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At the forearm in the state of supination distinguish the front surface and the rear, medial - elbow edge, and the lateral - radial edge. The topographically of the forearm muscles are located on the front or on the back. Therefore, it allocate the front group of the muscles of the forearm and the rear group.
The proximal departments of the muscles of the forearm consist of fleshy parts, the distal departments towards the brush are moving into long tendons, as a result of which the forearm has a cone form.
The front group of the muscles of the forearm is composed of the surface layer and deep layer. The muscles of the surface layer originate in the field of medial shoulder brave. In their function, they are flexors and pronators. These include - round pronator (m. Pronator teres), radial brush bending (m. Flexor Carpi Radialis), long palm muscle (m. Palmaris Longus), elbow brush flexor (m. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris), surface flexor fingers (M . Flexor Digitorum Superfacialis).
The muscles of the deep layer begin with the lateral shoulder brave. In their function, they are extensors and supinators. These include - deep finger flexor (m. Flexor Digitorum profundus), long thumb (m. Flexor Pollicis Longus), Square Pronator (m. Pronator Quadratus).
Round Prone
M. PRONATOR TERES.
The shortest muscle of this layer. It begins with two heads: a larger head - from the medial shoulder immanener, the medial intertwine partition, a smaller head - from the jar of the elbow bone. Both heads converge into muscle belief, which is directed to the space from the inside of the dust and is attached to the middle third of the lateral surface of the radial bone.
Round Pronator (m. PRONATOR TERES) is presented in fig. one.
Function:
- flexing of the forearm in the elbow joint;
- pronation forearm.
Fig. 1. Round Pronator (m. Pronator Teres)
Radie flayer brushes
M. Flexor Carpi Radialis
Long and flat muscles located on the lateral side of the front surface of the forearm. Begins from the medial shoulder immanener, it is directed down and at the level of half of the forearm goes into a long tendon, which is attached to the base of the palm surface II of the Metal bone.
The radial brush flayer (m. Flexor Carpi Radialis) is presented in fig. 2.
Function:
- palm bending of the brush;
- pronation brush.
Fig. 2. Surface layer of forearm muscle group:
1 - radial brush bending (m. Flexor Carpi Radialis);
2 - long palm muscle (m. Palmaris Longus);
Long palm muscle
M. Palmaris Longus.
Lies medially the previous muscle. Takes the beginning of the shoulder medial supermarket, goes down, goes into wide palm aponeurosis.
Long palm muscle (m. Palmaris Longus) is represented in fig. 2.
Function:
- palm bending of the brush;
- tension of the palm aponeurosis.
Locks brush flexor
M. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
The muscle takes the most medial edge of the forearm. It consists of two heads: the shoulder - begins from the medial shoulder supermarket, and the elbise - starts from the elbow process and the upper two thirds of the elbow bone. The heads form a muscular abdomen, which goes down, goes into tendon and is attached to the hook-shaped bone and V of the Metal bone. Tender contains semensoid bone - a pea bone.
The elbow brush flexor (T. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris) is shown in Fig. 2.
Numerous forearm muscles perform important functions, most of them act on several joints: elbow, proximal and distal brushless, bright, joint joints and fingers and are multi-sowed muscles. The muscles of the forearm, like the shoulder muscles, are also divided into two groups: the front and rear. The front group includes seven brush and finger bends. This is the shoulder muscle, radius and elbow wrist bends, long palm muscle (sometimes absent), surface and deep finger bends, long thumbs flexor and two Pronators: Round and Square. Finger feeders carry out extremely thin and highly differentiated movements.
In the rear group of brush and fingers and fingers include the following muscles: long and short ray wrist extensors, elbow wrist extensor, finger extensor, make-up of the maiden and dirty finger, long and short thumb, long muscle, reducing thumb, and one supinator . And the front, and the rear muscles of the forearm are located in several layers.
Front muscle group of forearm.
The front muscles of the forearm (flexors) are located in four layers. In the surface layer (starting from the radiation dice towards the elbise) there are a shoulder muscle, a round pronator, a radiation wrist bending, a long palm muscle, an elbow wrist flexor, in the second layer - the surface flexor of the fingers, in the third layer - a deep finger bent (on The elbow side) and the long thumbs in the brush (on the radiation side), in the deepest fourth layer there is a square pronator. Each muscle is located in its own fascial case. Muscles on the front side of the forearm begin on lateral (radius) and on the medial (elbow) side of the shoulder bone, on its supermarkets. The first (surface) layer of muscles of the forearm.
Shoulder muscle
(m.
brachioORAdialis)the spindle-like, located in front and laterally from the elbow muscle, limits the elbowamy with the lateral side (Fig. 153). It begins with muscle beams on the lateral peeling ridge of the shoulder bone and the lateral intermuscular septum of the shoulder and follows the brush. At the level of the middle of the forearm, the muscular abdomen passes into a narrow flat tendon, which is located along the outer edge of the forearm and is attached to the lateral surface of the distal end of the radial bone above its cylinder process. With its final department, the tendon goes directly under the tendons of the long muscle, removing the thumb, and the short brush-finger extensor.
Function:the shoulder muscle flexions the forearm in the elbow joint, turns the radiation bone of the duck and inspires the brush when the elbow joint is separated. From the position of supination, this muscle can penetrate the brush, in connection with which it also has a name
radi bone regulator (m. regulator radii).Innervation:radie nerve (CV-CVIII).
Blood supply:collateral and return ray artery, radiation artery.
