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Paralympic Games. History and sports

Home Training
09.04.2021

Evgeny Gick, Catherine Guess.

The history of the Olympic Games is well known to many. Unfortunately, the Paralympic Paralympic, or, asked, Paralympic, Games - Olympics for people with physical disabilities, limited features is well known. Meanwhile, in 2010, it is performed half a century, as they are held.

Founder of the Paralympic Movement Ludwig Gutman.

Although Liz Hartel failed to win "Gold", she rightfully occupies a place among the heroes of the Olympiad.

Cycling contests.

Tennis competition among stroller athletes.

The founder of the Paralympic movement, an outstanding neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttman (1899-1980), was born in Germany. For a long time he worked in the hospital of the city of Breslau. In 1939, emigrated to England. His medical talent was obvious and soon appreciated: on behalf of the Great Britain's government in 1944, he opened and headed the center of spinal injury at the hospital of a small town of Stock Mandeville 74 km from London. Using its techniques, Guttman helped many wounded in the battles of World War II soldiers to return to normal life after the hardest injuries and injuries. An important place in these techniques was given to sports.

It was in Stoke Mandeville in 1948, Ludwig Guttman held an archery competition among athletes on wheelchairs - in London at the same time Olympic games were opened. In 1952, again, simultaneously with the next Olympiad, he organized the first international competitions with the participation of 130 disabled athletes from England and Holland. And in 1956, the organization of the following major competitions for people with disabilities, Guttman received a reward of the International Olympic Committee - Fernley Cup for contributing to the development of the Olympic Movement.

The persistence of Guttman was crowned with success. Immediately after the 1960 Olympics, the first summer Paralympic Games took place in Rome, and since 1976, winter and winter were held regularly.

For outstanding services in saving people from the ailments of bodily and spiritual, assistance in the restoration of their sense of civil fullness, dignity, Guttman received the knight's title and the highest award - the Order of the British Empire.

Of course, they are all - the athletes-Paralympicians - the heroes, because they did not accept the fate prepared by the fate. They reheated her and won. And it doesn't matter much, whether their victory is crowned with official award. But before you should remember the predecessors of modern heroes of the Paralympic Games.

George Eysser (USA). Born in 1871 in Germany, in the homeland of gymnastics - maybe, because he chose this sport, continuing to study in the United States, where his family emigrated. I achieved the first success and - tragedy. He fell under the train, lost his left foot. On a wooden prosthesis continued to prepare for the Olympic Games, which were to pass in His city of St. Louis.

And when they took place, Eysser - a gymnast on a wooden prosthesis - won gold medals in the exercises on the bars, in a support jump and in Lazania along the rope. In addition, the silver rewards won on seven shells and bronze on the crossbar.

Oliver Hlassie (Hungary) - Silver medalist of the Olympics-1928 in Amsterdam, Olympic champion of 1932 in Los Angeles and the prewar Olympiad in Berlin of 1936. As a child, I lost my leg below the knee, hitting the car. A disabled person recognized himself categorically refused, training in swimming and water polo.

In 1931, Oliver became the European champion in swimming for 1500 m, and in 1931, 1934 and 1938 as part of the Hungarian national team
eUROPE VALTH THE WORLD WORLD COLOR. The champion of his country in swimming was 25 times (!) - Distance from 400 to 1500 m.

In our country, Oliver Halassi almost do not know, there are no information about him in sports books. The reason is that in 1946 he died of a Soviet army soldier. According to one of the versions, the athlete tried to stop the marauders near his house. A few days later his wife was born their third child.

Carray Takash (Hungary) (1910-1976). Olympic champion in London-1948 and Helsinki-1952. Takash was a military man, but in 1938 his army career was cut into a gap in the right hand of a defective grenade.

Karray quickly reincounded with her left hand: the next year after the tragedy - in 1939 he became the world champion in the national team of Hungary. At the 1948 Olympics in London, Takash struck everyone, winning "gold" in its corona form - shooting with 25 m from the rapid pistol. Before the fight, Argentinet Carlos Diaz Valente, who was considered a favorite in this form, not without Irony asked Takasha, why he came to the Olympics. Takash briefly replied: "To learn." During the awarding, Carlos, who took second place on the pedestal of the honorable, sincerely admitted to him: "You learned well."

Takash repeated his success at the Olympics in Helsinki-1952, he was the first in the history of the Olympic Games two-time champion. I also performed in the following games, but it was not possible to become a champion of three olympics in a row.

Ildiko Uylaki Rate (Hungary) (born in 1937). Participant of five Olympiads, two-time champion of the Olympiad in Tokyo-1964, the owner of seven medals. The famous fencer, one of the strongest in the entire history of sports fencing, was born deaf. The physical disadvantage was compensated by an incredible reaction. Fencing began to study from 15 years. Trainers, immediately estimated the amazing talent of the girls, communicated with it in writing, the notes transferring instructions.

Ildiko's favorite weapon was rapier. In 1956, she became a world champion among juniors, a year later won the Hungary Adult Championship, in 1963 - the world champion. At its first Olympic Games in Rome-1960, she won a silver medal in the team championship, and in Tokyo-1964 he rose to the top of the career: two "gold", in a personal and team stand. On the next two Olympiads, four more medals won - two silver and two bronze. In 1999, Ildiko became the world champion among veterans.

