arranged, as a rule, along the longitudinal walls of the hall and it is desirable that the projection of the balcony turns out to be outside the arena; The balcony should also not interfere with the placement of sports equipment under it.

Sizes of places in the stands:

the depth of the row on stationary tribunes is 0.8-0.9 m (on the bellows it is allowed to reduce to 0.75 m);

width of the seat for seating - 0.45 m;

the depth of seating on stationary stands - 0.4 m (on the Berlees is allowed to be reduced to 0.35 m);

seat height above the floor level of the passage - 0.43 m.

Auxiliary premises

The wardrobe is usually not located and a separate room, but combines with the lobby. In the same rare cases when it is placed in a separate room, a free band of 0.03 m 2 is provided in front of the dressing barrier (along it) to one place in the dressing room, but the bandwidth should not be less than 1 m. Dressing depth behind the barrier It is planned not more than 6 m.

The upper clothing of employees is stored, as a rule, at the workplace and in the calculation of the dressing room for engaged in (or viewers) is not taken into account. With the number of employees of 40 people. And more for their outerwear, there are places that can be placed in the total dressing room; In these cases, the number of places is determined in relation to a staffing schedule and is specified in the design task (Fig. 4, 5).

Fig. 4 - examples of plans for the placement of equipment in the premises of medical and recovery centers (M): A - Cabinet of the doctor (head of the center); b - the cabinet of electrical and crystolation; in - shower hall; g - underwater soul massage; D - Cabinet for tests with exercise; E - procedural. 1 - doctor's desk; 2 - electrocardiograph; 3 - spirograph; 4-Summary couch; 5 - cyergometer; 6 - medical cabinet; 7 - phonograph; 8 - a couch for electric and crystolation; 9 - ultraviolet irradiator; 10 - Light factory; 11 - apparatus for UHF therapy; 12 - apparatus for ultrasound therapy; 13 - apparatus for electrostimulation of the mouse; 14 - ultraviolet shortwave emitter; 15 - apparatus for treatment with diadynamic currents; 16 - machine for magnetotherapy; 17 - Drying and exhaust cabinet; 18 - boiler-sterilizer; 19 - water control panel; 20 - circular shower; 21 - rain shower; 22 - ascending souls; 23 - hygienic shower; 24 - underwater soul bath; 25 - apparatus for underwater soul massage; 26 - refrigeration cabinet; 27 - Table Tool; 28 - shirma portable

Fig. 5 - examples of blocking the premises of the medical and recovery center (M): A - diagram of the waterproof unit of the medical and recovery center; B - block diagram of the "dry" premises of the medical and recovery center. 1 - shower room; 2 - underwater souls-massage; 3 - dressing room; 4 - dry heat bath chamber; 5 - shower with bathtub; 6 - Restroom; 7 - staff room; 8 - pantry; 9 - Cabinet of the doctor (head of the center); 10 - procedural; 11 - massage; 12 -bet for testing tests with exercise; 13 - Cabinet electric and crystolation; 14 - Placement for gasket processing

Daylight

Light openings along the walls or ceiling to ensure the best uniformity of the lighting, it is recommended to take tape; With double-sided lateral lighting, light openings are recommended to be uniformly along each of the walls based on the condition that the area of \u200b\u200blight openings in opposite walls may vary not more than twice (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6 - an example of calculating the natural lighting of the hall in the combination of lateral lighting with the top

If it is impossible to provide the necessary (calculated) side lighting area, it is planned to combine it with the top; In this case, the light opening of the upper lighting is placed only over the part of the floor of the hall, the lighting of which is not provided by side lighting openings.

In sports halls and choreographic classes, the orientation of light openings with one-sided lateral lighting is recommended to be taken in areas north of 48 ° north latitude, as a rule, to the southeast, and in areas of south of 48 ° Northern latitude - northeast.

With the device of light opening of lateral lighting from two or more sides, the wall with the largest area of \u200b\u200bopenings should be focused in areas of north of 48 ° Northern latitude of the southeast, and in areas of south of 48 ° Northern latitude - north. In the halls of rollers with artificial ice, regardless of the area of \u200b\u200bplacement, the orientation of the light opening of one-sided lateral lighting should be taken to the north.

Protective measures from the blinding action of sunlight should be provided in cases where light openings turn out to be in the ends of the game field or are placed opposite the stationary stands for the audience.

Name of premises	Square of light openings from the floor area,%
Cabinet Doctor, First Medical Care Rooms, Procedural Cabins and Recreational Rooms in Medical Relationship Centers, Massage
Class class (Methodical Cabinet)
Workshops
Office rooms for administrative and engineering staff, fire posts, drying room sportswear and shoes , storage premises, issuing and drying rolling boots with skates , sports equipment and furniture warehouses , household stores

Premises for physical well-recreational activities

The rooms and halls for physical education and recreation activities (with auxiliary premises for their service) can be placed in separate buildings of physical culture and recovery, to enter the composition of sports buildings, as well as to be attached and built into another destination buildings (including residential buildings ).

Sample sizes and capacity capacity and halls for different species Physical and recreation activities.

