Tomorrow XI Paralympic Winter Games start in Sochi. For ten days, 1650 athletes from 45 countries will fight for rewards, but most importantly - to surprise the whole world by the power of character and the greatness of the human spirit. On the eve of Sochi Competitions "Mercy.ru" is trying to figure out the features of sports for the disabled.

How it all began

Paralympic games today are familiar and mandatory addition to the Olympics. Of course, they collect less spectators in the stands, and television broadcasts attract not so massive audience to the screens. But by the heat of struggle and the power of emotions, the participants of the Paralympians are not inferior to the Battle of the "Big" Olympiad.

For domestic sports lovers of Paralympiad - a relative new phenomenon. For the first time, Soviet athletes took part in the games of the persons with disabilities only in 1988, although the Paralympic movement originated immediately after the end of World War II. In 1948, the doctor of the Stock-Mandeville Rehabilitation Hospital under London Ludwig Gutman held the first sports competitions among British veterans who received spinal cord injury.

Physical exertion, competitive excitement and spirit of healthy rivalry have had a beneficial effect on disabled people and contributed to their social adaptation. Guttman competition coincided in time with London Olympiad. They got the name "Stock-Mandeville player's games" and became a prototype of modern Paralympics.

The initiative of the British neurosurgeon quickly gained popularity. In 1952, the games received international status. To the competitions held in 1960 in Rome, not only veterans of war were admitted for the first time. This tournament is considered the first official paralympiage.

After 16 years, the first winter paralympic games took place in Swedish Erncheldswick. They took part not only wheelchairs, but also athletes with other categories of disabilities. The next milestone in the history of Paralympics was 1988. Participants in Summer Games in Seoul first competed on the same objects on which the Olympiad was held. Since then, it has become a tradition, and in 2001 this rule was documenting documented.

Over the years, the number of participants in the Paralympic Games and the countries they represented grew, and a competitive program became more diverse. At the Roman Paralympics of 1960, 400 athletes from 23 countries fought for 291 a set of awards in eight sports, and in the last years at the moment, the summer Paralympic games took place two years ago in London, 4302 athletes from 164 countries participated. They played 503 sets of awards in 20 sports.

Winter paralympic games are becoming increasingly popular. However, like the Winter Olympics, they have a more modest scope. At the Games of 1976 there were 198 athletes from 16 countries that competed only in two types of ski racing and skiing, playing 53 incomplete set of awards. At a month after the month of Paralympiad in Sochi, 1650 athletes from 45 countries are expected. Sports has become five, sets of medals - 70.

It is worth noting that in Paralympic Games, as a rule, athletes with hearing impairments and mental disabilities do not take part. For them, separate contests are held.

Paralympic disciplines

Starting from the 2006 paralympiad in Turin, the winter game program remains unchanged. Participants compete in five sports: Kerling on wheelchairs, biathlon, skiing, ski racing and map-hockey. Only the number of rewarded awards sets is changing.

In general, the organizers try to make the Paralympic Competitions as far as possible from the contestants of ordinary athletes. Although, of course, in each paralympic sport there is its own specificity. The main difference is that in the adaptive sport, participants are divided into groups depending on their physical capabilities. The division occurs on the basis of a functional classification approved by the International Paralympic Committee. Initially, competitive groups were based on a medical diagnosis, that is, athletes with amputations had their classes, athletes with impaired musculoskeletal system - their own. However, over time, more fairly found division based on the functionality of an athlete in a certain form of sports. In other words, people with disabilities of various nosological groups can now be in the same class, if they have the same capabilities in this particular discipline.

For example, in the Winter Paralympic Program in a skit-biathlon cluster, a group of athletes with violations is divided into three categories (B1, B2, B3) - depending on the degree of blindness. Athletes with damage to the musculoskeletal system are assigned functional categories from LW1 to LW12. A special system counting system, given the category of an athlete, allows participants with various physical disorders to compete with each other within the same class.

Biathlon

For the first time, biathlon appeared in the program of competition of athletes with physical disorders during the Games in Innsbruck in 1988. In 1992, athletes with violations of violation began to participate in competitions.

In one of the most popular disciplines in the Sochi Paralympics in Russia, 18 sets of awards will be played. Competitions will be held in the Liura Ski Biathlon Complex in Red Polyana. Athletes will compete in three classes: sitting, standing and violation. Men will perform at distances of 7.5, 12.5 and 15 kilometers, women - at distances 6, 10 and 12.5 kilometers. Depending on the functional constraints, rivals use either traditional skis or a chair equipped with a ski pair. Blind athletes will go in conjunction with moisture guides.

Unlike ordinary biathletes who shoot standing and lying, participants in the Paralympic biathlon competitions perform shooting only from the position lying. Athletes with impairment of the musculoskeletal system are striking the target from pneumatic rifles, and blind and visually impaired - from laser rifles. This type of weapon is assigned to the target using a beep: the closer the sight to the target center, the louder sound.

Ski race

Skier competition will also be held in the Laura Complex. Participants in Paralympics in Sochi will compete in this sport for 20 sets of awards. Like biathlonists, skiers are divided into three classes: standing, seating and with violations of vision. Athletes, competing sitting, will perform at distances of 10 and 15 kilometers - men and 5 and 10 kilometers - women. In the class "standing" and "with violations", the races will be held at distances 10 and 20 kilometers - men and 5 and 15 kilometers - in women. Skiers of all three classes will also compete in a kilometer sprint and in the relay.

This sport was presented at the very first Paralympic Games of 1976. True, then the competition was held only in the classes "standing" and "with violations of vision." Up to the Paralympic Winter Games of 1984 in Innsbruck, the athletes used exceptionally classic style, after which the skate stroke was allowed, and the competition was divided into classic and free-style races.

Skiing

Like ski racing, skiing is a veteran of Paralympiad. Initially, the Games program were represented by slalom, giant slalom and super intricate. In 1984, a high-speed descent was added to them, in 1994 - supergigant. Sitting skiing for the first time entered the program only in 1988.

In this sport on games in Sochi, the largest number of medals will be played - 30. The competition will be held in the Ski Center "Rosa Khutor". The modern Paralympic program includes five types of competitions: high-speed descent, supergigant, super intricate, giant slalom and slalom. Decision on the class of athletes is all the same - standing, sitting and with violation of vision. In addition, within the framework of ski competitions will be held a demo-presentation of a new species - parasno-celastic cross among standing athletes.

In the mountain skiing of blind and visually impaired athletes, as well as in ski racing and biathlon, on the highway, accompany the vocabulary "guides", which give athletes voice teams. Some athletes use special equipment adapted to their capabilities. For example, a monozyself, sedentary skiing, orthopedic agents.

Kerling on strollers

Kerling on wheelchairs for the first time entered the Paralympic Program in 2006. In this team discipline in Sochi, only one set of medals will be played. Ten mixed teams will come together in the struggle (in their composition there should be both men and women). Matches will be held in the Kerling Center "Ice Cube".

Adaptive varlingity of kerling is distinguished by the lack of swinging - rubbing the ice surface in front of a moving stone. This means that the exact hitting of the projectile in the goal requires even more skill with paralympuses than in healthy athletes. To perform throws, players in kerling on wheelchairs can use a special device - extender, which is attached to the stone handle.

Take part in games is allowed to those athletes who cannot compete otherwise, as sitting on wheelchairs. Functional classification provides 13 types of physical lesions of the lower part of the body, which do not allow Kerlylighists to play in the standing position: the spinal injuries, cerebral paralysis, scarm sclerosis, amputation of both legs, etc.

Show-hockey

Paralympic ice hockey option entered the program of games in 1994. In this game, athletes are men with disabilities of the lower body. By ice, they move with specially designed sleighs with two sings, between which the washer can slip. In the hands of the athlete - two sticks: one he is repelled from ice, and the other beats the puck. Players must be equipped with protective linings, gloves and a helmet with a grid or a mask.

Paralympic trace-hockey tournament will be held on the ice arena "washer". For the victory, there will be no eight teams. The final match will be held in the penultimate day of games.

Paralympic heroes

Each athlete Paralympic - a unique person in his own way. Each of them behind the shoulders are not easy fate, complete difficulties, pain and despair. One thing that they managed to overcome all adversity and did not retreat before obstacles, makes all their winners, regardless of what place they will take in the final protocol of Paralympic competitions.

Their athletic achievements are striking even more if you consider that the absolute majority of the Paralympians came to the sport, which is called from the street. In some cases, people engaged in sports are more or less professionally, go to paralympism after being comprehended by their misfortune.

So it was, for example, with a swimmery Olesya Vladykina, athlete Alexey Ashapatov, who, before an accident, as a result of which he lost his leg, was a professional volleyball player, and with Skier Alexey Shilov, who in the "former life" was a candidate for sports master orienteering . However, such athletes are relatively few.

Most often, ordinary people become Paralympic champions - either with congenital ailments, or those who have not worked hard before injury or illness. Regional areas of disabled are a big role in the involvement of persons with limited physical abilities. They regularly spend their shares and sports events in which everyone can take part.

Most people with disabilities begin to ski, play tennis on wheelchairs or swim simply to promote health, from boredom or to adapt to the team. Attil at the Paralympic Sport, the athlete of Artem Arefyev, swimmer Igor Plotnikov, Judomist Shahn Kurbanov and many others. Someone reached for their parents, friends, senior brothers and sisters.