Liz Hartel (Denmark) (1921-2009). Silver medalist of Olympics-1952 in Helsinki and Olympiad-1956 in Melbourne (Stockholm). Hartel from childhood loved horses and fond of dressage. However, after the birth of her daughter, he fell ill with polio and was partially paralyzed. But the favorite sport did not throw and went fine, although climbed into the saddle and leave him without help could not.

Until 1952, only men were allowed to participate in the Olympic Games on horseback sports, mostly were military. But the rules changed, and women received the right to perform at equestrian tournaments of any level on a par with men. At the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki among participants in the dressage there were four women. Liz won a silver medal and became the first woman-winner of the Olympic competitions in equestrian sports. At the Games of 1956 she repeated her success.

Liz Hartel lived a bright, rich life. Growing two children, engaged in coaching work and charity, founded special medical equestrian schools in different countries. The treatment and rehabilitation direction of equestrian sports - hippotherapy - thanks to it in the world around the world.

Sir Murray Halberg (New Zealand) (born in 1933) in his youth Halberg played rugby and during one of the matches he received heavy injury. Despite prolonged treatment, his left hand remained paralyzed. Murray began running and after three years he became the country champion. At the 1960 Olympics in Rome, he won 5000 m distances, and 10,000 m was the fifth. In 1961, Murray established four world records, and in 1962 he became two-time champion of the Commonwealth game in three miles. He completed his career at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, where she finished the seventh at a distance of 10,000 meters. Leaving the sport, Halberg actively engaged in charity. The Halberg Trust Foundation helps athletes with disabilities.

In 1988, Halberg received a knightly title, and in 2008 the country's highest award is the Order of New Zealand. Halberg's awards are awarded the most successful New Zealand athletes annually.

Terry Fox (Canada) (1958-1981) - National Hero of the country. He did not participate in the Paralympic Games, but inspired to the exploits of many paralympic athletes. Having lost his leg at 18 after an operation related to cancer, after three years he ran on the prosthesis of "Marathon of Hope" in his own country, collecting funds for cancer research. For 143 days overcame more than 5000 km.

Chronicle Summer Paralympiad

I Summer Games (Rome, 1960)

The first in the history of Paralympic games opened the wife of the former President Italy Charles Grona, and Pope John XXIII accepted the participants in the Vatican. Only athletes-wheelchairs participated in the games, moved the injury of the spinal cord. Archery, light athletics, basketball, fencing, table tennis, swimming, and darts and billiards were presented.

II Summer Games (Tokyo, 1964)

Games managed to spend in Japan thanks to the established relations of Japanese medical specialists with the Stock-Mandeville center Ludwig Gutman. In an air athletics appeared races on wheelchairs: individual on 60 m and relay.

III Summer Games (Tel Aviv, 1968)

Games had to go to Mexico City immediately after the 1968 Olympics. But Mexicans have abandoned the Paralympics before this two years, referring to technical difficulties. Recruited Israel, which organized a high level match. The main character was Italian Roberto Marson, who won nine gold medals - three in ease of athletics, swimming and fencing.

IV Summer Games (Heidelberg, 1972)

This time the games were held in the same country as the Olympics, but in another city - the organizers hurried to sell the Olympic village under private apartments. For the first time, athletes with vision disabilities were participated, they competed in running 100 m. For them, nolly appeared - while the demonstration appearance.

V Summer Games (Toronto, 1976)

For the first time, agitated amputants competed. Most of the types of program - 207 - was in an air athletics. There were also unusual competitions - slalom on strollers and a football ball on a distance and accuracy. The hero was the 18-year-old Canadian Arni Bod, who lost her leg at a three-year-old age. He showed the amazing technique of jumping on one leg: won the incredible global world record in jumping in height, 186 cm. Participated in four paralympiars and won the seven gold and one silver medal in 1980, and improved in 1980 Your achievement is another 10 cm - 196 cm!

VI Summer Games (Arnhem, 1980)

The games were to pass in Moscow, but the USSR leadership did not want to join the contacts on this issue, and they were transferred to Holland. The program appeared volleyball sitting - volleyball players of the Netherlands became the first champions. In the team event, the Americans won - 195 medals (75 gold). Hereinafter, the official data of the International Paralympic Committee are given.

VII Summer Games (Stock-Mandeville and New York, 1984)

Due to the problems of interaction between the organizing committees of the Olympic and Paralympic games, the competition was held in parallel in America and Europe: 1780 athletes from 41 countries participated in competitions in New York and 2,300 out of 45 countries - in Stock Mandeville. A total of 900 medals were played. If the athletes of all categories appeared in New York, then in Stoke Mandevil, according to tradition, only athletes-wheelchairs were performed. In the team event, the Americans won again - 396 medals (136 golden).

VIII Summer Games (Seoul, 1988)

This time, the Paralympic Games were again on the same sports grounds and in the same city as the Olympic. The program included 16 sports. As a demonstration species was presented tennis on wheelchairs. The American Bunciha Trisha Zorn became the hero of games, which won 12 gold medals - ten in individual swims and two relay. Soviet paralympuses performed only in flight athletics and swimming, but were able to win 56 medals in these species, including 21 gold, and take the 12th command place.

Vadim Kalmykov won four "gold" in Seoul - in heights in height, length, triple jump and pentathlon.

IX Summer Games (Barcelona, \u200b\u200b1992)

Tennis on wheelchairs has become an official appearance. The CIS team won 45 medals, of which 16 are gold, and took the eighth team place. And the US Paralympuses won again, winning 175 medals, including 75 gold.