Types of classes	Sizes, M.	The smallest height to the bottom	Throughput, people
			stepping ceiling designs, m
1. Group classes in general physical training (including games with the ball)
2. Rhythmic gymnastics, choreography, women's wellness gymnastics
3. Table tennis (on 1 table)
4. Elements of struggle
5. Classes using simulators and shells for the development of force and endurance	At the rate of 4.5 m 2 on each type of equipment or projectile, but not less than 25 m 2		1 for each unit of equipment or projectile

In the built-in premises and during the reconstruction of existing premises is allowed:

the change in the size given to this table, but so that the hall area would be at least 140 m 2, while the bandwidth is taken at the rate of 11 m 2 per engaged;

reduction of height to 4.2 m.

In the absence of a hall in the building for a common physical training or other premises that allow you to carry out workouts before class on the simulators, the area of \u200b\u200bthe room with simulators is taken at the rate of 6 m 2 per each simulator (projectile), but not less than 70 m 2 (on the premises embedded in residential buildings, the preceded condition does not apply ).

The width of the room is at least 3 m.

In the embedded premises and during the reconstruction of existing premises, the height with the corresponding sports and technological justification can decrease to the height of the floor of the building.

Note. In cases where the conduct of physical recovery classes specified in this table is provided for in the project in sports halls or indoors, the size of which exceeds the bandwidth for these classes is taken by 25 people. (one group).

In rooms and halls where games with the ball are held, protective devices are provided on windows and lighting devices. In order to protect against injuries, the inner surface of the walls is provided for without protrusions and niches, and in the presence of the latter, it is recommended to place sports equipment or heating devices that close the screens so that their surface is flush with the wall.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe lobby and the dressing room of the outerwear for engaged is determined by PP. 3.49 and 3.50 of this manual, bearing in mind that the lobby area is taken at least 12 m 2, and the area behind the wardrobe barrier is at least 6 m 2.

When places for physical education and recreation sessions for storing portable equipment and inventory, inventory are envisaged. When premises for group classes in general physical training (including games with the ball), the inventory area is recommended 18 m 2 (63 m), and at a size of 189 m - 15 m 2 (62.5 m).

In the case of applied in these premises of the used transformed equipment, as well as with the rest of the premises shown in Table. 18 (except for table tennis), an inventory area recommended 8 m 2.

The presence of the premises of the medical and recovery center allows them to be used by the population based on paid services, and therefore, with a surrounding planning solution, it is advisable to take into account the possibility of autonomous use of the premises of the Center for the population with a convenient connection with the rest of the main and auxiliary premises.

Direct natural lighting is provided in all the main premises for physical education and occupational classes and maybe as a rule, side (one-sided or bilateral). The calculated area of \u200b\u200blight openings is taken within 12-17% of the floor area.

Light openings along the walls to ensure uniformity of lighting are recommended to be tape. In the device of bilateral lighting, it should be borne in mind that the area of \u200b\u200blight openings in opposite walls may vary not more than twice.

Examples of schemes of plans for the placement of equipment in the premises for physical education and recreation activities

In fig. 7-12 shows examples of schemes of plans for various types of physical recovery classes with the placement of the necessary equipment.

In rooms with dimensions of 2412 m and 1812 m (see Fig. 7), the conducting exercise exercises is envisaged on the space free from gymnastic equipment using simulators and gymnastic walls.

In rooms for group classes, elements of the struggle (see Fig. 8) walls adjacent to the mats laid on the floor should have a soft upholstery.

For rhythmic gymnastics, choreography and women's healing gymnastics, the premises of 1212 m, shown in Fig. 9 arr. 3 of this manual. In fig. 3 of this Annex is a plan for premises for these minimum size. The platform for a coach can be provided for portable or wiping (folding), and mirrors and choreographic machines are installed stationary.

In fig. 7-9 shows the schemes of plans for the design of equipment in premises with simulators for the development of various physical qualities. At the same time in fig. 7 and 8 in the same premises are installed various simulators in the composition.

Fig. 7 - Road Plans Schemes with dimensions of 2412 m and 1812 m for group classes for general physical training on a pretty transformable gymnastics and simulators (sizes in centimeters)

Fig. 8 - schemes of plans of rooms with dimensions of 159 m and 129 m for group classes of struggle elements (sizes in centimeters)

Fig. 9 - scheme of the plan size of 99 m for group classes rhythmic gymnastics, choreography and female health gymnastics (Sizes in centimeters)

Fig. 10 - plans for rooms with dimensions 1212 m and 129 m with arrangement of simulators (sizes in centimeters)

Figure 11 - Plan of room size 99 m with an arrangement of simulators in it (sizes in centimeters)

Fig. 12 - Plan of room size 99 m with an arrangement of simulators from cap-2 set (sizes in centimeters)

Indoornitkeeper center in Krylatsky

The main objective of the design of the CCC was the creation of an artificial ice field, which makes it possible to conduct year-round training of skater athletes at the level of higher world requirements, as well as to conduct competitions up to the world championships or Olympic Games on speed running skating. The indoor skating center (CCC) in Krylatsky is the first indoor rink with a 400-meter running ice track. KKTS - 2-6-storey semicircular form building in terms of. This form made a possible device of the main tribune for 6000 spectators from the most spectacular side - at the finish. The coating coating over the arena and the tribunes (117 m in the radial direction) is decided in the form of two rows of fan-forming diverging vesaryetallic farms based on the reinforced concrete barrel of the main support, to reinforced concrete columns around the perimeter and suspended with steel guys to the L-shaped pylon (total height 70 m ) With the exhaust to the foundation. The facades are lined with the cassettes "AluCobond" silver color and panels from minister of white. Sheds over the galleries from the polycarbonate of three shades of blue.