They did not want to establish a world record or conquer the Olympic Gold. But it happened that they were the participants of the Paralympics. So it was, for example, with a skier of Mikhailina Lysov, who gathered the harvest of medals of all the advantages on the games in Vancouver. She went to the sports section following the older sister, despite the serious defeat of vision, in which serious physical exertion is contraindicated.

In the Russian application for Sochi Paralympic Games -78 athletes. Many of them have experience performances on past paralympias, for some current games will become debut. Of course, such competitions are very necessary both athletes themselves, and all other people with disabilities, for whom the history of Paralympians can become an excellent vital example. But even more Paralympiad needs healthy people - in order to once again recall what the strong spirit people live next to us and how rarely we pay due attention to their problems.

Following the success accompanying the London Olympiad, the opening of the Paralympic Games is also accompanied by an unprecedented enthusiasm. But what's the difference between these two large-scale competitions?

Without Olympic rings

Instead of Olympic Rings - "Agito"

We have become the cult five connected rings on the Paralympicide space. They replace "Agito" - three curls: red, green and blue, symbolizing the motto of paralympuses "Spirit in motion." Agito translated from Latin - "I'm moving."

The new emblem that was designed to emphasize the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Competor's Spirit in the athletes-Paralympicians appeared in 2003.

Since 1996, the hymns of the Paralympic Games since 1996 serves the composition of Thierry Darnis called the "Anthem of the Future".

IOC and IPC - Different Instances

Conductive Competitions International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Paralympic Committee (IPC) - Different Instances.

The first Paralympic games were held in Rome, a week after the 1960 Summer Olympiad was held there. Four years later, Paralympiad passed in Tokyo, also immediately at the end of the Olympic Games.

British national team on the Paralympic Games of 1964 in Tokyo

However, in 1968, Mexico City, who accepted the Olympics, categorically refused to hold a paralympic competition. Instead, they passed in Tel Aviv, and for 20 years, paralympiad and the Olympiad passed in completely different cities.

In 1988, Seoul, in which summer games took place, took and paralympia. After that, they began to pass again at the same time. In 2001, all formalities were settled, and now the city that serves the Olympic application must be proceeded from the fact that in case of victory, it will have to accept competitions for people with disabilities.

Classification

Compete approximately equal to the possibilities of athletes

Sport can be competitive only if approximately equal in the possibilities of athletes compete. On the Paralympicade, the blind runner will hardly be with paralyzed, but the athlete with cerebral palsy can compete, for example, with a dwarf, although, at first glance, this is not very joining.

Athletes host a special medical examination to determine the category of disability.

In Paralympic Swimming, for example, 14 categories. The first ten belongs to people with physical disabilities - from people with amputated legs or hands to people with a damaged spinal cord and dwarfs. The 11th, 12th and 13th categories are assigned to the blind, and the 14th - for the mentally retarded.

Athletes can relate to different categories, depending on the type of swimming. So, the athlete of the 9th category in swimming freestyle can relate to the 10th category in Butterfly, as the back swimming can be more difficult for people with a certain disability.

The classification also depends on whether an athlete can jump into the pool or should start the race already in water.

The classification of athletes sometimes causes disagreement. As the champion of the Paralympic Games, Baroness Tanni Gray-Thompson, some athletes are trying to change their category.

"Caida is done deliberately, it is equivalent to doping, but there are people who can get into two different categories," says Gray-Thompson.

Football players in the field play with eyebounds

Most of the types of Paralympic Program are similar to those in which they compete at the Olympic Games.

Swimming, cycling and light athlics pass practically the same as at the Olympics, but they are divided into other categories, and athletes use wheelchairs and prostheses. They may have helpers.

Football among the blind and sedentary volleyball are little similar to its Olympic equivalents. The ball in football for blind less elastic, and inside the ball there are ball bearings so that blind athletes can hear where the ball flies.

In matches for the blind teams of five people take part. They are not playing on the grass, but on a solid surface. The field surrounded by shields is less than the usual football field.

Shields not only do not give the ball to fly beyond the fields, but also reflect sounds both the ball and running football players, which allows them to better navigate the field.

Since players can be blind or partially in vain, they have all the eyebounds on their eyes to create equal terms of the game. Goalkeeper - Smear, but he is not allowed to leave the gate. The game also participates a "guide", which, standing beyond the gate, suggests, in which direction is the gate.

Players themselves make some specific prompts. For example, "howl" - that in Spanish means "I am going", "I'm here" - it means that one of the football players will now try to take the ball in the other.

Since players depend on such shouts, the fans in the stands should sit silently.

Pure Paralympic species

Boccha - a sport that only Paralympic engaged in

There are two types of sports in which they compete exclusively on Paralympic Games - Golobol and Boccha.

Two teams from three blind and semi-blind people play in the holbela. The game passes on a rectangular field with marking.

The goal of the game is to throw a heavy ball, inside which the bells are located, in the net of the opponent's gate. Defenders protect the gate with their own bodies.

The leggie is played by people of the most severe disability. The game is somewhat similar to Kerling. Athletes must rush, throw or push the ball as close as possible to the target.

Initially, the sport was invented for people suffering from children's cerebral paralysis, but over time people with various diseases of the sensory motor function joined him.

Boccha is divided into four categories. The third category includes people who are not able to push the ball themselves. For them, at one end of the field, a special inclined plane is installed, according to which they descend their balls towards the target.

All Olympic facilities were modified to paralympics.

The Olympic Village was transformed into Paralympic in five days.

In stadiums and other Olympic facilities, the number of seats for wheelchairs was increased. At the main stadium, they are now 568. The blind fans are issued by audiogides, and places opposite the large screens are assigned to the deaf fans.

Director of the organizing committee "London-2012" on integration Chris Holmes says that toilets, bathrooms, sidewalks and signboards were made with the calculation of Paralympians from the very beginning.

Assistants-taperia

Assistants-taper on duty on the side of the pool

The so-called tappers help blind swimmers. At every end of the pool there is a person with a long sixth, like a fishing rod, with a soft ball at the end. When the swimmer approaches the side, Tapper is touching him to warn athlete.

"We let you know the swimmers that they are approaching the side, in two or four meters to the end of the pool," says Marselev Sugimori, one of the two Tchares of the Brazilian Paralympic team.

Sugimori worked as a taper for his sister, which won a gold medal in a 50-meter swimming pool in Paralympic Games in Athens in 2004.

Guate for Runners

Blind runners on the track accompanies guide

Blind and partially blind runners can use rendering services. A wedding guide, tied to the hand of Paralympic Rope, runs with him and serves as if "the eyes" athlete.

According to the British paralympic Libby Clegg, "it looks like running in pairs, but you are not tied to the leg, and by hand." Clegg runs 100 meters for 12.41 seconds.

Throughout the distance, the guide all the time explains the athlete, where they are on the treadmill, when you need to turn, and when it is necessary to slow down or speed up the pace. Each of them runs along its path.

Fully blind athletes always run with the guide. Partially blind solved themselves, we need a guide or not. Most female athletes choose themselves in the guisters of men, as the guide should be able to run the runners themselves faster.

At the same time, guides it is forbidden to cross the finish line to an athlete, for which the Paralympic threatens disqualification.

Age

Paralympics viewers can pay attention to the fact that many paralympic champions are much older than the winners of the Olympic Games.

During the last Wimbledon tennis tournament, many wondered how long Swiss Roger Federer, who is now 30 years old, can play at such a high level. British champion in tennis on wheelchairs Peter Norfolka is already 51 years old, he won gold on Paralympiads in Athens and Beijing.

Yes, a 71-year-old rider from Japan Hiroshi Haquets took part in the London Olympiad, and the 39-year-old gymnast Yordan Yovchev from Bulgaria became the seventh in the exercises on the rings. However, among the paralympic agents of age athletes.

Captain of the British football team among the blind David Clark - 41 years. The captain of the Barrel team Nigel Maryry - 48. British Kate Martha, which is 63 years old in the shooting from Luka, is competing.

Russian press Champion of Paralympics in throwing disc and pushing the kernel Alexei Ashapatov In October, it will be 39 years old, but he intends to go to Rio for the 2016 games.

Many paralympians came to sports as part of medical rehabilitation after they became disabled. Among the participants of the game many war veterans in Afghanistan and other conflicts.

There are not much potential paralympuses, because many people with disabilities simply have no opportunity to play sports - due to the lack of adapted stadiums, for example, or low self-esteem. Many people with disabilities do not even think about playing sports.

In the British Paralympic team there are young athletes. A fencer at the stroller Gabi Dowan - 14 years old, Volleyball player Julie Rogers - 13, and the swimmers of Cloe Davis and Amy Maren - 13 and 14 years, respectively.

Doping control

The list of prohibited drugs is the same for Paralympic and Olympians. Any athlete who needs medicines should request a special permit that will be reviewed by the Medical Committee.

The director of the British Anti-Doping Agency Nicole Sappsted says that not all the Paralympians take medicines released by the prescription.

"Of course, the athletes with the injections of the back are needed painful, but in general, everything is both at the Olympics - mostly we are talking about asthma and diabetes," says Sappsted.