X Summer Games (Atlanta, 1996)

These games became the first in the history that received commercial support for sponsors. 508 sets of awards in 20 types of program were played. Sailing and rugby on wheelchairs were presented as exponential sports.

Albert Bakarev became the first Russian watchmen athlete who won the Paralympic Gold Medal in swimming at competitions in Atlanta. He was engaged in swimming since childhood, he received a heavy injury in 20 years - on vacation unsuccessfully jumped into the water. Returning to the sport, after five years she showed high results, in Barcelona-1992 he became a bronze prize. In 1995 he won the World Cup. In Sydney-2000, he won two medals - silver and bronze.

XI Summer Games (Sydney, 2000)

After these games it was decided to temporarily remove from the participation of athletes with intelligence violation. The reason was the difficulties of medical control. The reason was the game in the composition of the Spanish national team on basketball several healthy athletes. The Spaniards defeated Russia in the final, but the deception was disclosed, however, "gold" did not switch to our basketball players, they remained silver prizes.

And the heroine of games was the Australian Plovcih Siobhan Peyton - an athlete with a violation of intelligence. She won six gold medals and installed nine world records. The Paralympic Committee of Australia called her athlete of the year and released a postage stamp with her image. She received the state award - the Order of Australia. Siobhan studied in an ordinary school and was very worried about the fact that it was constantly teased, calling the "brake." With her victories, she adequately answered offenders.

XII Summer Games (Athens, 2004)

There was no such abundance of records to some of the past games. Only in competitions in swimming the world records were broken 96 times. In an air athletics 144 times the world records and 212 - Paralympic.

In Athens, the famous veterans of Paralympic sports were successfully performed, including American Tricha Zorn, a disabled victim, which in 40 years old won his 55th medal in swimming. Participant of six games, she won almost all swimming competitions and at the same time kept nine paralympic world records. Trisha also acted in the competitions of healthy athletes, was a candidate for the US national team at the 1980 Olympic Games.

The heroine of games was the Japanese Plovcih Mumy Narita. The athlete-stroller won seven golden and one bronze medal and installed six world records.

XIII Summer Games (Beijing, 2008)

The hosts created all the conditions for the participants. Special devices for disabled were equipped not only sports facilities and the Olympic village, but also the streets of Beijing, as well as historical objects. In the first place, as expected, it turned out to be China - 211 medals (89 gold). Russians occupied eighth place - 63 (18). A good result, if we consider that our paralympuses performed less than half of the types of programs.

Most of all medals - 9 (4 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze) - won the Brazilian Swimmer Daniel Diaz.

Another hero is Oscar Pistorius (South Africa), a runner on prostheses, - in Beijing became a three-time Paralympic champion. At 11 months he lost his feet due to an innate defect. The athlete uses specially designed prostheses from Crawlastics for running and is now fighting for the right to participate in equal to everyone in the 2012 London Olympiad. At least in the courts, he seems to be defended.

Views of Paralympic Sports

Summer

Basketball on wheelchairs. The very first game appearance, which was presented on summer games. In the teams of five players; Rules, except that the players move on the strollers are close to usual. In Beijing-2008, the winners were the basketball players of Australia.

Billiards. Classic billiards - Snooker in version for wheelchairs was represented at the Games in 1960 by one male view. Golden and silver medalists became the British. The rules are not fundamentally different from the usual.

Fight.Paralympic struggle closer to free, participants are distributed by weight categories. Americans were the strongest in this form: in 1980 they won eight gold medals, and in 1984 - seven. Perhaps for this reason, the struggle was replaced by judo.

Barrel.The option of the Greek game with the ball. The rules are simple: the leather ball must be thrown as close as possible to the control white ball. Athletes with heavy forms of disability, men and women together are involved in competitions; There are individual, pair and command options.

Cycling.The rules are not adapted specifically for athletes with disabilities, but additional protective equipment has been introduced. Wheelchairs are competing on wheelchair-bicycles with manual drive, athletes with violations of vision - on tandem bicycles in pairs with moaning assistants. Men and women are involved. The modern program includes highway races, as well as track types: Team, individual, persecution racing, etc.

Volleyball. There are two varieties - standing and sitting. In Beijing, Russia in this form came for the first time and won the bronze medals.

Golbol. The game with a ball for blind athletes, in which you need to roll into the opponent's gate a big ball with a buckler inside.

Rowing academic. Competitions are held in four types: men's and women's lonely boats (athletes running only with hands), mixed twos (hands and hull) and mixed four (legs).

Darts. This type of wheelchairs was presented at the Paralympic Games from 1960 to 1980, but it is possible that he will return to the program.

Judo. In the paralympic version, blind fighters (and men and women) capture each other before the signal of the beginning of the fight. In Beijing, the gold medal, the first for Russia, won Oleg Kssen.

Athletics. Running, jumping, throwing, all-around, as well as specific species - wheelchair races. In Beijing, 160 types of programs were presented. The first place in China is 77 medals (31 golden).

Horseback Riding.Competitions are held on the mandatory program, arbitrary and command. 70 athletes participated in Beijing, including two representatives of Russia. Outside the competition was the UK team - 10 medals (5 gold).

Loun-Bowle (play balls). The game resembles at the same time golf and bowling, invented in England in the XII century, was part of the Paralympic Games from 1968 to 1988. The strongest was invariably athletes of the UK.

Table tennis. Wheelchairs are involved (the ball intersecting the side of the table is not counted) and amputants, there are single and team competitions. In Beijing, there were hosts - 22 medals (13 gold).