Ice Palace Sports on the Khodajan field

The Ice Palace of Sport is located in a significant place of the Khoda Field: On the one hand, it completes the left flank of the extended panorama of the construction of the parter part in the south, and on the other, it closes the perspective of the runway in the east. The volume and spatial solution of the building of the Ice Palace logically follows from the general town-planning solution of the quarter - the passages to it across the quarter are picked up with wide ramps, spirally slimming cylinder (diameter of 120 meters and a height of more than 40 meters) of the main volume of the palace building and raising viewers to the upper levels, where, Starting from the second floor, the lobby and lobby are designed. The direction of movement of the inlet ramps is repeated by light-resistant canopies over them, in turn, turning into a canopy of the roof of the building. The main building has 9 aboveground floors and basement, the Ice Palace is designed for training activities and holding hockey competitions, figure skating, in other sports (basketball, boxing, tennis, gymnastics), as well as for spending presences.

Multifunctional sports and entertainment complex with apartments "Yacht City" (Nikolay Lyzlov). The plot settled under the construction of a multifunctional sports and entertainment complex with apartments is located between the Leningrad highway and the shore of the Khimkin reservoir, the north of the territory of the "Swan" microdistrict. The plot goes directly to the banks of the reservoir, in connection with which the construction of the embankment is supposed. The area of \u200b\u200bthe site is 1.618 hectares. Staed to the building is supposed to be organized with the Leningrad highway. The comfortable territory of the complex is descended by a cascade of three ledges from the construction line of the Leningrad highway to the shore of the Khimki reservoir, and continues the harbor structures to small sports and pleasure vessels. The main part of the well-maintained area is located over the underground garage-parking facilities. Improvement of the territory provides for the landing of a large number of plants, not only at the level of the earth's surface, but also on the roofing of buildings. Guest parking is located at 60 vehicles, in the underground level of the construction of a parking lot at 600 vehicles.

The projected multifunctional sports and entertainment complex consists of three separate buildings of the combined single base of the underground part. In the underground part of the structure numbering two levels, the garage is located, divided into three fire fighting blocks, for two hundred cars in each.

The most extended from the buildings is the "1" housing - has a variable number (8 - 13 floors). The first and basements of the building occupy the vestibular groups of apartments. The part of the building, overlooking the reservoir, includes a spa room, fitness club with pools, a children's entertainment center, restaurant, snack bars and fruit bars. Above - through the technical floor there are apartments with a flat layout.

Over the floors of the apartments, there are five two-storey penthouses on the roof of the building.

The main functional filling of the "2" housing of the designed complex is the premises of the hotel per 100 rooms.

The first floor of the building is occupied by the premises of technical purposes and trade, on the second floor there are auxiliary and restaurant hotels, on the third - fifth floors, hotel rooms.

The "3" housing consists of eight challenged three-storey townhouses. The first floors are engaged in lobby groups, above - residential premises.

Water exiting, the western part of the first floors of the complex will be filled with the premises of the fitness center.

The main ("1") body of the structure will not be completely built up the first floor, remaining transparent for human flows moving along the reservoir coast.

Sports complex of the tennis center on the Leningrad highway. (Vladimir Potkun). The location of the complex in the water-powder zone of the Khimkin reservoir caused the nature of the design decision, which suggests minimizing the visual impact on the environment. The 4-level building of the tennis center is bundled to the ground, leaving the surface of the exploited green roof having a small slope.

Studentd.ospecting Centerw.niversitate Cincinnati

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Neelov V.A. Civil buildings. VS, 1987.

2. Architecture of civil and industrial buildings. Civil buildings. Stroyzdat. 1993.

3. Maklakova T.G. Architecture of the twentieth century: Tutorial for the university. 2001.

4. Snip 2.08.02-89 (public buildings).

5. Appendix K SNiP 2.08.02-89 Sports facilities.

6. http://architektonika.ru/

7. http://archi.ru/

8. http://www.id4.ru/

9. http://www.archip.ru/ru/

10. http://wikipedia.tomsk.ru/

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Design and construction of buildings, structures and their complexes. The role of the effectiveness of the use of land in urban planning. Designing a residential building in Murom. List of main premises. Constructive building circuit. Surround-planning solution.

coursework, added 07/24/2011

Project of buildings and facilities of nuclear power plants with the VVER-500 reactor with four power units. Object and hydrometeorological construction conditions. Source-planning and design scheme of the framework of the main building of the NPP, the General Plan; Effective investment.

course work, added 01.03.2012

The purpose and types of technical examination. Conducting measurement work, determination of the actual size of buildings, structures, indoor rooms. Measurement of position and deflection deviations horizontal structures. Methods for monitoring the strength of structures.

Sports facilities

Name of parameter	Value
Theme of article:	Sports facilities
Rubric (thematic category)	Sport

Methods, types and design stages

Design methods:

Constructive design. The design of sports facilities begin with a choice of a constructive scheme, i.e., from the definition of the ratio of horizontal and vertical elements of the future structures determined by the purpose, the volume and layout of the object.