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State budgetary educational institution

Higher professional education

"Samara State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation"

Department of Physical Education and Health

Abstract on the topic:

"Paralympic games. Sports related to visual impairment"

Performed:

Student 2 courses, 202 gr.

Mikhalev Roman Vsevolodovich

Checked:

Senior Lecturer,

Akhmetov R.V.

Samara, 2015

Table of contents

• Introduction
• Conclusion

Introduction

Paralympic games are the largest sports competitions among people with disabilities. Every year the number of people wishing to participate in the Paralympic Games increases. If 400 athletes from 23 countries took part in the Games in 1960, 4,200 athletes from 160 countries were accepted in London's Paralympic Games. Over the years, the number of disciplines in Paralympic sports has grown from 57 to 471. There are no age limitations for participants in Paralympics.

The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating Paralympic Games belongs to the German neurologist Ludwig Gutman. In 1948, in the center of rehabilitation of patients with spinal injuries in Stock-Mandeville (United Kingdom), he organized sports competitions for veterans of World War II. By 1953, the number of participants in the competition in Stock Mandeville increased to 130, which attracted the attention of representatives of the Olympic movement. Term " Paralympic." - originated from the Greek preposition " para." - "Nearby, outside, besides" and "about, in parallel", and the words " Olympics." , those. Along with the Olympic Games, Paralympic Games are held in parallel, usually spend them immediately after each other.

The first paralympic games took place in Rome in 1960. Then the most numerous was the delegation of ITALY athletes. The Roman Games program included eight sports, including athletics, swimming, fencing, basketball, archery, table tennis. Athletes with damage to the spinal cord participated in the competition.

The official name "Paralympic Games" appeared during the II Paralympics of 1964 in Tokyo. It was attended by 390 athletes from 22 countries. The program of games included new sports, in particular, riding strollers, weightlifting and disc throwing. At these competitions, a paralympic attribute was used for the first time: the flag, the anthem and the game symbol.

In the paralympic movement there are six groups of disability: athletes with amputated limbs, with cerebral paralysis, with impaired intelligence, fromviolationsvision, with damaged spinal cord, as well as a group that includes other types of disability.

Winter Paralympic Games are held since 1976. For the first time they took place in the city of Erncheldsvik (Sweden). Competitions for athletes with amputated limbs and violations of violation were organized on the track and in the field. In the same first, the race competitions on the sleigh were held. Russia for the first time took part in the Paralympic Games in 1988 in Seoul.

Sports existing in Paralympic Games

Summer sports

· Academic rowing;

· Basketball on wheelchairs;

· Bocce;

· Cycling;

· Titing;

· Holbe;

· Rowing on kayaks (this game for disabled will be included in the game program since 2016);

· Judo;

· Athletics;

· Table tennis;

· Paratiathlon;

· Sailing;

· Swimming;

· Bullet shooting;

· Rugby in strollers;

· Sitting volleyball;

· Archery;

· Tennis on wheelchairs;

· Weightlifting;

· Fencing in wheelchairs;

· Football 5x5;

· Soccer 7x7.

Winter sports

· Mountain skiing (includes slalom, giant slalom, super intricate, high-speed descent, para-snowboard);

· Curling on wheelchairs;

· Ski race;

· Biathlon;

· Impact hockey.

Of those presented, only 9 year old and 2 winter sports are suitable for the participation of people with a violation of the visual apparatus.

Summer sports in the Paralympic Games in which people can participate in violation

1) adaptive rowing

Rowing is the youngest sport on the Paralympic Games. Rowing competitions were presented in the Paralympic Program in 2005, and will be first held at the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing. Adaptive rowing, or just rowing is a sport for athletes, whose physical opportunities satisfy the criteria established by the rules. The term "adaptive" implies that the corresponding equipment is "adapted" for athletes, and not the sport itself "adapted" for athletes. The international federation of rowing (FISA) is the main regulatory authority.

The competitions are attended by both men and women. The classification includes four classes of boats: LTA4 +, TA2X, AW1X and AM1X. LTA4 + and TA2X classes are mixed (men and women) boats. Races are held on distances over 1000 meters for all four classes (despite the fact that the class LTA4 + competed at distances over 2000 meters to the 2005 World Cup).

Rowers with violation of vision can participate in the LTA4 + Competitions. At the same time, the commands checkboxes will have to voiced (approx. "Red check box"). At the same time, the control commission is prescribed to pay special attention to the safety of rowers with violations of violations.

2) Cycling

Cycling is one of the newest competitions in the history of Paralympism. The first competitions were held at the beginning of the eighties. Athletes with violations of violations took part in these cycling sports contests. This type of competition fell in love with Paralympic Games. Already in 1984, at international games for disabled people, this type of competition has passed among the athletes of amputants. And already in Barcelona on games in cycling competitions, cyclists have passed the competition of cyclists of all three groups on a special track and also on the highway.

Typically, such competitions are carried out both individually and in the group standings. Three cyclists from one country take part in the group competition. For disabled athletes with violations of violations, special bicycles are used in a pair with a teammate seer. They can also participate in races on the highway. But amputants and cyclists with violations of motor activities are involved in individual contests. Specially equipped bicycles are also used for this.

Cycling is characterized as moving on the ground for which vehicles are used, movable muscular human power. This sport includes tracks on the track, highway, rough terrain, Mountainbike. Also there are competitions in figure riding and the game on the ball on bicycles - Velopolo and Velobol. The main goal in this contest is the fastest overcoming distance. The bicycle sport is under the control of the International Union of Cyclists. This union, which follows cycling, is located in Switzerland. But in Russia exactly the same functions perform such an organization as the federation of Russia's cycling.

3) Testing

In equestrian competitions, people with disabilities of various groups can take part: paralytic disabled people, amputants, blind and violations, mentally retarded and many others, the main desire. Equestrian competitions pass in the individual standings, as well as there are also group. In this event, players must demonstrate to the judges their skills in passing a small segment, they alternate the pace and direction of movement. At the Paralympic Games of athletes are grouping according to a separate classification and the winners who were able to demonstrate the best results are determined within the dedicated groups.

In these individual competitions, athletes demonstrate their skills in two types of riding - this is a mandatory program and Cure. The mandatory program includes tests that were specifically selected and approved by the rules. Cure is a free style, it is an individually prepared choreographic performance to music, which includes prescribed traffic rules.

During the commandation of the team standings, the teams of three or four people demonstrate their abilities, besides, one of the team members must melt a qualifying level 1 or 2. The result in the team event is determined by the sum of the three best performances in the test. If the team consists of four people, then the performance with the smallest number of points is not taken into account.

The main thing in this contest is individuality. This event brings a feeling of completeness of life to people limited in the physical sense. The most important thing is that the horse and the person felt finely felt each other were one. It was then that the performances are excellent. Russian athletes were first able to take part in this contest in 1999 at the World Championships in Denmark.

4) Holbe

Golobo is a sports game in which two teams compete. The main task of both teams is to throw the ball with a built-in bell in the opponent's gate.

This sport was opened in 1946, and humane motivations to help rehabilitate World War II veterans, namely, disabled people in vision were the main purpose of its creation. Golbol is part of the program of the Paralympic Games. This sport made his debut in 1976 in the city of Toronto, and in the official program he appeared only in 1980. In 1978, the world's first official world championship was organized.

In essence, the Golbol is an adaptive team game that some way resembles football. The goal of creating the game was indeed achieved, since the players could quickly adapt to their not so joyful position. The new game gradually began to conquer more and more fans, she acquired the status of an interesting and gambling and soon almost completely lost its purely therapeutic meaning. Now, the goball is a real passion for thousands of visually impaired and blind people around the world.

In Russia, this sport came only in the 60s of the last century. Then in the boarding schools for blind or visually impaired people began to open the first sections. The game was loved by our compatriots, and at the beginning of the 70s, the enthusiasts began to carry out friendly matches between the teams.

5) Paralympic judo

Paralympic games can boast the presence in the program of this sport as judo. It is true, a little different from judo, which is included in the Olympic Games program. The main difference is the textures on mats, they are made to indicate the area of \u200b\u200bcompetition and the zones of it. Athletes - Paralympians fighting between themselves for the main prize, which is a gold medal. The texture of mats is the only difference between traditional and paralympic, but the rules of the game are identical to the rules of the International Judo Federation. The Paralympic Judo Games entered in 1988. And four years later, 53 disabled athletes, which represented 16 countries of the world took part in Games in Barcelona.

Translated from the Japanese language "Judo" means "soft way". This sport combines both spiritual and physical start. It is he who reflects the "soft" attitude of judoist to the opponent and to life. From the bow, the competition begins and also ends. During the competition, the athlete must demonstrate his respect to the opponent 7 times, besides, every binding is about 4 seconds. With a bow, the waist bends under 30 degrees.

Women began to participate in judo competitions in Paralympic Games only since 2004. Now this sport at the international level is practiced in 30 countries. Paralympic view of Judo is a sport for blind and visually impaired athletes. The main feature of an athlete is the ability to balance, well feel the enemy physically and at an intuitive level. The athlete must have the qualities belonging to the blind. There are 13 weight categories. Judo in Paralympic Games is managed by the International Federation of Sports Blind.