Sailing. Men and women compete together in three classes of ships. In Beijing on one gold medal in US Paralympians, Canada and Germany.

Swimming. Rules are close to usual, but there are changes. So, blind swimmers inform about touching the pool wall. There are three start options: standing, sitting and out of the water.

Rugby on wheelchairs. Although men and women participate, the game is characterized with rigidity and uncompromising. A volleyball ball is used, which can be carried and transmitted by hand. Rugby on the wheelchairs combines elements of basketball, football and hockey with a washer, but play it on a basketball court. Special strollers are used, softening strikes in collisions. In Beijing "Gold" won the US team.

Power types.Powerlifting was the greatest distribution - Rod Löz. In Beijing, the Chinese became the best, winning 14 medals (9 gold).

Archery.The first paralympic species - precisely from it began competitions of wheelchairs organized by Ludwig Guttman in Stock Mandeville. The program includes team competitions, shooting standing and sitting in a stroller.

Shooting bullet. Wheelchairs shoot sitting in stroller and lying. Athletes are divided into two categories: those who use, and those who do not use an additional hand support. There are men's, female and mixed species.

Dance sport.Frame dance competitions are divided into three types - in a stroller partner, in a stroller, and in wheelchairs both dancers.

Tennis on wheelchairs. Men's and female, single and paired competitions are held. The main difference from ordinary tennis is allowed two rebounds of the ball from the site.

Fencing on wheelchairs.The first appearance adapted for athletes with disabilities. A fundamental feature - strollers are fixed on a special platform, and instead of movements of the legs, the work of the case or only hands is used.

Football 7x7. Athletes' competition with cerebral paralysis and other neurological disorders, the degree of disability is strictly stipulated by the rules: violations must prevent normal game, and violations are allowed, but it is necessary to maintain normal coordination in the standing position and when hitting the ball. In addition to the reduced sizes of the site and a smaller number of players, there is no "out of the game" rule and permitted by one hand. Two half play for 30 minutes. Russian footballers - Champions of Paralympiad in Sydney-2000, prize-winners 1996, 2004 and 2008.

Football 5x5.Game for blind and visually impaired athletes; Close to the holbe, but playing standing. The team has four players, and the gate protects the sore coach-goalkeeper, which manages actions. The game with a recycle ball lasts 50 minutes. In one team can be blind and visually impaired players; For all, except for the goalkeeper, banners are required.

Winter

Biathlon. In 1988, only men with impaired limbs participated in competitions. In 1992, species for athletes with violation of vision were added, which was made possible thanks to the special sound electrical equipment created in Sweden. The diameter of the target for athletes with impaired vision is 30 mm, for athletes with impaired musculoskeletal system - 25 mm. Penalty minute is prescribed for each slip.

The rifles of athletes are on a shooting range, and they should not be worn on themselves. Shooting only lying. Athletes with violation of vision assumes a conductor who helps them take a position and charge the rifle.

Ski race. At first, athletes with amputation were participating (used special adaptations for sticks) and with vision disabilities (they passed the distance with the conductor). Since 1984, sportswomen-wheelchairs competed in ski racing. They moved on sedent ski salads - the seat is fixed at an altitude of about 30 cm on two conventional skis - and kept short sticks in their hands.

Skiing. Three-skinned slalom invented: the athletes are descending from the mountains on one skid, using two additional skiing attached at the ends of the sticks. Competitions on a monochine are designed for wheelchairs and resemble snowboarding. In Turin 2006, there were 24 types of program, 12 for men and women.

Curling on strollers. Unlike traditional casing there are no "subdigals". Commands are mixed, among the five players should be at least one representative of each sex. Athletes compete on their usual strollers. Stones are moving with special sliding sticks with plastic tips, which cling to the stone knob.

Finding on ice. Paralympic analogue of skating sports for wheelchair athletes. Instead of skates, sleighs are used with polish.

Impassion-hockey. Invented three people with disabilities from Sweden, which were engaged in sports on wheelchairs on frozen lakes. As in traditional hockey, six players play (including goalkeeper) from each team. Players move along the field on the sledding; The equipment includes two sticks, one of which is used to repulsion from ice and maneuvering, and the other to hit the washer. The game consists of three periods lasting for 15 minutes.

Sports existing in Paralympic Games

Summer sports

  • · Academic rowing;
  • · Basketball on wheelchairs;
  • · Bocce;
  • · Cycling;
  • · Titing;
  • · Holbe;
  • · Rowing on kayaks (this game for disabled will be included in the game program since 2016);
  • · Judo;
  • · Athletics;
  • · Table tennis;
  • · Paratiathlon;
  • · Sailing;
  • · Swimming;
  • · Bullet shooting;
  • · Rugby in strollers;
  • · Sitting volleyball;
  • · Archery;
  • · Tennis on wheelchairs;
  • · Weightlifting;
  • · Fencing in wheelchairs;
  • · Football 5x5;
  • · Soccer 7x7.

Winter sports

  • · Mountain skiing (includes slalom, giant slalom, super intricate, high-speed descent, para-snowboard);
  • · Curling on wheelchairs;
  • · Ski race;
  • · Biathlon;
  • · Impact hockey.

Of those presented, only 9 year old and 2 winter sports are suitable for the participation of people with a violation of the visual apparatus.