After selecting the scheme, a feasibility of a constructive solution is produced. Its criterion is the cost of one square, cubic or route meter. When calculating, the consumption of building materials, labor costs, the degree of collection and the factory readiness of the structures, their fire resistance, etc., the method of erection of the structure depends on the choice of a constructive solution, the choice of this method and its rationale.

Constructive design leads taking into account the patterns of architectural composition, determined by functional, technical and economic, aesthetic and constructive requirements. At the same time, the design standards must be taken into account. Constructive design involves the use of artistic techniques and composite tools, such as the construction of the structure on plane and volumetric elements, compliance with the scale, proportions, rhythm, contrast, and the main and private, harmonic consistency ratios and mainly conformity.

Types of projects:

There are typical, experimental and individual design.

Typical called the project, approved in the prescribed manner and intended for repeated use. The durability of the application of this or that typical project of the BP is depends on the set of factors, the main of which arise as a result of new scientific and technical achievements. Upgrading technology, the application of new constructive and architectural and aesthetic principles, the emergence of new materials, mastering new construction methods, finally, modern pedagogical requirements and expansion of methodological capabilities, new forms of organization of the educational process - this is not a complete list of factors influencing the vitality of a typical project of sports facilities .

In our country, the buildings of schools are building according to standard projects approved by the Gosstroke and the Ministry of Education. The typical design of a group of sports premises under schools in the entire schools is within the approved standards and requirements for SNIPA for schools and boarding schools. At school (depending on the number of students), it includes the construction of a model, sports hall, determined by the number of sports fields. Sports of schools should be commissioned simultaneously with all the groups of school buildings. By September 1, the newly under construction school buildings are surrendered, and the necessary nearests for the next year are implemented from September to December. Typical projects Calculated precisely on such construction terms.

Experimental design is carried out in order to determine the most rational type of sports facility. After an experienced verification of the experimental object and confirmation of the effectiveness of its use, such a project is approved as typical.

Individual project Create for the construction of one sports facility. It is usually extremely important to include an individual project is dictated by the peculiarities of local conditions or special objectives and purpose of this object. Example: a single center for the preparation of the Olympic team of the country water species Sports "conceived as a Palace of Water Sports͵ in which you can conduct swimming competitions, jumping into water and water polo, built in Minsk according to an individual project. It takes into account previously constructed and reconstructed objects, as well as newly elevated sports facilities.

Design Stages:

Technical documentation consisting of drawings, calculating and explanatory note and estimates are called a sports facility project.

The drawings give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe volume-planning and constructive solving construction. Consolidated estimates, estimates for certain types of work and objects determine the cost of the Sports Construction.

The initial document for construction is the design task approved by a funding organization. This task is the basis of the future project. In his preparation, a specialist in physical education should be involved.

In the design task justify: contingent and the number of engaged in; List of structures and their bandwidth; Approximate calculation of the area of \u200b\u200bthe site for construction (including areas for lexing, passages, passages, etc.); Economic indicators of the cost of design and construction. Feasibility study is especially important when preparing a task for the design of a major sports facility. It should be considered issues of profitability of facilities during operation.

The calculation and explanatory note contains a description of the architectural and planning and constructive solution, as well as the necessary calculations and indicators.

The approved task is a document on which the urban (district) executive committee on the submission of Rono (for school sports zones and buildings), architectural and planning management (APU) of the city or the chief architect Pomelka will assign a plot for construction. After that, the APA issues an architectural and planning task (PRS), which formulates the requirements for the object (floors, the finish of the facade, the level of improvement, etc.).

Task for design and apartments After coordination with the Sanice and the Office of Fire Protection, the necessary documents on which design organizations determine the amount of work.

The Customer and the Design Organization conclude an agreement establishing financial and legal responsibility and the defining time and the cost of designing stages.

After receiving the task to design, the documentation is being developed in two stages: the first is the development of a technical project with estimated documentation, the second is the manufacture of work drawings. It is allowed to create a technoverwork project immediately. But it is resorted only when designing small in the volume of sports facilities (individual playgrounds, simplest rooms for exercise).

There are common drawings performed in the form of plans and cuts, and detailed - with the indication of all parts and elements, their conjugations, it is extremely important to the specification. The drawings of the technical project depict flood plans, cutting: and facades, the master plan of the site, and the work drawings are additionally given plans for the foundations, section plans for overlapping and roofs, walls, drawings of non-standard details of Len and knots, plans of heating, ventilation, water supply plans, water supply , sewage, electrical displacement, gasification, bodiesphonization and radio, as well as the alignment of all-established and fixed educational equipment and sports equipment. All items and nodes indicate the current directories of unified elements for construction.

Sports facilities - concept and types. Classification and features of the category of "sports facilities" 2017, 2018.

The purpose of the lecture: Familiarize students with general hygienic requirements for the design, construction and operation of sports facilities.

presentation of material

One of the conditions for the effective and safe implementation of any person's activities is a certain and sufficiently material and technical support, creating favorable and required conditions To implement this activity. The effective achievement of high sports results is embodied using the use of special sports facilities.

Athletic facilities - these are specialized buildings that ensure the conduct of mass health physical culture, training work and sports Competition.

Sports facilities are divided into main, auxiliary and for viewers. Major facilities are intended directly for healthcare activities with physical culture and sports, auxiliary - for servicing individuals engaged in physical education and sports, and participants of the competition (Wardriges, showers, massage, bathrooms, jet rooms, premises for administrative, economic, engineering services ). Buildings for viewers include tribunes, pavilions, lobby, buffets, bathrooms.