6) Light Athletics

Athletics entered the Paralympic Games program in 1960. Athletics include a very large range of different types of competitions. Persons with disabilities of almost all groups can participate in these competitions, with various health impairments. Wheelchairs, prosthetists, blind, etc. can act as athletes. Interestingly, blind athletes are involved in conjunction with leading. Competitions in the Athletics category can be attributed - the track, throw, jumping, pentathlon and marathon. Competitions between athletes are held in accordance with the functional classifications of the participants.

Athletics, characterized as a set of sports, which includes: running, walking, jumping and throwing. It can combine cross-country sports, sports walking, technical sports, that is, jumping and throwing, just as all-around, running along the highway and running around the area. Athletics is recognized as one of the main and most popular sports.

Usually exercises related to mild athletics are carried out for the purpose of physical training. In addition, they were used to hold our ancestors in the distant past. It is generally accepted to think that the history of athletics began with competitions in running at the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece. These competitions took place in 776 to our era. Even in ancient times, a sense was known in competitions, even then many exercises had a great prevalence. Ancient people knew a lot about physical exercises, their benefits and necessity.

The modern athletics began his way from individual attempts in different countries to conduct competitions in running, jumping and throwing. A little later in the program began to include running on short distances, running with obstacles, throwing gravity, and even later - jumping in length and height from running out. So gradually the arsenal of sports included in an athletic athletics increased and strengthened.

7) Swimming

Initially, swimming was part of the physiotherapy and disabled rehabilitation program. And now it is a very common sport. Nowadays, swimming competitions between the disabled people are one of the most interesting and popular events of the Paralympic Games. In this competition, people with disabilities of any group of functional restrictions can participate. There is only one sole condition, it is that it is impossible to use prostheses and other auxiliary devices in the competition.

Swimming is a sport that lies in overcoming the climbing time for the smallest time of various distances. There are limitations in this sport. For example, in the underwater position it is allowed to float not more than 15 m after start or turning. However, in the brewing competition, the bath restriction is reformulated otherwise. But high-speed types of scuba diving are no longer sailing, but underwater sports.

Swimming is also an integral part of a modern pentathlon - swimming for 200 meters, triathlon, that is, different distances in open water and part of some applied all-around. Our ancestors in ancient Egypt, Assyria, Phenicia and other countries were able to swim, and all the well-known swimming methods very much resemble modern kroll and breeding. At that time, smooth had only an applied character. It was used during fishing, in the hunt for waterfowl, underwater fishery, as well as in military business. And only in ancient Greece, swimming began to use as a means of physical education.

In 1896, swimming has replenished the list of competitions of the Olympic Games, after which this competition is carried out constantly and is of great popularity. Despite physically disadvantages, disabled athletes have achieved very large success in this area of \u200b\u200bcompetitions.

8) Heavy Athletics

In the Paralympic Games, this type of competition was first included in the program in 1992, the competition was held in Barcelona. Then, for the first time, 25 different countries have demonstrated their sports delegations on heavily probe. After this event, heavy athletics was widely distributed in the Paralympic Games, it began to include in the program of each compete. Even more representatives of countries participated in the competition of this species in 1996 on games in Atlanta. 58 participants from different countries arrived here. However, 68 participants' countries were stated, but decades of them led funding.

From this year - 1996, the number of applications for participation in weightlifting competitions grew in geometric progression. This sport aroused great interest in himself. Everyone wanted to show myself. Now approximately 109 countries on five continents are constantly involved in the paralympic weightlifting program.

At the moment, all groups of people with disabilities can participate in these competitions. They compete with each other in ten weight categories. Moreover, participation takes both men and women. For the first time, the weightlifting competition among weak sex was held only 2000 on the Paralympic Games in Sydney. Court arrived 48 women from different countries of the world. After this event, women became permanent participants of the Paralympic heavilythricultic contests.

At the moment, weightlifting competition is divided into two exercises - it is a jerk and push. The jerk is an exercise in which the athlete is being lifted to the rod above the head with a single mp3ge movement with a peel on completely straightened hands. A push is an exercise that consists of two separate movements. One thing is at the time of taking on the chest athlete takes off the barbell from the peel and raises it on the chest. The second - a sharp movement sends a rod up on straight hands.

9) Football 5x5

Football 5x5 is an adapted version of the traditional mini-football, which is playing blind or poorly seen athletes (people with disease of cerebral disease or other neurological diseases take part in Football 7x7). The international sports federation of the blind (IBSA) monitors the matches and manages. Competitions themselves provide for the use of adapted FIFA rules.

The playground is slightly smaller standard, it has small fencing height in one meter. This factor removes the position of "out of the game", and, accordingly, throwing the ball due to the side line, which makes the game more dynamic.

The team consists of four poorly seen field players and a gloomy goalkeeper. In the reserve there may be five people (spare).

In order to ensure equilibrium in the game itself, all field players put on special dressings, in order to level the level of visibility in all those present on the field. You can only shoot these masks in the break of the game. In addition, each team can have their guide, which is usually beyond the gate of the opposite team. With the help of voice, he directs the attacker to the opponent's gate. The ball has sound effects that make up during their movement, the diameter of the ball - 20cm. The goalkeeper is allowed to give teams to his players, but only when the game passes in the area of \u200b\u200bhis gate. Only goalkeeper is allowed to take the ball in hand.

Penalties provide three possible disorders:

· Violations of the bandage location;

· Exit goalkeeper outside its zone;

· Excessive physical contact of one player to another.

The match consists of two half a hundred and 25 minutes, and has one 10-minute break. Wins a team that scored more heads. In the case of equal number of heads, the winner, as in the traditional version of the football, is determined by the penalty spot.

Winter sports in Paralympic Games in which people with violation of vision can participate

1) Mountain skiing

Mountain skiing was first entered in the winter Paralympic Games in 1976 in Sweden. At the moment, people with disabilities are competing in this sport in more than 35 countries. This sport is similar to traditional skiing. There is also a competition for four disciplines - this is a high-speed descent, a supersigner, giant slalom and slalom. Athletes are divided into classes depending on their physical limitations. Amputants, visually impaired, with cereals and filing can take part in the skiing. Depending on the class of physical disadvantage, they are issued special equipment: monozymes, ski or orthopedic agents. The visually impaired participants are focused on voice teams of leaders.

The beginning of the development of skiing among people with disabilities is the end of World War II. At that time, the soldiers who returned with injuries did not leave the desire to do their loved business. In 1948, the first courses were held to train skiing techniques for these most disabilities.

For a long time, there could be disabled with disabilities only two groups - these are athletes with a violation of the musculoskeletal system, while they drove standing and violation. And only in the 1970s, the monozymes were invented, which provided the opportunity to engage in this sport athletes with a violation of Oda sitting.

This vehicle is equipped with special sticks with shortened skis at the end. They are used to manage and maintain balance. And already in 1976, the program of the Paralympic Games included competitions for the slalom and gigantic slalom. And the high-speed competition was first conducted in 1984 on Paralympic Games in Innsbruck. And only in 1994, the super-lead was added to everything else. A sediment competition of athletes with a violation of the musculoskeletal system on a monochloride included in the Paralympiad program in Nagano in 1998.

2) Ski Racing

Ski racing and biathlon belong to one of the most ancient sports. They originated in Northern Europe long ago. Now this sport is practicing on the Paralympic Games. There are contests between athletes in classical and free ride. In this sport, there are both individual and team standings. Skiing check-in ranges from 2.5 to 20 kilometers. Device for racing is characterized by functional limitations of an athlete. It can be traditional skiing, or a specially equipped pair of ski chairs. Blind athletes ride a bunch with a leader.

The Paralympic Games program skiing and biathlon entered in 1976 in winter games in Sweden. Men and women took part in the competition. They were used by cue style of running at all distances. But already in 1984, in Innsbruck in the Winter Paralympic Games for the first time, competitions were held on the skate style. From that moment on, all competitions are divided into two separate races - it is a classic and skate style. However, this new technique was not used in Albertville in France. All athletes are divided into several classes, depending on their physical limitations. There are the following classes. LW 2-9 - It includes athletes with physical disability, the class LW 10-12 includes sitting athletes, and in class B 1-3 includes athletes with weak vision.

Medals are awarded athletes in each category separately at each distance. The distance on the biathlon is 1.5 kilometers and includes two fire lines. There is also a distance of 12 kilometers with four firing turns. Athletes belonging to the category of visually impaired, a gun is issued equipped with electron-acoustic glasses.

Classification of athletes with violation of vision

International sports association blind - IBSA.:

Sports classification of blind athletes universal for all sports, and its use for different competitions may depend on the sport. For example, for the struggle of judo, the athletes are excluding sports class, there are only the features of refereeing for class B1, and for swimming and ski racing, it is important to strictly match the sport class. The classification takes into account the condition of the two main visual functions of the organ of vision: visual acuity and peripheral boundaries of the field of view.

Criteria of the sports medical classification of the International Sports Association of Blind:

Class B1 Lack of light-proof, or in the presence of light, the inability to determine the shade of the hand at any distance and in any direction.

Class B2 on the ability to identify the shadow of the hand at any distance, to visual acuity below 2 \\ 60 (0.03), or with a concentric narrowing of the field of view to 5 degrees.

Class B3 from visual acuity above 2 \\ 60, but below 6 \\ 60 (0.03-0.1), and \\ or with a concentric narrowing of the field of view more than 5 degrees, but less than 20 degrees.