Summer sports in the Paralympic Games in which people can participate in violation

1) adaptive rowing

Rowing is the youngest sport on the Paralympic Games. Rowing competitions were presented in the Paralympic Program in 2005, and will be first held at the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing. Adaptive rowing, or just rowing is a sport for athletes, whose physical opportunities satisfy the criteria established by the rules. The term "adaptive" implies that the corresponding equipment is "adapted" for athletes, and not the sport itself "adapted" for athletes. The international federation of rowing (FISA) is the main regulatory authority.

The competitions are attended by both men and women. The classification includes four classes of boats: LTA4 +, TA2X, AW1X and AM1X. LTA4 + and TA2X classes are mixed (men and women) boats. Races are held on distances over 1000 meters for all four classes (despite the fact that the class LTA4 + competed at distances over 2000 meters to the 2005 World Cup).

Rowers with violation of vision can participate in the LTA4 + Competitions. At the same time, the commands checkboxes will have to voiced (approx. "Red check box"). At the same time, the control commission is prescribed to pay special attention to the safety of rowers with violations of violations.

2) Cycling

Cycling is one of the newest competitions in the history of Paralympism. The first competitions were held at the beginning of the eighties. Athletes with violations of violations took part in these cycling sports contests. This type of competition fell in love with Paralympic Games. Already in 1984, at international games for disabled people, this type of competition has passed among the athletes of amputants. And already in Barcelona on games in cycling competitions, cyclists have passed the competition of cyclists of all three groups on a special track and also on the highway.

Typically, such competitions are carried out both individually and in the group standings. Three cyclists from one country take part in the group competition. For disabled athletes with violations of violations, special bicycles are used in a pair with a teammate seer. They can also participate in races on the highway. But amputants and cyclists with violations of motor activities are involved in individual contests. Specially equipped bicycles are also used for this.

Cycling is characterized as moving on the ground for which vehicles are used, movable muscular human power. This sport includes tracks on the track, highway, rough terrain, Mountainbike. Also there are competitions in figure riding and the game on the ball on bicycles - Velopolo and Velobol. The main goal in this contest is the fastest overcoming distance. The bicycle sport is under the control of the International Union of Cyclists. This union, which follows cycling, is located in Switzerland. But in Russia exactly the same functions perform such an organization as the federation of Russia's cycling.

3) Testing

In equestrian competitions, people with disabilities of various groups can take part: paralytic disabled people, amputants, blind and violations, mentally retarded and many others, the main desire. Equestrian competitions pass in the individual standings, as well as there are also group. In this event, players must demonstrate to the judges their skills in passing a small segment, they alternate the pace and direction of movement. At the Paralympic Games of athletes are grouping according to a separate classification and the winners who were able to demonstrate the best results are determined within the dedicated groups.

In these individual competitions, athletes demonstrate their skills in two types of riding - this is a mandatory program and Cure. The mandatory program includes tests that were specifically selected and approved by the rules. Cure is a free style, it is an individually prepared choreographic performance to music, which includes prescribed traffic rules.

During the commandation of the team standings, the teams of three or four people demonstrate their abilities, besides, one of the team members must melt a qualifying level 1 or 2. The result in the team event is determined by the sum of the three best performances in the test. If the team consists of four people, then the performance with the smallest number of points is not taken into account.

The main thing in this contest is individuality. This event brings a feeling of completeness of life to people limited in the physical sense. The most important thing is that the horse and the person felt finely felt each other were one. It was then that the performances are excellent. Russian athletes were first able to take part in this contest in 1999 at the World Championships in Denmark.

Golobo is a sports game in which two teams compete. The main task of both teams is to throw the ball with a built-in bell in the opponent's gate.

This sport was opened in 1946, and humane motivations to help rehabilitate World War II veterans, namely, disabled people in vision were the main purpose of its creation. Golbol is part of the program of the Paralympic Games. This sport made his debut in 1976 in the city of Toronto, and in the official program he appeared only in 1980. In 1978, the world's first official world championship was organized.

In essence, the Golbol is an adaptive team game that some way resembles football. The goal of creating the game was indeed achieved, since the players could quickly adapt to their not so joyful position. The new game gradually began to conquer more and more fans, she acquired the status of an interesting and gambling and soon almost completely lost its purely therapeutic meaning. Now, the goball is a real passion for thousands of visually impaired and blind people around the world.

In Russia, this sport came only in the 60s of the last century. Then in the boarding schools for blind or visually impaired people began to open the first sections. The game was loved by our compatriots, and at the beginning of the 70s, the enthusiasts began to carry out friendly matches between the teams.

5) Paralympic judo

Paralympic games can boast the presence in the program of this sport as judo. It is true, a little different from judo, which is included in the Olympic Games program. The main difference is the textures on mats, they are made to indicate the area of \u200b\u200bcompetition and the zones of it. Athletes - Paralympians fighting between themselves for the main prize, which is a gold medal. The texture of mats is the only difference between traditional and paralympic, but the rules of the game are identical to the rules of the International Judo Federation. The Paralympic Judo Games entered in 1988. And four years later, 53 disabled athletes, which represented 16 countries of the world took part in Games in Barcelona.

Translated from the Japanese language "Judo" means "soft way". This sport combines both spiritual and physical start. It is he who reflects the "soft" attitude of judoist to the opponent and to life. From the bow, the competition begins and also ends. During the competition, the athlete must demonstrate his respect to the opponent 7 times, besides, every binding is about 4 seconds. With a bow, the waist bends under 30 degrees.

Women began to participate in judo competitions in Paralympic Games only since 2004. Now this sport at the international level is practiced in 30 countries. Paralympic view of Judo is a sport for blind and visually impaired athletes. The main feature of an athlete is the ability to balance, well feel the enemy physically and at an intuitive level. The athlete must have the qualities belonging to the blind. There are 13 weight categories. Judo in Paralympic Games is managed by the International Federation of Sports Blind.