The main facilities are distinguished by a large variety of forms and sizes, which is due, first of all, with specific types of physical education and sports activities. Constructive and volume and planned solutions of structures are significantly affected by economic and natural factors.

In the prevalence, two groups of main structures are distinguished: what not dependent on local conditions Universally placed (sports halls, baths of pools, fields and playgrounds), and facilities, the presence of which depends on local conditions - natural, economic, sports traditions (buildings for water, mountain, winter species Sports, equestrian sports, cycloshes T.P., as well as large demonstration objects).

All facilities are divided into two groups: open (in air) and closed (premises). Open structures are seasonal: summer and winter. Summer includes buildings with sports nuclei for athletics and football: fields and sites for mobile and sports games (basketball, volleyball, tennis, football, etc., special and general physical training), for certain types of athletics (jumps, throwing, pushing nucleus), horseback roller skating, skateboard; tracks and tracks for running, walking, equestrian sports, cycling, athletics and cycling systems; equipped routes for walking, equestrian movement, cycle and water tourism; Artificial trails for ski, skiing - springboard with artificial coating for ski jumps; cyclosure; Tires and shooting for pool shooting and short-row-hunting stands; Equipped areas of natural reservoirs for sports and wellness swimming and bathing, rowing varieties, sailing Sport, water slalom, water impact and the like; open baths with heated or without heating water for sports and wellness swimming and bathing, water polo, jumping in water, etc.; Artificial canals for rowing and water slalom and the like.

The winter open structures include fields and areas with natural or artificial ice for mass and figure skating, hockey with a ball, kerling and the like; Tracks with natural or artificial ice for high-speed skating; Trails for ski, ski, sunny sports, biathlon and the like; Ski jumps on skis; Artificial trails for Sunny Sport and Bobsley; Equipped areas of water management and routes for ski tourism and the like.

A significant part of open buildings is alternately used for various types of classes, depending on the season, the day of what is required to change the coating of structures.

By the nature of the use of the main structures are divided into specialized, That is, intended solely for one or more related sports, its universal - alternately used in day and weekly cycles using the transformation of equipment for the occupation of several sports.

In terms of application, basic structures can be divided into training and demonstration - Sports designed mainly for competitions. Depending on the scale of sports facilities in the city distinguish microdistrict, district, interdistrict, citywide, national and international ones. In addition to general territorial, there are sports facilities in educational institutions (schools, universities, etc.), recreation camps, sanatoriums and recreation homes, departmental and private sports facilities.

Hygienic requirements for all sports facilities, regardless of the type, the following elements are normalized:

Location of sports facilities within the settlement;

Orientation of sports facilities;

Transport accessibility;

Planning;

Environmental condition (air, water, pound)

The nature of landscaping and the area of \u200b\u200bgreen plantings;

Noise intensity level;

Microclimate of sports facilities (relative temperature and humidity, air speed).

A sports facility is a specialized building, which ensures the conduct of mass health physical culture, training work and sports competitions ( Slide 2.).

Sports facilities are divided into maintenance, auxiliary and constructions for spectators.

Major structures are intended directly for physical culture and sports, auxiliary - for servicing engaged in and competitors. These include wardrobes, showers, massage, baths, judicial rooms, premises for the placement of various services. Constructions for viewers include tribunes, pavilions, lobby, buffets, bathrooms ( Slide 3. ).

Depending on the functional purpose allocate individual (for one sport) ( Slide 4. ) I. complex structures (several structures combined geographically) ( Slide 5. ). A school sports field also includes a school sports field, which also has a school sports core with benches for viewers.

Depending on the scale, sports facilities in the city are divided into microdistan, district, interdistrict, citywide, republican and central ( Slide 6. ).

The main element of the stadium structure is sports kernel (football field with ribunes for viewers, treadmill and sectors for classes athletics) (Slide 7. ).

Sports facilities must meet certain hygienic requirements that are governed by the relevant construction and sanitary standards and the rules of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, industry regulatory and methodological documents of the State Committee on physical culture, sport and tourism.

Hygienic requirements for sports facilities normalize the following elements ( Slide 8. ):

· The location of sports facilities in the field of settlement;

· Orientation and planning of sports facilities;

· Transport accessibility;

· State environment (air, water, soil);

· The nature of landscaping and the area of \u200b\u200bgreen plantings;

· Noise intensity level;

· Sports facilities microclimate (relative temperature and humidity, air traffic speed).

Basic hygienic requirements for location, orientation and planning of sports facilities

Sports facilities are built with a windward side of the air polluting facilities (industrial enterprises, large motorways, landfills) at a certain distance (sanitary protection zone).

When designing sports facilities, the climatic conditions of the region of future construction are taken into account. In the southern areas, training halls and utility rooms of sports facilities are better located in separate pavilions for better end-to-end ventilation.

In the northern regions, sports facilities are better to have a long axis on the dominant direction of the wind. At the same time, with a windward side, it is better to get the premises intended for maintenance.

In the construction of sports facilities, their orientation on the sides of the world is necessarily taken into account. From this depends on the size of solar radiation coming through the windows into separate rooms of sports facilities.

When the orientation of sports facilities on the sides of the light, the blinding effect of direct sunlight is also taken into account. Therefore, the playgrounds for sports games, as well as the sports core of the stadium oriented along the longitudinal axes in the direction of the North-South with a permissible deviation not higher than 20 °.