At the same time, the classification is carried out for a better eye in conditions with better optical correction. The score of the fingers is determined on a contrast background. The boundaries of the field of view are determined with the label maximum for this perimeter.

Athletes who have visual sharpness above 0.1 and the peripheral boundaries of the field of view are wider than 20 degrees from the fixation point, are not allowed to internationally visually visible competitions. According to the rules adopted IBSA. Athletes speaking in class B1, during competitions should have light-tight points that are controlled by judges.

Classify blind and visually impaired athletes should doctorm ophthalmologists. Sports classification of persons with disabilities in vision is rationally at the stage of training in schools of blind and visually impaired, since it is easier to solve issues of both coaching work (centers in groups, the choice of appropriate equipment, etc.) and monitor the dynamics of the state of visual functions.

paralympic Sport Violation Vision

Conclusion

To ensure a fair competition between athletes with various deviations and violations, in each international sports organization of persons with disabilities, athletes are distributed by classes in accordance with their functional capabilities, and non-disability groups. Such a functional classification is based primarily on the ability of an athlete that allows it to compete in a certain sports discipline, as well as on medical data. This means that athletes belonging to various nosological groups (for example, an athlete with cerebral paralysis and an athlete having a spinal injury) may be in the same functional class in such a discipline as a free-style swimming by 100m, as they have the same functionality. This is done with the goal that an athlete can compete with other athletes who have equal or similar functionality.

Sometimes, for example, in competitions in the marathon running, athletes belonging to various functional classes compete together. However, the places engaged in them are determined in accordance with their functional classes.

It is the functional classes that provide equal, fair and interesting contests between athletes.

Posted on Allbest.ru.

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There are people in sports who are talking about falsifying athletes' diagnoses

Paralympic games started in Brazil. Officially, our team was removed from participation for the use of doping. In samples of 35 athletes found a forbidden drug. The names of the violators were not disclosed. Attempts by Russian officials to shape those who endured the decision, did not lead to anything, to refute the verdict in the court also failed.

In the meantime, we found people who believe: removed our national team at all for doping, and the policy here is also nothing to do with it.

Just every victory has a backpage of the coin. Our interlocutors who are directly related to sports disabled people believe that among the Paralympicians a lot of those in fact are a healthy athlete.

Our first interlocutor - Alexander Kachanov, President of the Rostov Regional Public Organization of Disabled Personal Sports Club.

I have long been engaged in sports blind and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, since I myself am a disabled person on the sight of the first group, "Alexander began a conversation. - The theme of the false champs on the Paralympiad is one of the dark areas of adaptation of persons with disabilities. Healthy no longer disappear to select scant opportunities in blind. It is clear that hands in such a situation are lowered hands.

- In Soviet times, also the substitution of persons with disabilities?

In Soviet times, I had a chance to play the bombing of the Soviet Players of the USSR, to organize competitions among blind. Fucking we did not notice then.

But one day I was entrusted to the organization of fees for the USSR Championships on the Greek-Roman wrestling among the blind, which were held in Tbilisi. And here I first noticed that among the Georgian fighters were clearly attended by three elder athletes.

I personally participated in the procedure of weighing athletes and verifying documents using one of our sighted coaches. As a result, one wrestler was dropped due to the lack of a certificate of disability. The second shot after the first defeat from the blind. But the third easy, playing, defeated the strongest blind fighters, and then plunged the entire Georgian national team in his car, got behind the wheel and took them after the tournament closure. I remember, in the same wrestling hall, a portrait of this Georgian champion among healthy was hung. Then we were not alone. That's how I first encountered a deception.

- When did the flourishing of fraud begins?

In my opinion, with the advent of Lydia Abramova in 1986, which is the vice-president of the All-Russian Society of the Blind. We have repeatedly addressed her about the violation of the sports principles, but soon realized that she was not going to decide anything, just takes place.

Many can be told about the suffocation of sports blind, but back to the falseinalids. When the blind began to receive from the state of the award, many times higher than pensions, it would be possible to wait for the rise of sports of the blind in all regions. However, the policeport gave it to the deposit of the Federation of Blind - and since then has come full collapse. Since in Russia there are no normally functioning sports sections for disabled people, and it is necessary to conquer the medals, then coaches appeared who began to introduce healthy fault athletes in the national teams. They received huge money, rank, state awards, scholarships, apartments, cars, honor and respect. The possibilities of blind decreased now almost to zero ...

- Where are athletes who are ready to pretend to be disabled?

The coach finds a suitable candidate among the awesome athletes. It is desirable that a person has at least a meager island. And approximately such a conversation is underway: "You have reached the ceiling, and among the disabled people are waiting for gold, money, glory. Will pass the survey, I agree everywhere. " After the victory of such an athlete, the coach receives the title of deserved and premium - almost all the same as the ward. I heard that sometimes some coaches and individual leaders of the Sports Federation are forced the winner of the Paralympics share. Recently happened a loud scandal with deaf paralympians on this topic. But the case was hushed up.

- It turns out the falseinalid so should thank those who covered it?

- How do the admission of disabled athletes for serious competitions?

Moscow declared a special document to admit to international competitions. There are no problems with this. When I once surveyed in Tsentine, the doctor in the field was then told the representative of the CPU VSP: "You know, and you have a real disabled person of the first group of vision!" Imagine, it means that for the doctor it was rare.

On the Paralympiad, in addition to the delivery of doping samples, you need to undergo a medical commission to prove the disability?

Each national team presents special documents of the international sample. There are specialists who need to follow, check, remove and so on. But they are rarely removed, since it is difficult to seriously examine the falseinalide, even if he forgotten and found his "gift of clairvoyance". On the other hand, other prefabs are even more false indices - they are simply weaker thanmed in the sporting plan. Seriously as athletes are allocated only African athletes and individual judoists from Europe.

True, that while fraudsters take part in Paralympiad, real disabled people cannot even go to regional competitions?

This is a sore question, since not yet blinding can be champions of the Paralympic Games. Sometimes scammers use it, they say to disabled: "You show the result - and go to the Paralympiad or World Cup."

I will give the easiest example. In the Rostov region there are several strongest blind chess players of Russia, but the officials of the Maxport do not miss them even at the Russian Championship.

Last year, we achieved through the governor, so that the Marsport put in the plan the championship of the region among the blind chess players. But the sports leadership of the region did everything possible so that the blindness does not come to this event. Our organization at the last moment learned about the timing, place of holding and gathered 17 chess players. But according to the results of this regional championship, no one went anywhere. This we tried one of the most accessible sports for disabled sports something to organize something.

We are no longer talking about regular classes, halls, inventory, fees, preparatory competitions, friendly matches. There is nothing anyigue. Only in paper secrets reports appear thousands of circles, competitions, athletes ...

- You complained somewhere?

Already tired of complaining. Therefore, many blind athletes moved to the side, others began to spawn ...

- Alexander, in what kind of sport is the most false forever?

From me, famous facts can be judged about the presence of false plays in swimming, holbe, athletics, football, chess.

- Chess - not a paralympic sport, why are there to deceive?

There were monetary prizes at the Russian Championships.

"Fooling a medical examination is worth nothing."

We give publicity separate facts. As I have already reported, this falseinalide after our video The Federation of Sports of the Blind was forced to remove from the national team.

False information was accumulated for many years. The leaders of the VOS and FSS operate in strict classification, so it was very difficult to collect reliable information. But nevertheless, the prosecutor's office is inactive, does not even check the facts provided to them.

- Athletes you call, react to accusations of their address?

The richest just silent. The rest report to their superiors. Naturally, none of them responds to acute questions. They are under reliable protection. They are covered by the leadership of the Federation of Sports of Blind, coaches of these athletes and new false uniforms, which are already in line for participation in competitions. To deceive the international medical examination, they also do not stand anything. There are diseases among the blind, which are poorly studied by doctors, but lead to disability. It is such diagnoses that have most false false diseases.

- And why from year to year the same people go to the paralympiad?

Once sports are not blind in the regions and capital, the organizers of these focus and "paper" events are interested in rare rotation.

- A truly disabled is difficult to break into serious competitions?

I myself had such a case. At the Russian Championship, I scored enough points and entered the Russian national team in chess. I spent on the design of a passport, but the leadership of the Federation of Sports of the Blind crossed out my surname without any explanation. Of course, the blind is hard to compete with moays. After all, falseyints are not random people, but losers from a lot of sports, and they have sports preparation at a fairly high level.

- The blind athlete can not achieve those heights in sports that are subject to moaning?

Such in the history happened. I remember the blind fighter Rodion Nikolaev became the champion of Rostov-on-Don among healthy, but only once. The blind struggles are very correct. Hello often have stiffness. Nikolaev in the final fight broke the eyebrow, caused a few bruises, a miracle of his judge did not take it off the competition. The victory went to him not so easy. You can, of course, talk about the preparation difference, the presence of specialized halls, relevant specialists, inventory, and just initial data are very different in the patient and healthy.

True, that on the preparation of the blind athlete to competitions in the level of the championship of Russia is 8-10 years old, so it's easier to take healthy?

It rarely happens that some kind of blind to take from scratch and have been completed at least to the champion of Russia. Too many barriers. Why so strain if you can take a ready-made athlete from the sports school, which may have only any little bit of vision problems? ..

- All this for money?