6) Light Athletics

Athletics entered the Paralympic Games program in 1960. Athletics include a very large range of different types of competitions. Persons with disabilities of almost all groups can participate in these competitions, with various health impairments. Wheelchairs, prosthetists, blind, etc. can act as athletes. Interestingly, blind athletes are involved in conjunction with leading. Competitions in the Athletics category can be attributed - the track, throw, jumping, pentathlon and marathon. Competitions between athletes are held in accordance with the functional classifications of the participants.

Athletics, characterized as a set of sports, which includes: running, walking, jumping and throwing. It can combine cross-country sports, sports walking, technical sports, that is, jumping and throwing, just as all-around, running along the highway and running around the area. Athletics is recognized as one of the main and most popular sports.

Usually exercises related to mild athletics are carried out for the purpose of physical training. In addition, they were used to hold our ancestors in the distant past. It is generally accepted to think that the history of athletics began with competitions in running at the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece. These competitions took place in 776 to our era. Even in ancient times, a sense was known in competitions, even then many exercises had a great prevalence. Ancient people knew a lot about physical exercises, their benefits and necessity.

The modern athletics began his way from individual attempts in different countries to conduct competitions in running, jumping and throwing. A little later in the program began to include running on short distances, running with obstacles, throwing gravity, and even later - jumping in length and height from running out. So gradually the arsenal of sports included in an athletic athletics increased and strengthened.

7) Swimming

Initially, swimming was part of the physiotherapy and disabled rehabilitation program. And now it is a very common sport. Nowadays, swimming competitions between the disabled people are one of the most interesting and popular events of the Paralympic Games. In this competition, people with disabilities of any group of functional restrictions can participate. There is only one sole condition, it is that it is impossible to use prostheses and other auxiliary devices in the competition.

Swimming is a sport that lies in overcoming the climbing time for the smallest time of various distances. There are limitations in this sport. For example, in the underwater position it is allowed to float not more than 15 m after start or turning. However, in the brewing competition, the bath restriction is reformulated otherwise. But high-speed types of scuba diving are no longer sailing, but underwater sports.

Swimming is also an integral part of a modern pentathlon - swimming for 200 meters, triathlon, that is, different distances in open water and part of some applied all-around. Our ancestors in ancient Egypt, Assyria, Phenicia and other countries were able to swim, and all the well-known swimming methods very much resemble modern kroll and breeding. At that time, smooth had only an applied character. It was used during fishing, in the hunt for waterfowl, underwater fishery, as well as in military business. And only in ancient Greece, swimming began to use as a means of physical education.

In 1896, swimming has replenished the list of competitions of the Olympic Games, after which this competition is carried out constantly and is of great popularity. Despite physically disadvantages, disabled athletes have achieved very large success in this area of \u200b\u200bcompetitions.

8) Heavy Athletics

In the Paralympic Games, this type of competition was first included in the program in 1992, the competition was held in Barcelona. Then, for the first time, 25 different countries have demonstrated their sports delegations on heavily probe. After this event, heavy athletics was widely distributed in the Paralympic Games, it began to include in the program of each compete. Even more representatives of countries participated in the competition of this species in 1996 on games in Atlanta. 58 participants from different countries arrived here. However, 68 participants' countries were stated, but decades of them led funding.

From this year - 1996, the number of applications for participation in weightlifting competitions grew in geometric progression. This sport aroused great interest in himself. Everyone wanted to show myself. Now approximately 109 countries on five continents are constantly involved in the paralympic weightlifting program.

At the moment, all groups of people with disabilities can participate in these competitions. They compete with each other in ten weight categories. Moreover, participation takes both men and women. For the first time, the weightlifting competition among weak sex was held only 2000 on the Paralympic Games in Sydney. Court arrived 48 women from different countries of the world. After this event, women became permanent participants of the Paralympic heavilythricultic contests.

At the moment, weightlifting competition is divided into two exercises - it is a jerk and push. The jerk is an exercise in which the athlete is being lifted to the rod above the head with a single mp3ge movement with a peel on completely straightened hands. A push is an exercise that consists of two separate movements. One thing is at the time of taking on the chest athlete takes off the barbell from the peel and raises it on the chest. The second - a sharp movement sends a rod up on straight hands.

9) Football 5x5

Football 5x5 is an adapted version of the traditional mini-football, which is playing blind or poorly seen athletes (people with disease of cerebral disease or other neurological diseases take part in Football 7x7). The international sports federation of the blind (IBSA) monitors the matches and manages. Competitions themselves provide for the use of adapted FIFA rules.

The playground is slightly smaller standard, it has small fencing height in one meter. This factor removes the position of "out of the game", and, accordingly, throwing the ball due to the side line, which makes the game more dynamic.

The team consists of four poorly seen field players and a gloomy goalkeeper. In the reserve there may be five people (spare).

In order to ensure equilibrium in the game itself, all field players put on special dressings, in order to level the level of visibility in all those present on the field. You can only shoot these masks in the break of the game. In addition, each team can have their guide, which is usually beyond the gate of the opposite team. With the help of voice, he directs the attacker to the opponent's gate. The ball has sound effects that make up during their movement, the diameter of the ball - 20cm. The goalkeeper is allowed to give teams to his players, but only when the game passes in the area of \u200b\u200bhis gate. Only goalkeeper is allowed to take the ball in hand.