Side lighting openings of sports halls, covered rollers and bath halls pool focus on southeast.

For sports facilities, convenient access roads must be conducted, and the distance to the public transport stop should not exceed 500 m.

Green spaces Reduce air pollution of sports facilities by 40 - 60% in summer and 10 - 15% in winter, protect them from wind. In accordance with the hygienic standards and rules, the width of green spaces around the perimeter of the land plot should be at least 10 m. It uses such types of trees and shrubs that have good dustless ability ( Slide 10. ).

Basic hygienic requirements for building materials

The following main hygiene requirements are imposed on building materials used in the construction of sports facilities ( Slide 11.):

· Low thermal conductivity;

· Sufficient air permeability

· Low sound conductivity;

· Small hygroscopicity;

In the construction of sports facilities, reinforced concrete and brick are most widely used, for decoration and facing of premises - polymeric materials.

For floors in sports halls apply wooden coatings, in the rest of the premises - linoleumbecause it has good thermal insulation qualities ( Slide 12. ). Such a coating allows you to systematically carry out moist cleaning of floors with the help of cleaning machines. Indoors requiring good waterproofing (shower, toilets, bathrooms), the floor is covered ceramic tiles.

In athletics and football players and indoor stadiums Coatings are widely applied synthetic materialshaving high elasticity and elasticity ( Slide 13. ).

Walls of sports halls are painted with paints and varnishes to height not less than 1.8 m. This greatly facilitates wet cleaning. For the color of the walls of sports facilities, paints are used primarily light tones with a matte surface that do not give glare.

Basic hygienic requirements for lighting sports facilities

In many sports, training and sports activities Athletes are accompanied by a significant voltage of the visual analyzer. With insufficient or irrational lighting there is a sharp overwork of the eyes. This leads to a decrease in special sports workabilityWhat, in turn, is one of the causes of sports injuries.

In sports facilities applied natural And artificial lighting. Lighting sports facilities must meet the following basic hygiene requirements ( Slide 14. ):

· To be sufficient by level, uniform, without brilliance;

· The spectrum of artificial lighting should approach the daylight;

· Artificial lighting should be uniform, unmarked.

Direct natural Lighting must have sports halls, pool bath halls, covered rollers, doctor's office, office space.

The main indicator of the real level of natural lighting of sports facilities - natural light coefficient (Keo.), which shows the ratio of lighting of sports facilities to the level of external illumination, expressed as a percentage ( Slide 15. ).

The source of natural light is the sun rays. The level of natural lighting of sports facilities depends on their orientation, devices and windows area, quality and purity of window glass. The optimal height of the upper edge of the windows from the ceiling of the room is considered a distance of 15 - 30 cm. The window sills should be located not lower than 0.75 - 0.9 m from the floor of the room. In sports halls, window openings are placed in one of the longitudinal walls, with windowsill at level not lower than 2 m from the floor.

Another one of the highly used lighting indicators of sports facilities in the hygienic practice - light coefficient. This is the ratio of the total area of \u200b\u200bwindows to the total area of \u200b\u200bthe floor of the sports facility.

For sports halls, the luminous coefficient is at least 1/6, for swimming pools - 1/5 - 1/6, changing rooms, shower - 1/10 - 1/11.

For artificial Luminescent lamps are used illumination of sports facilities.

In comparison with incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps have a number of advantages: their light spectrum is significantly closer to sunny than that of incandescent lamps, they give more "soft", multiple and uniform light with an almost complete lack of shadows and glare on the surface. In addition, their brightness is many times less than that of incandescent lamps (this allows them to apply them in sports facilities without lampshairs).

Unit of illumination is considered lux (LC) - illumination of 1 m 2 surfaces on which the luminous flux in 1 lumens falls and evenly distributes (the light flux unit). The minimum level of lighting of sports halls, pools should be, respectively, at least 150 and 50 LCs, sports arena - not less than 1000 LCs, the stands for viewers - 500 LCs ( Slide 16. ).

Basic hygienic requirements for heating and ventilation

sports facilities

Optimal microclimatic conditions in indoor sports facilities are created using heating and ventilation systems.

In sports facilities, it is usually used central heating . The system of heating sports facilities should not only maintain the necessary uniform temperature in the room with any oscillations of the outdoor temperature, but also provide required quality Air environment.

The optimal air temperature for sports halls in the absence of seats for the audience is 15 ° C, for indoor rollers - 14 ° C, for the fire zone of indoor ties - 18 ° C.

In sports halls, the temperature during the cold period of the year should be 18 ° C, in warm - not higher than 25 ° C. Calculated temperature for changing rooms and shower, sanitary assemblies - 25 ° C, physical education facilities - at least 18 ° C ( Slide 17. ).

Microclumatic conditions in sports facilities are largely dependent on relative humidity and mobility (movement speed) air. The hygiene is the optimal relative air humidity in sports facilities in the cold period of the year 40 - 45%, in warm - 50 - 55%. In a sports facilitation, air mobility should be no more than 0.3 m / s, in the halls for struggle, table tennis and in covered rollers - no more than 0.5 m / s ( Slide 18. ).

In sports halls, heating radiators should be closed with protective lattices located in the same plane with the wall.