Of course. Previously, there were letters and medals, rare departures abroad. But even foreign exchange did not sequel. Now the false initials receive prizes for medals, for seats, to various holidays and anniversaries, gifts, cars, apartments. The journalists represent their courageous people who won their ailments and reached heights in incredible efforts of the Spirit and connecting the reserves of the whole body ...

- Similar things began to occur when people realized that in the sport of higher achievements you can earn?

Yes exactly. Previously, the blind knew each other, often met at competitions. Many knew each other in their studies in the blind schools. Now the blind cut off apart and carefully follow that they do not receive information and could not make group appeals.

- In the national teams of other countries there is something like that?

There were such signals. But Russian leaders are interested only in their earnings and avoid friction. Therefore, they do not protect their athletes if they come across the lies, but do not give protests against violations of others.

- Judges also know?

In Russia, people with disabilities are trying to carry away from other blindness so that there are no fans, journalists. There is no announcements of such events. The judges are appointed by the leadership of the Sports Federation of Blind. For example, at the Russian chess championships among blindness among the blinds, the chairman of the organizing committee was told during registration: "You would have brought any kind of help!". And everyone was admitted to the tournament - they took the first four places exactly such falsely and received pretty good remuneration and trips to the Russian national team.

- If these facts are known, why are everyone silent?

The blind is crying, screaming, treat, even excite criminal cases. But do someone hear them? Well, when the Paralympias already comes, it is clear that the leadership wants to be referred to at any cost.

- What is your opinion on the removal of our Paralympic team from Games in Brazil?

My opinion is very categorical. The blind athletes do not take any medicines if it is not required for their chronic or temporary sores. But in the last, money years, blind athletes began to hold fees along with healthy athletes. And naturally, they sometimes serve the same specialists as healthy. And here it all depends on these specialists. For example, these in the summer disqualified a blind veteran skier, finding this unfortunate Meldonium ...

"War for a ticket to the national team is not on life, but for death"

Second interlocutor Alexey Shipilov- Senior coach of the national team of the Moscow Region on Holbela. Golobal is a sports game for the blind. The essence of the game - a team of three should throw the ball with a built-in bell in the opponent's gate. Shipilov, probably, could represent their athletes on the Paralympicide. But it is not even close to prestigious competitions. Why?

For many years, the same athletes are sent to Paralympiad. Some and the same coaches for years are engaged in the national teams. Someone else's sports is not a place, "says Alexey. - For example, there is one person who is a coach as much as six teams. This is nonsense. He is the senior coach of the male and women's teams on the holbe, also heads the male and female teams on torcuing - varieties of crook. In addition, he also trains the team of the Russian Football team. Among other things, this person is the world champion in football among the visually impaired. Speakers in class B2.

- class B2 - what?

A person speaking in this category sees up to 6 percent. The athlete with such vision is not considered totally blind. This vision is called "with the rest."

- What sees such an athlete?

It can distinguish only silhouettes. At a distance of one and a half or two meters, he is not able to even see the face of the interlocutor. Can not read the twentieth font on the computer screen even to the focus. Nevertheless, among our athletes speaking in the B2 category, there are those who easily drive the car. The same coach for six disciplines feels perfectly behind the wheel ...

- As far as I understand, the disabled fraud exists for a long time?

It appeared when the medals began to pay decent prizes. This situation is characteristic not only for Russia. Do not sway with similar scams and Ukraine. Their athletes pay decent prizes, and the financial conditions in the country are much worse than we. Therefore, to get a healthy person to Paralympiad there is much more important: it is necessary to think, for a ticket to the Paralympic team there is a war of not for life, but to death.

- How are things in other countries?

In other countries there are no prizes. Therefore, there is no sense there is a healthy person to pretend with disabled. For what? And when our pseudoparalympians come to the international start, then the classifier doctors who allow athletes to games, it cannot even think that a healthy person will give himself for the disabled.

- Before starting games from athletes, requires medps?

No one shows a certificate.

- Doctors classifiers check vision?

Understand, in vision there are many different diagnoses. This such area, where even a good specialist is sometimes difficult to determine whether a person sees or not. The athlete may have an external defect of the eye itself, and there may be a defect at the level of nervous conductivity - the eye itself looks completely healthy. The latter often occurs as a result of injury - the conductivity of the optic nerve to the brain is disturbed. And with an absolutely healthy eye, the person "at the exit" will not have at all view. The doctor these subtleties can not determine quickly. Doctor at competitions only state the fact - there is a diagnosis or not. But even in the absence of a diagnosis there may be a mass of the reasons for which a person will not see. Athlete's paralympics come with diagnoses that Russian doctors write them down.

- Also easier to assure a deaf?

More difficult there. Deaf is checked on a special equipment that does not depend on a person. An audiogram is made, which shows the sound or not.

In Europe, there are devices with which you can calculate a deceiver and vision. In front of the paralympiage in Vancouver, thus removed our strongest skier. There, just to verify the vision of the French doctor, a unique technique was applied. In front of the eye was a flicker, and on the head of the athlete was recorded the sensor, which read, perceives the pupil information or not. Upon flash, the pupil changed, vibrations went. After that checking our skier, which was considered a favorite in the relay, removed. The reason was not voiced out. They said: "No qualifications have passed." But this is a single case. No more such checks were carried out.

- It turns out, now athletes check only for doping?

Sure. But it seems to me that the situation with the doping of our paralympuses is contrived. Paralympians do not need to take doping. This is not a sport of higher achievements. In addition, the meaning of a healthy person who replaces the disabled person, take doping, if he is still physically stronger on his head? ..

- Weak vision significantly affects physical training?

To more or less prepare a blind athlete to competitions, we need to deal with early childhood, from 7-8 years. Coordination of movements can be developed at the blind, if you put such a task. But in our country there are no opportunities to raise the team of bolts from scratch.

During the game, the Golbolists stretch dark bandages on the eyes. It turns out, the chances of the blind and moan on the site are equal?

In any case, coordination and orientation in space is better in moant, even if they close their eyes with a bandage. Moreover, healthy athletes get a salary for deception, they have motivation learn to run in complete darkness. By the way, the vulture is also trained in the bandages. A healthy athlete is enough a couple of months so that he learned to navigate in the dark. But in swimming and athletics there are no dressings. Although I can't say anything about athletics, there are worthy coaches. In swimming, such a problem is a long time ago.

- What is the percentage of healthy people on Paralympiad?

It is hard to say. Some names are known to us, some not. New people appear. This year, the composition of the national team was kept secret. I as a coach could not get it either.

- Do you think about these framed members of the IOC?

I think it is known. And when our Paralympians were removed from Games in Brazil, for sure this moment was also discussed.

- Why do this problem silent?

IOC does not know how to deal with it. The situation of hopeless is also because all the leadership of the Federation of Sports Blinds is aware of what happens, but does not take anything. I clarify that the President of the Federation Lydia Abramova was informed by me, and not only that we have many dons among people with disabilities. But WHO and now there.

If from the Russian national team removed all the falseinalides, we would not have conquered so many medals on Paralympiads, would not come out into the leaders?

Such a number of medals our real disabled people will definitely never get.

It is strange that the same fake persons from year to year become participants in games. There is no age cencing on Paralympics?

Age centers is. And some falseinalids are replaced by others after some time. But those who have been trying to fight to the last. Do you imagine what money is we talking about? Paralympicians get the same prizes as ordinary Olympians. For "gold" they pay 4 million rubles, for the second place - 2.5 million, for the "bronze" receive more than a million. "Top" athletes pay regional prizes. Muscovites for "Gold" receive another 4 million, the administration of Mosoblasti allocates their apartment. Plus, they are still given cars ...

- Why disabled, for example, a blind machine?

Apparently, it is assumed that someone will carry them. But some themselves do well with driving. When the swimmer, the champion of Paralympiad Alexander Nolovin-Lights, the disabled person of the first vision group, got into an accident, even the doctor who put false diagnoses athlete attracted responsibility. But nevertheless, angular lights as part of our team. The world champion in football among the blind and champion of Russia Ilkov Nabiyev is also weak, spoke in football in category B2. However, calmly drives the car, comes driving at the meeting. Or Oksana Savchenko, also the Paralympic champion, was noticed for driving the car ... The situation is so impolitiated that people even stopped shy something and hide.

- Have you tried to break through your athletes in the national team?

I can assume that corruption schemes exist in the national team. Trainers also receive prizes, so only their own paralympics. Who is in the clip. Perhaps, at the end of the competition, everyone shall be shared with. I'm not my own in this company.

- Totally blind in the Russian national team?

Their minimum quantity. I know the Totalnitsa, judoist Victoria Potapov, which miraculously fell into the team. I think it was turned on to cover up. Basically, all Russian athletes pass in category B2. Although other countries, all without exception, are carrying totally blind guys. And you know why? Because their totanists are competitive. For example, the Turkish team on bare, where most athletes just Totanniki became European champions. Abroad are engaged in such disabled since childhood. And we have no people with disabilities. Maxport allocates only a certain circle of people crazy money for fees. And ordinary people with disabilities cannot find funds to pay a trip to the Russian Championship. Blind in the regions do not need anyone.

- Have you tried to fight this?