Penalties provide three possible disorders:

  • · Violations of the bandage location;
  • · Exit goalkeeper outside its zone;
  • · Excessive physical contact of one player to another.

The match consists of two half a hundred and 25 minutes, and has one 10-minute break. Wins a team that scored more heads. In the case of equal number of heads, the winner, as in the traditional version of the football, is determined by the penalty spot.

British Tim Reddish from Nottingham, 55-year-old Chairman of the British Paralympic Association, won over 50 medals, of which 23 are golden. He is a swimmer. Reddish began to be blind at the age of 31 due to the incurable hereditary eye illness, and 17 years ago, lost sight of vision finally, but did not fall in spirit.

The famous athlete took part in the clinical testing of the biionic eye prosthesis and is now able to distinguish between the outlines of objects, for example, their medals, and recognize the time on the dial clock with good lighting.

An artificial implantation surgery lasted eight hours and was held at the Hospital of the Royal College of London. In addition to the Reddish, 8 more people took part in the testing of expensive prosthesis. It is worth such an artificial eye about 100 thousand pounds of sterling, however, for the experiment, the German firm producer provided samples for free.

Electronic retina - photosensitive chip - represents a square with a side length of 3 mm, similar to a digital camera matrix, consisting of 1500 microscopic sensors. It is implanted under the non-working retina, in the case of our champion - right.

The image from the sensor is transmitted to the magnetic amplifier of the signal, implanted inside the cranial box, behind the ear, and then in the visual nerve. Each pixel of artificial retina simulates the cells of the photoreceptor layer, called in ophthalmology with kolzkok. They have a transformation of light signals into electrical. Battery for powering the system The patient carries in his pocket, the wire sticks out of the head, but compared with the full blindness is a tolerant nonsense.

If such bionic prostheses are cheaper, then with their help it will be possible to return the vision of 15 million earthlings, affected due to the irreversible retinal degeneration.

What is behind the removal of the Russian paralympic team from Games in Rio de Janeiro


The ban on the participation of Russian paralympuses in the Olympiad in Brazil sounded like a thunder among the clear sky: after the MOC de facto allowed most of the Olympic team in Rio, such a tough attitude towards disabled athletes looked at least illogical. Before Paralympics, of course, there is still time - it will begin in September, so the chance to sue such a decision of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) is. But what is behind him? About this "Ogonek" asked the member of the Council of Athletes of the International Paralympic Committee (PCR), Chairman of the All-Russian Society of Disabled People, State Duma deputy and winner of six Paralympiad Mikhail Terentyev.

- Mikhail Borisovich, what doping can we talk about when they talk about paralympic people - people who have forced to constantly take medicine?

- Disabled people in sports, are not weak people. Disability is not a disease, but the state of the body. So the Olympic and Paralympic Sport vary except for the rules for classifying athletes. Paralympic people mean that wheelchairs must compete with wheelchairs, and blind - with blind. But the requirements for doping and to the Olympians, and the same paralympians. Equally, as a permit for the therapeutic use of drugs is possible only on the recommendation of the doctor in the case when it is vital for the health of the athlete. The same and procedure for informing WADA on the admission of drugs athlete.

- Lists of prohibited drugs also coincide?

- Yes, the overall list, and it is approved by WADA, and the control of the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee. National Committees, including Russian (PCR), are deprived of the right to interfere in the process.

- That is, the Russian paralympuses accused exactly the use of doping, and not drugs?

- Nothing like this! The prosecution concerns not the use of doping by Paralympicians, and the fact that in Russia there is a state program, which is aimed at applying prohibited methods and drugs. The West suspects that at the state level all these violations are hidden from other countries. If it were about doping, athletes would disqualify individually on the basis of doping samples. But the Olympian athletes or the entire Paralympic team of Russia were removed not due to the positive result of doping samples, and for the fact that, according to WADA, in the current conditions of the PCR cannot function normally.

- Why removed the entire Paralympic team?

- That's why the decision of the IPC and it became such a shock for us! As information from the same report, two such different decisions were taken? Absurd!

- But at least some logic is there?

- IOC and IPC are guided by the following consideration ... Since sports federations are managed by structural sports, which are submitted for games, then in the Olympic system the decision was given to the deposit of these federations. Paralympic system is different: there are several Summer Olympic Sports, which directly controls the IPC (for example, athletics, silica, swimming, pawerlifting). Therefore, the decision on removal of Russians had to receive the IPC, and to eliminate how the IOC did, they could not. And the decision could be only one for the entire national team. Accepted it on the basis of data from the report of Richard McLaren (independent expert Wada.- "ABOUT"), where we were talking, I repeat, about allegedly creating the state system of applying doping.

- Were preceders in the history of the Olympic movement?

- The removal of the national team due to doping - no, but political accusations against states, for example, in violation of human rights, were. As were the suspension of national Hitler Germany and South Africa, the time of the apartheid regime. Therefore, the newly created Anti-Doping Commission, headed by Vitaly Smirnov, suggested that the Russian anti-doping agency would be coordinated by an excitement, but by the Ministry of Health. This should be broken in the imagination of foreigners an imaginary "vertical" of the allegedly available doping corruption system.

- And what is the conclusion from what happened?