For timely removal of excess heat, moisture and harmful gaseous air pollutants, formed by the activities of athletes and spectators, sports facilities are equipped with special systems ventilation , natural and artificial ( Slide 19. ).

The effectiveness of the operation of the ventilation systems in sports facilities is estimated to provide for each person the necessary air volume (air cubic) and its regular change of external air.

In accordance with the hygienic requirements in the sports halls, the air cube is equal to 30 m 3, the volume of ventilation is 90 m 3 per person per hour, that is, for an hour, the air must completely exchange at least 3 times ( Slide 20. ).

Natural ventilation in the sports rooms is carried out due to the movement of air arising from the difference in temperature indoors and outside it. It is capable of providing only 0.5-fold air exchange in the water-type sports facilities per hour. In the absence of artificial ventilation, closed sports facilities are ventilated mainly through the velocities and fraamuga. From a hygiene point of view, fraumugi is more appropriate, since through them the air first falls into the upper area of \u200b\u200bsports premises, it warms it, and then heated is heated in the breath area of \u200b\u200bvisitors or athletes. In accordance with the hygienic standards, the total area of \u200b\u200bFramug in sports premises should be at least 1/50 of the total area of \u200b\u200btheir gender.

Artificial ventilation system. Local and central artificial ventilation is highlighted. Local is designed for air ventilation only in one room. For example, in windows or opening of walls, it is better in the corner far from the door, a fan is installed, with which air is either removed (extractor) from the room, or served (inflow) into it.

Central artificial ventilation is a complex of special structures and technical devices providing air all the covered sports facilities. She may be inlet, exhaust or caught-exhaust. The supply and exhaust ventilation in sports facilities is usually arranged according to the following scheme: the outer air is entered into the supply chamber, it is mechanically cleaned from dust particles, and in the cold time it is also heated and the vented canals are supplied through the ventilation channels.

To remove the contaminated air, a network is equipped with a network exhaust Channels They are displayed in the overall collector on the ceiling overlap of sports facilities, and already air is removed from it with a powerful fan. From a hygienic point of view in the gym It is advisable to place the supplied and exhaust holes of artificial ventilation on opposite end walls. Best option Artificial ventilation in sports facilities from the indicated is considered a supply and exhaust ventilation.

The basic and auxiliary ventilation systems must be separate.

Modern and hygienically the most acceptable system of artificial ventilation of sports facilities - air conditioning air. It automatically maintains for sufficient time set by the optimal parameters of the air temperature, relative humidity, speed of movement (mobility) and air purity.

Basic hygienic requirements for physical education and health facilities

Physical and health facilities must meet the overall hygienic requirements for all sports facilities. The place to accommodate them is chosen taking into account the same hygienic requirements as for other open sports facilities (remoteness from the main sources of air and soil, noise, the presence and sufficient area of \u200b\u200bgreen spaces, the presence of convenient driveways).

The place of the future construction of physical education and health facilities is given from the windward side of the main air pollutants (industrial enterprises, highways, etc.). The sanitary zone between them and industrial facilities should be at least 1000 m. Physical and health facilities must have specially equipped car parks.

There are several types of physical education and recreation facilities. The most common types of facilities intended for short-term stay are engaged in forest parks and beaches.

Forest park. This is a landscaped forest having a specific landscape-planning structure designed for free short-term active rest population. On the territory of the forest park there are sections for active (bathing, sports games) and passive recreation. The distance between the zones of active and passive recreation should not be less than 280 - 300 m ( Slide 21. ).

Beaches. On sea beaches, the area on one vacationer should be at least 5 m 2, river and lakes - at least 8 m 2. To prevent hitting the beaches of pollution, they are located upstream from the main sources of water pollution, at a considerable distance from the berths of ships, sewage discharge places.

For example, sea beaches are located at a distance of at least 1000 m from the port facilities. Forest parks and beaches should have a sufficient level of sanitary improvement ( Slide 22. ).

One of the conditions for the effective and safe implementation of any human activity is a certain and sufficient logistical support, the creation of certain and necessary conditions for the implementation of any activity. This is achieved with the help of special sports facilities.

The sports facility is a specialized building that ensures the conduct of a massive health physical culture, training work and sports competitions.

Sports facilities are divided into main, auxiliary and facilities for the audience. The main facilities are intended directly for physical culture and sports, auxiliary - for servicing engagement and participants of the competition (Wardriges, showers, massage, baths, judicial rooms, premises for the placement of administrative, economic, engineering services).

Constructions for viewers include: stands, pavilions, lobby, buffets, bathrooms.

Depending on the functional purpose, separate (for one sport) and complex structures (several structures combined by geographically) are isolated. Depending on the scale, sports facilities in the city are divided into microdistan, district, interdistrict, citywide, republican and central. In addition to common territorial, sports facilities in schools, educational institutions, wellness camps, sanatoriums and recreation homes, departmental sports facilities.

The composition of individual sports facilities and their complexes, as well as the number of places in them for viewers, are established depending on the population of the population living in a particular settlement, the values \u200b\u200bof the sports facility in the physical cultural and sports service of the population.

The main element of the stadium structure is a sports core (a football field with ribunes for viewers, a treadmill and sectors for occupying athletics). A school sports field also includes a school sports field, which also has a school sports core with benches for viewers.