I tried to bring the coach for clean water, which for 10 years deceives people and within the country, and in the international arena. Denies information before the president of the Federation Federation. For the coach, no measures were taken out, but the punitive sanctions on me began. As a result, I am generally want to remove from coaching work and threaten to cancel my applications for participation in the championships of Russia.

You say that in Europe it is impossible to imagine. But a few years ago, the entire Spanish national team was removed from the games, where the alleged mentally retarded participation. In fact, it turned out that the disabled in the team was not.

I remember. Then there was a big scandal with the Spaniards, after which the disabled with the diagnosis of "mental retardation" was generally excluded from the Paralympics program. Only in the last year they seemed to decide to allow them again. But this is a single case.

- Be that as it may, these people with disabilities in our national team are too enough?

Sure. We have a lot of decent flavors, wheelchairs. But most of the honest disabled victims who trained and wanted to participate in Paralympiad, were in the span.

- Are our vigorious athletes who pretend to be blind, never pierced?

They seem to do anyway. When a complete impunity reigns so many years, everything is aware of what is happening, the leadership covers fraud, what fear can we talk about? On the Paralympics itself, these guys behave competently - everywhere go with the accompanying.

- Can the current system be defeated?

The only thing that can break this system is a large international scandal. I do not see another exit.

Healthy athletes kost under the disabled people to defeat world competitions and get MZDU for the award

Dry News Summies At the end of the Paralympiad in London: "The Russian national team showed a phenomenal result, won 102 medals in the team standings. Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko announced that athletes with disabilities for medals will receive premium on par with healthy athletes. In total, the state allocates 286 million rubles for athletes with disabilities. "

Money was paid on time.

The country has fisted. Journalists have raised heroes to heaven in teleprektasks and on newspaper stripes.In the meantime, the disabled athletes themselves rushed to prepare for the next competition - the Olympiad in Sochi.And only people who are not acquainted with a disabled kitchen, once again diluted with their hands: "How is it? After all, only blind is not clear that instead of some disabled people, healthy people went out ... "

The topic of "World Sell" on the Paralympicade has long been discussed in the sports commentator environment. She does not give peace and real disabled people, which for obvious reasons do not pass at the European and World Championships.

Who actually participates in the Paralympic Games, as the "disabled" pass a medical examination and receive cherished references, why are healthy people mow under the patients - in the MK material.

Valery Melnikov, Father Paralympic champion Olga Sokolova, revealed "MK" secrets of training of disabled athletes.

A small "twist" in the center of Moscow.I am met a middle-aged man. It seems: "Valery Melnikov, Father of the Paralympic champion in swimming Olga Sokolova. Himself is a multiple champion of Russia. "

We sit in the kitchen.

Valery - blind. At all. Reacts only on bright light. And that's it.To begin with, I introduces me to the case. Explains that swimmers-disabled vision are divided into three categories - B1, B2, B3. In international qualifications - other letters and numbers (S11, S12, S13). Essence alone.

Athletes speakers in category B1 - totally blind or react only to light. That's like me. I don't even react to your hand. The same situation and my daughter Olga. She is 36 years old, she acts in this difficult category. Athletes protruding by B1 swim in glasses whose glass is tightly sealed with a plaster or tape. After overcoming the distance, the glasses are checked by judges. These are nuances that concern only category B1.

In other categories, it seems, no rules and rules do not adhere to any. Here are the tricks begin. For example, the B2 category includes athletes who need to see the movement of the hand no further than 2 meters. In B3 - people who see no further than 6 meters. But notice, to see they should only move their hands, no finger movement. In essence, those who relate to the category B3 should not be 10 percent of vision. But it's all spelled out only on paper. In fact, the situation is different. It is not by chance that our athletes are constantly jumping out of B3 in B2. Make: they say, the vision has deteriorated. So, those who switched to B2, easier to conquer medals.

- Tell on specific examples.

For example, there is such a champion Anna Efimenko. It wears contact lenses, but the medical qualifications can be passed without them. You can also swim in the lenses, which is a direct violation of all rules. But no one checks out. This girl went to the second Olympics. Without medals, she naturally did not return. Although in London, "Gold" did not take. Yes, with vision, she really is worthless - she was given myopia. But in the contact lenses, she is almost a vigorous man. According to our coach, she does not even have a certificate VTEK (medical and labor expert commission, which establishes the cause of disability). I remember, Anya came up to me and said with reproach: "Valera, why are you lying that you don't see? You look right in your eyes! " And she was at that moment 5 meters from me. Imagine how good eyesight has it, if she saw where my pupil looks?

It turns out, almost any suraling person can rush to the blind, deceive doctors and rush to Paralympiad? ..

I have no idea how our paralympics pass a medical examination. But I think that without money and connections it does not do. I recently listened to a radio program dedicated to the Paralympiad. The ether of Svetlana Zhurov's skating, who also doubted the disability of our athletes. Then asked the reasonable question to the vice-president of the All-Russian Society of the Blind Lydia Abramova: "I look at our swimmer Savchenko and see that she is absolutely a silent person, it does not look like a disabled person - it can be seen in her eyes. How does she act in the blind program? " What Abramov found a worthy answer: "You know, it is very well adapted. Our blind learned to navigate the smell and sound. " I then laughed from the soul. Interestingly, and the car, too, can be driven by smell or by sound? This is spoken by all Paralympic. The girl more than once tried to push our guys: "How do you drive a car, and swim through B2?" She was not confused at all: "So what? I can drive a car, and so I do not see. "

"Healthy athletes on the medical examinations are scolding under the blind"

- With the London Paralympiad, your daughter Olga Sokolova returned without medals. What happened?

It was her fifth Olympiad. In London, Olya took only 7th place. Perhaps a bad performance influenced the atmosphere, in which she had to live for three weeks. Olya appears in the category B1. She is completely blind man. There is a special position that the blind athletes at competitions must go with the accompanying. So, my daughter went to London without his coach and without accompanying. Therefore, almost all three weeks spent in England, promoted in the hotel room. Only one day she persuaded the coach of another athlete to go out with her to the street and help buy souvenirs. Once she was helped to go down for breakfast. And so much to go out into the city, even speeches did not go - you wanted to accompany the blind and did not find it. Olga, after such a relationship, hysteria happened. Although it is a strong, exist person. And then I remembered the old days. I have been speaking for the national team of Moscow for 38 years. I also swim. Helping blind - always considered a matter of honor ... Now athletes who see, by themselves, the blindness - by themselves. Nobody will stretch anyone to help.

- But the question of accompanied by Paralympians was to negotiate in advance?

Before leaving, the Paralympic team took in the Kremlin. Suddenly, the Minister of Sports Mutko was nearby. The daughter explained to him that the blind athlete must necessarily insure the competition to avoid injury. When Paralympic floats, he does not see the wall - for this you need a coach who would guide his ward, suggested when you need to turn ... Orena conversation with the Minister of Sports interrupted the Vice President of the Society of Blinds: "Olya, do not come up with, you have accompanying ! " Nevertheless, the daughter went to London one ...

- Paralympic athletes communicate with each other?

A team of 13 swimmers went to London. On B1 passed only by my Olya and another woman from Volgograd. From men, two blinds - Alexander Chekurov from Volgograd and Rustam Nurmukhametov and Magnitogorsk. All others to the blind category are not related. Most of them ended ordinary sports schools, now learn at the Institute. In my opinion, only Alexander Golintovsky from Peter studied at school for blind. Although he sees it seems to be decent. Quietly one walks down the street, oriented, reads books. According to him, he just falls eyesight.

Does most of our disabled athletes are ordinary people, moreover, graduates of the sports school? ..

Most ended ordinary schools. From early childhood, they trained in sports schools. Here, for example, Dasha Stukalova, a young swimmer, a healthy maiden, behind her shoulders professional sportsshkol. After all, he did not missed Paralympiad. She did not pass through vision as a disabled. She told her: "You see well." But the coach of our team, Igor Tver, shortly before the Paralympics, took out to some international competitions for the blind, where she passed the selection. And after that, some miracle got access to Paralympiad.

- As far as I understand, the Paralympians themselves do not even try to hide an inflated ailment?

Everyone knows about everything, but silent. Take our champion Oksana Savchenko. The coach of our Paralympic national team gave her a ticket to life - transported her from Kamchatka to Ufa, allocated her apartment, made an athlete to the institute. After all, even her car was presented, on which she, it is not shy to drive around the city ...

Or a certain Stepan Smagin. He has one eye in vain, the other is a problem. So people do not even give a group of vision disability. Nevertheless, he has been performing at the Russian Championship for many years, participates in international competitions, represents our country at the European and World Championships. And on the last paralympiad, he was somehow pushed, but they warned that the last time I allow SMINA to play such a level. Nevertheless, he received her "gold" and premium.

Let's go further. The famous swimmer Alexander Nolovin-Lights. Also alleged blind! The guy since childhood was engaged in professional sports, graduated from the sports school, so far trains twice a day. Shows the results of a moaning master of sports. At the last championship of Russia, he sailed 100-voltage-style freestyle in 52 seconds! Believe it, it is fantastic! I swim all my life and I know: To achieve such results, you have to be healthy and talented. Those who communicate with Alexander believe that he is absolutely healthy. My familiar coach told that the medical board this athlete passes through its long-generated method.

- Is the blind athlete really can not achieve those heights in sports that are subject to moay?