- Wada needs serious reform. This is not my thought, but the president of Mok Thomas Baha. Since the organization controlling the observance of anti-doping rules should clearly and clearly provide all the information at once. And what in fact? Wada first announces the accusation, and then the documents are already placed in parts. It seems like a solid organization, but behaves like a card shoeler. Until July 18, there were no claims of the IPC to the PCR. All this time was active correspondence. Immediately after November last year, the PCR gave an explanation about the athletes, notifying the IPC that the Paralympians train separately from the Olympians. Then I asked the IPC, there is a claim, and they were not. And Wada on a similar question answered the same thing. And suddenly - the report on July 18 with 35 doping tests. We asked to provide at least the name of sports, where there are violators, and better and their names are silence in response. A week later they sent a list and immediately appeared: they say, we began to understand, from these 35 20 people - not your athletes. Well, we agreed, asked to send the data again only by our athletes. Sent. We look: There are, for example, an athlete, whose doping sample, according to WADA, was replaced by the Olympics in Sochi. We find out: there was no athlete in Sochi. Further - the list includes "free struggle" ... We are asking for clarifications to WADA: what is it for the sport? Because it is not among the Paralympic. But Wada, apparently, did not even look at the official website of the IOC to find out ... And on August 3, from the IPC reported that WADA has something 10, or 19 violators. We wanted to look at the names. We waited, looked: someone has long been disqualified, someone used medications for therapeutic purposes, which was in a timely manner, and some of the surnames are generally non-existent "heroes", there are no such athletes. I misunderstood only on the basis of proven data.

- The decision of the IPC can be appealed?

- Such work is already underway. The PCR and IPC decided to speed up the procedure and apply not to the Special Commission, but to international sports arbitration. He will meet on August 21.

- What role when deciding on the removal of Russian paralympuses played a desire to eliminate competitors for medals?

"I can't answer this question, because the answer will be from the discharge of speculations." But you yourself can draw conclusions, if you analyze the number of medals received by our Paralympic team in Sochi, London, and ask how in third place there was the United Kingdom itself ... Of course, Phil Craven (President of the IPC "ABOUT") You will not say that he was guided by decision-making similar motifs. But there is a point that can indirectly confirm your guess ... A few years ago, the Summer Games program was analyzed, criteria were identified on the basis of which sports was selected for games in Rio. Thus, football for people with cerebral palsy in Brazil will be held for the last time. From the Game Program in Tokyo-2020, it is already excluded due to the fact that there are few teams. Probably coincidence, but for 15 years the medal in this sport alternately received the Russian, the Ukrainian teams. There is such a kind of competition when the amputants pushed the kernel ... Our Alexey Ashapatov was leading repeatedly, and in Rio, this discipline is excluded - few athletes. It is difficult to prove anything, because the IPC has its own arguments - they are taking care for the Paralympic sport to be more competitive.

We know that 50 percent anti-doping agency is funded from the IOC, and another half comes from some independent sources. But what are these sources and how much do they affect decision-making?

- In courts detached Paralympics will file?

- First, wait for the verdict of sports arbitration, read its wording. If the verdict will be negative, of course, will be served. The athletes were prepared, strengths were spent, funds, time. But you must first deal with the facts. And then with Wada, to understand how independently they make a decision. We know that 50 percent anti-doping agency is funded from the IOC, and another half comes from some independent sources. But what are these sources and how much do they affect decision-making? I personally did not hear the IPC financing WADA.

- Paralympic games and the truth are now worried about the heyday period now?

- Yes, and, in my opinion, this is a considerable degree due to the huge social role of the Games. They change society. Looking at how the Paralympians perform, people understand that if such potential has people with disabilities in sports, then he may be in all spheres of life. Games watching 3 billion people. And it affects all who are in stadiums and screens: first of all on other disabled people sitting at home and suffering from it to go out. Not to mention the fact that the application for the Paralympic Games is allowed only to those states that can create an "available Wednesday" in the cities of their holding. Local people with disabilities from this also won, not only athletes and participants of the games.

- Russian Olympians seek in Rio. Is it worth subject to such a paralympic stress?

- I agree that such an attitude is stress for any athlete. Of course, there is no such thing in Russia, but in Rio - other informspace, where all events are filed otherwise. It is not surprising that the audience react so much. But to refuse the trip to Rio would be correct, perhaps only officials. For 268 participants of our Paralympic team, who were preparing for 4 years, passed hard selection (there were twice as many applicants), participated in the World and Europe championships, it would be a failure. How can you deprive their deserved struggle?

Svetlana Sukhova talked

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Mikhail Terentyev is a native of Krasnoyarsk (1970), since 1984 he was engaged in skiing diet, in 1986, at competitions in the city of Kirov, he was injured by the spine, after which it moves only on a wheelchair. He graduated from the Faculty of Economics of the Krasnoyarsk University, in 2009 - Dipacidemia of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia (international relations). Since 1993, he began active training in ski racing and athletics among disabled people. Paralympic participant in Lillehammer (1994), Nagano (1998), Sydney (2000), Salt Lake City (2002), Athens (2004) and Turin (2006). Paralympic champion in ski racing, owner of 4 silver medals in ski racing and 2 bronze-biathlon among the athletes-wheelchairs (according to this type of sport - world champion). In 2006-2008 - I.O. President of the Federation of Physical Culture and Sports of Disabled Persons with Disabilities of Russia with the defeat of the Mattering Apparatus, 2006-2014 - the Secretary General of the Paralympic Committee of Russia, since 2014 - a member of the Council of Athletes of the International Paralympic Committee, since 2014 - Chairman of the All-Russian Society of Disabled, State Duma deputy of the 5th and the 6th convocation.