Sports facilities must meet certain hygienic requirements that provide optimal conditions to individuals engaged in physical culture and sports. These requirements are regulated by the relevant construction and sanitary standards and regulations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, industry regulatory documents of the State Committee on Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism.

Hygienic requirements for all sports facilities, regardless of their type, the following elements are normalized:

the location of sports facilities in the field of settlement;

orientation of sports facilities; transport accessibility; layout;

state of the environment (air, water, soil); The nature of landscaping and the area of \u200b\u200bgreen plantings; noise intensity level;

microclimate of sports facilities (relative temperature and humidity, air traffic speed).

Basic hygienic requirements for location, orientation and planning of sports facilities

Sports facilities are built with a windward side (including wind roses) from industrial and housing and household facilities polluting air (industrial enterprises, large motorways, landfills) at a distance set for each object polluting air (sanitary protection zone).

Special attention During the construction of sports facilities, it is paid to the selection of the construction site, evaluating the character of the soil on it. Soil contamination should not achieve a degree in which its ability to self-cleaning and mineralization of organic substances contained in it is lost. The level of groundwater on the estimated site for the construction of sports facilities should be below 0.7 m of the surface of open sports facilities or their lowest part, such as the pool bath.

When designing sports facilities, the climatic conditions of the region of future construction are taken into account. In the southern areas, training halls and utility premises of sports facilities are better located in separate pavilions. This makes it possible to ensure the best end-to-end caring of sports facilities, avoid air overheating in them.

In the northern regions, sports facilities are better to have a long axis on the dominant direction of the wind. However, the windows are undesirable to position from the windward side, as this may lead to a significant reduction in air temperature in sports facilities with strong wind. From the windward side, it is better to get premises designed for their maintenance.

Basic hygienic requirements for construction

materials

The following main hygiene requirements are imposed on building materials used in the construction of sports facilities:

low thermal conductivity;

low sound conductivity;

small hygroscopicity;

sufficient air permeability.

Based on these requirements and the main building materials are selected for the construction of walls and overlap of sports facilities, various finishing and facing materials.

In the construction of sports facilities, reinforced concrete and brick are most widely used, for decoration and facing of premises - polymeric materials. Their choice is due to the fact that they have good sound and thermal insulation properties, convenient for cleaning.

For floors in sports halls, wooden coatings are used, in changing rooms, wardrobes, buffet, massage rooms, corridors - linoleum, which has good thermal insulation qualities. Such a coating allows you to systematically carry out moist cleaning of floors with the help of cleaning machines. The use of linoleum and in sports halls is allowed. In rooms requiring good waterproofing (shower, toilets, bathrooms), the floor is covered with ceramic tiles.

In athletics and football makeups and indoor stadiums, coatings made of synthetic materials with high elasticity and elasticity are widely applied.

The walls of sports halls are painted with paints and varnishes to a height of at least 1.8 m. It greatly facilitates wet cleaning. For the color of the walls of sports facilities, paints are used primarily light tones with a matte surface that do not give glare.

The choice of specific finishing materials used in the construction of sports facilities is based on the following basic hygienic requirements. They should be:

harmless to human health;

rather durable;

with high heat, sound and waterproofing properties;

comfortable when cleaning.

Transport accessibility of sports facilities. They should be held comfortable access roads, and the distance to the public transport stop should not exceed 500 m.

The nature of landscaping sports facilities and the area of \u200b\u200bgreen spaces. Green plantings reduce the contamination of air sports facilities at 40-60% in summer and 10 - 15% in winter, protect them from the wind. In accordance with the hygienic standards and rules, the width of green plantings around the perimeter of the land plot should be at least 10 m. It uses such types of trees and shrubs that have a good dustless ability.

Orientation of sports facilities. In the construction of sports facilities, their orientation on the sides of the world is necessarily taken into account. From this depends on the size of solar radiation coming through the windows into separate rooms of sports facilities.

The orientation of the windows of sports facilities south and southeast, the location of the long axis of the indoor sports facility from the east to the west or from the northeast to the south-west is considered hygienically optimal. For the southern areas of the hygienically most unfavorable, the orientation of windows of sports facilities to the West or South-West is considered, as this leads to overheating of the premises with sunbeams in the hot time of the day.

Side lighting openings of sports halls, indoor rollers and halls of baths of pools with one-sided natural light oriented in central and northern regions on southeast, and with the device of light openings in sports halls on both sides, the wall with the largest area of \u200b\u200blight openings in the central and northern regions is focused on the southeast, in the southern - north.

Basic hygienic requirements for lighting sports facilities

In many sports, the training and sports activities of athletes are accompanied by a significant voltage w. They are a visual analyzer, especially his peripheral link - eyes. A sharp overwork of the eye can occur in them with insufficient or irrational lighting, which leads to a decrease in special sports health, being, in turn, one of the causes of sports injuries.

In sports facilities, natural and artificial lighting is used. The lighting of sports facilities must meet the following basic hygienic requirements, namely:

sufficient in the level, uniform, without brilliance;

the spectrum of artificial lighting should approach the daylight;

artificial lighting should be uniform, nemexy.

The luxury (LC) is considered a luxury (LC) - the illumination of 1 m 2 of the surface to which the luminous flux in 1 lumen (the unit of the light stream) is distributed and evenly distributed. Direct natural lighting should have sports halls, pool bath halls, indoor rollers, doctor's office, office space (Table 50).