Such units. Here Rustam Nurmukhamov was a sore. Elephant after injury. He began to train and achieved decent results. But this person is engaged in swimming for more than 10 years. Many training, therefore achieved decent results. In general, to prepare the blind athlete to the competition championship in the Russian championship, takes 8-10 years. I'm not talking about international competitions and especially about the Paralympic Games. The blind person you need to teach the swimming technique, to spend the workout with him twice a day, find the accompanying. And why so strain, if you can take a ready-made athlete from the sports school, who may have only any little little vision problems?

Millions for deception

- All these frauds are committed for earnings?

Why not? For example, for our national team now there are two paralympic from Belarus. In Belarus, the amount of premium for the medal is much lower, here are the guys and changed the country. These professional athletes received Russian citizenship, prescribed in Moscow. But can they be called disabled? Here Roma Makarova - Cataract, but he sees decently. Serge Punko, in my opinion, atrophy of the nerves, but percentage 30 he sees. And all these nuances coaches cover their eyes. The main thing - the athletes brought "Gold"! We are proud of you! Mushroom people!

- What is the reward for deception?

I'll tell you about Moscow. Participants in the Paralympic Games receive a monthly lifelong presidential scholarship in the amount of 30 thousand rubles. Of course, this amount will be indexed with time. Also, the Government of Moscow pays a scholarship to those athletes who in the championships of Russia occupy prizes. And it does not matter, "gold" you won or "bronze". There, too, falls the amount of about 10 thousand rubles. I always take part in such competitions, and for me such support is essential. If the athlete became the Olympic champion, he is paid about 90 thousand rubles every month.

- Separately pay and for the medal?

For "gold" we pay 4 million rubles. Pay no more than two awards. It turns out, the athlete received 8 million from the sports committee - and she was given the same amount in its region. We believe: Oksana's London Paralympiad earned a total of 16 million rubles. Crazy money! But the case is not limited to one paralympiage. All the same "disabled people" go to the World Cups, Europe, from where decent premium are brought from. Thus, making money. And here I can't blame anyone. Who will refuse such a temptation? ..

- Similar things began to occur when people realized that in the sport of higher achievements you can earn?

My daughter says: when athletes began to pay such huge awards, then it is a disgrace and flourished in a lush color.

- That is, before nothing has happened?

I'll tell you on my own experience. In 1973, I graduated from the boarding school for visually impaired children. I entered the company - then in Moscow there were about 17 enterprises for disabled victims. On the first day, Fizruk approached me, wrote me on swimming. I note that an employee of physical culture was attached to each such enterprise, and, as a rule, they were champions of the country. I trained a lot, I began to ride the competition. Soon I noticed a senior coach of the Moscow national team and invited blindly blind. Training started from 7 am. To get to the pool, I had to leave the house in 4.30. Life was boiling. Competitions were held almost every week. At the end of the year, sports evenings were arranged for disabled, artists appeared in front of us. There was no deception near. But the money, however, also did not pay. By the way, then there were only two categories of swimmers: B1 - totally blind and B2 - all others. The third group was not. Interesting moment: At that time, disabled people of the III group of vision were not allowed at the competition - they were considered in vain, although they had a certificate of disability. Now they are and those who do not have such a certificate at all.

- When did the first false dishes appear?

When the departures began abroad. Somewhere in 1979, the USSR first brought their disabled people to Poland. The composition of the national team was selected following the results of the USSR Championship. It seems this trip was still honest. But the following stands began. Abroad, because at that time everyone wanted to visit. In terms of deception "Ahead of the rest of the whole", Ukraine performed. The first time I noticed a substation in 1981, at the Championship of the country, which was held in Alma-Ata. There, Ukraine presented its athlete - "disabled in vision", some of Grechishnikov. At that time, this man was the country champion among sorts of dirling ... There was another curious character from Ukraine. Also allegedly blind. It was summed up long tongue. Once, after the end of the competition, we talked, and suddenly he suddenly blurted out: "Come to visit me, I will slide you on a motorcycle." We fell apart: how so, on a motorcycle?! He did not have anything to do, how to admit: "Our coach promised to give an apartment if we win the country championship. But then it all seemed unperventing it.

- When did Russia distinguish?

When for the first time our team went to Paralympiad in Seoul. It was in 1988. But then the scale of lies were not so catastrophic. The explicit substament happened in 2000 in Australia, where my daughter went. Then the country learned the name of our famous champion - Ufimz Andrei Strokin. It began to swim in the early 90s. Regularly won the first places at the European Championship, the world, brought Paralympic "Gold". Strokin constantly flashed on TV, they spoke about him on the radio, he was awarded with compliments: "Hero, Well done, courageous man." And everything would be fine, if about three years ago, Andrei Lokkin did not notice the car driving. Imagine, he himself overcame 250 kilometers to get to the city where the games were held! Well, now he is a famous champion, and he has nothing to be shy ...

"A normal person cannot constantly mow under the disabled"

- In the national teams of other countries - the same situation?

The worst thing is the world problem. Everything works at the same scheme, but maybe not in such volumes. For example, an athlete acts for Ukraine, which is part of the usual national swimming national team. Only among the greedy, he did not rise above the 5th place, but among the blind he was champion.

- This happens only among the disabled people in vision?

I was told about the case about one athlete-a porch. It was terribly terribly looking at him when he was chrome on the crutches in the stadium. But, returning to the hotel, Comrade instantly forgot about his ailment. One day at the airport he noticed that his suitcase was forgotten. So he grabbed crutches from the fright and rushed for the luggage that there is urine. And such punctures for lime disabled are constant. The same blinds first complain that neither the feature do not see, and then throw a look at the clock, located on the opposite pool wall: "There is still a lot of time." Or another Paralympic champion noted once on her rival new branded sneakers. It was not kept: "What are beautiful, branded slaps". It was her five meters. I saw a logo on other people's flipmers ... I all about what: a healthy person cannot control himself all the time, play the role of blind, so forgotten.

- Surely commentators like no other notice this deception?

Of course, they are not blind. And among us, blind, fools are also small. I remember, we sit at the next Russian swimming championship among the blind. The guys overcame a 100-meter. I hear, declare the results - 52 seconds, 53 ... I did not stand in shock, I voiced my thoughts: "Wow, disabled people! The results of healthy athletes show! " Here our champion Anna Efimova turns to me: "Now there is no disabled sports - now sport is professional." And then I thought. After all, she is right - everything, the disabled sports ended!

- If these facts are known to the whole world, why are everyone silent?

In front of London there was a small scandal, but then the story was hushed up. Fighters from Ufa appealed to the Paralympic Committee and in the All-Russian Society of Blinds in relation to the Bunchiki Oksana Savchenko. The guys then indignant: why is a healthy athlete ride to England, and the blind fighter is thrown overboard?! Answer guys did not receive. But here everything is obvious: Russia needs to be conquered "gold", and no matter what methods. Therefore, it is necessary to take no disabled for serious competitions, which is incomprehensible, will win or not, but those people who will definitely bring the country awards. That Oksana was an obvious applicant for gold medals. As a result, she went.

- Is it really none of these persons with disabilities take part in such competitions?

I will tell about the championship of Russia among the blind. At my time, teams from 18 regions arrived at such competitions. According to the situation, each team had to present at least 8 athletes, where 2 athletes from category B1 were to be completely blind. What do we see today? Now from each region for the Russian Championship comes one or two people. Because all the visually impaired people with disabilities understand: they never take the first places here, prospects for zero. And the point of participating in this circus? I have been 57 years old. I constantly occupy the first places in the championship of Russia. Do you know why? Because from the category B1, I go to the start. And they give me a gold medal. I am the champion of Russia. Of course, I feel good - because I get a pension for that. But should it be so? I understand that it is ridiculous. As for the Paralympiad, the real blind athletes remained from the strength of five people: two women who are already under 40, and three men. And that's it. There is no one for them.

- On the last Paralympiad, our real blind athletes won something?

Only four completely blind athletes came to the Paralympiad, which were categorized in 1. They did not win a single medal. And now they are hardly sent to the following games. Why, if they do not bring medals, you need to do it 10 times more than with healthy guys, - and the meaning of spending time and money for them? And the money is grouped there with colossal. Fees are held in Cyprus, in Switzerland, in the United Arab Emirates ... and why have it been to discover for people with disabilities, which may also not be glorifying Russia?

Opinion expert

We asked to comment on the situation of the first vice-president of the Paralympic Committee of Russia, president of the Federation of Sports Blind Lidia Abramov.

If earlier, many years ago, such things were still possible, now it is excluded. I think so. The fact is that after each championship of Russia, the prize-winners undergo a serious medical examination before the selection for more serious competitions. Next, athletes are subjected to in-depth medical examination, computer research. Moreover, each of them passes another medical examination two weeks before the competition and directly on the eve of the Games. If one or another disabled person does not correspond to the medical class - it is excluded from the team. Requirements are now very tightened. Of course, I am not a doctor and I can not determine if a person sees or not. Employees of the Paralympic Committee in the selection of athletes for competitions are guided only by medical conclusions. In the essence of medical questions, we do not delveue - here we are incompetent. So I completely trust specialists in this area. Of course, Russian wise men are capable of everything - can get a linden certificate; We also have one region, which previously sinned with similar frauds. But I want to hope that today the situation has changed.

material: Irina Bobrova