Round Prology(m.
pRONATOR TERES)- A short, rounded muscle shape, is located below the elbow joint, under the aponeurosis of the two-headed muscles of the shoulder. The top of the muscle is split into two parts (the shoulder and elbow heads), between which is among the middle nerve.
Shoulder head(big)
(Caput Humerale)it begins on the medial supervision of the shoulder bone, the medial intermuscular septum of the shoulder and on the forearm fascia.
Lock head(Little)
(Caput Ulnare)it begins short tendon on the medial region of the bug soles of the elbow bone and on its coronary process. Both parts, connecting, follow down and the dust and are attached with a short flat tendon in the middle of the lateral surface of the radial bone. The muscle passes ahead of the drunks of the two-headed muscles of the shoulder, under its aponeurosis, limiting the elbow yam from the lower-medial side.
Function:the round Pronator penetrates (turns inside) the reprofier and bends it in the elbow joint.
Innervation:marred nerve (CV-TI).
Blood supply:Wrist beam flexor(m.
flexor Carpi Radialis)- The spindle-like muscle, begins on the medial superchair, on the fascia and the medial intertwine septum of the shoulder. The radial flayer of the wrist is located between the Plecelock muscle lytered laterally and the long palm muscle, located with the medial side. Around the middle of the forearm muscular abdomen of radiation flexor
Fig. 153.Front muscles forearm. Surface layer, front view: 1 - Round Pronator; 2 - radiation spinner of the wrist; 3 - long palm muscle; 4 - surface flexor fingers; 5 - elbow wrist flayer; 6 - retention retention; 7 - short palm muscle; 8 - Elevation of the Mizinz; 9 - palm aponeurosis; 10 - Highlighting thumb; 11 - a tendon of a long muscle, diverting thumb; 12 - long brush thumb twin; 13 - surface flexor of the fingers; 14 - radial wrist bending; 15 - the shoulder muscle; 16 - aponeurosis two-headed muscles shoulder; 17 - shoulder muscle; 18 - double-headed shoulder muscle; 19 - elbow processes in a long flat tendon, which passes under the retention of flexors in the grooves of the bone trapezium (under the cross-ligament of the wrist) and is attached to the palm surface of the base II-III of the Metatar bones. Between the muscle tendons and the lands there is a mucous
bound of the Wrist Raja Fifteer (Bursa Musculiflexoris Carpi Radialis).Function:the beam spinner of the wrist bends the brush (wrist) and removes it (together with the radiation extensor of the brush), bends the forearm in the elbow joint.
Innervation:marred nerve (CV-TI).
Blood supply:muscle branches of shoulder, elbow, radial arteries.
Long palm muscle(m. Palmaris Longus),spit-shaped, located over the muscles of the palm side of the forearm. The muscle begins on the medial braceman, the fascia of the forearm and the adjacent muscle partitions of the forearm with a short muscular abdomen. In the middle of the forearm, the abdomen goes into a long ribbon-like tendon, which passes on the brush above the bending holder and goes into a wide thick connective tissue plate - palm aponeurosis.
Function:a long palm muscle pulls palpal aponeurosis, bends the brush and forearm.
Innervation:marred nerve (CV-TI).
Blood supply:rady artery.
Elbow flexor wrist(m.
flexor Carpi Ulnaris)- Flat Treu-Golly Single Speed \u200b\u200bMuscle, has two short heads: shoulder and elbow.
Shoulder Head (Caput Humerale)it begins on the medial brachery bone and on the medial intertwine shoulder.
Lock head (Caput Ulnare)takes the beginning on the medial edge of the elbow process, the rear edge of the elbow bone and the forearm fascia. In the upper third of the forearm, both heads are connected, forming a common abdomen that follows the medial edge of the forearm. In the middle of the forearm, the abdomen passes into a long tendon, which is attached to the pea bone and hook hook, pea-rake-mill and pea-hooked ligaments, as well as to the base in the pinat bone. At the place of attachment of the tendon to the pea bone is located
the mucous bag of the elbow flexor wrist (Bursa Musculi Flexoris Carpi Ulnaris).Through the gap between the shoulder and the elbow head passes the elbow nerve.
Function:the elbow wrist flayer bends his wrist (along with a radiot flexor wrist). Shrinking simultaneously with the elbow flexor of the wrist, this muscle leads a brush.
Innervation:elbow nerve (CVII-CVIII).
Blood supply:upper and lower elbow collateral artery, elbow artery. Supported layer of muscle forearm.
Surface flexor fingers(m.
flexor Digitorum superficialis)it is a flat muscle that begins with two heads - pleherokteva and radial (Fig. 154).
Plecelock head (Caput Humeroulnare)the larger, begins on the medial shoulder supermarket, the forearm fascia, the elbow collateral ligament and on the medial region of the coronary process of the elbow bone.
Rady head (Caput Radiale)little, begins short flat tendon on the upper two-thirds of the front edge of the radial bone. Both heads are separated by a gap, which runs the middle nerve. In the upper third of the forearm, both heads form a common abdomen, which is located under the radiation flexor of the wrist and the long palm muscle. At the bottom of the forearm, the surface flexor fingers is divided into four long tendons. The tendons of the surface flexor of the fingers together with the tendons of the deep flexor of the fingers pass through the wrist channel, located under the retention keeper and under the palm aponeurosis in one general synovial vagina. Then the tendons are sent to the palm surface of the base of the middle phase II-V fingers. At the level of the middle of the proximal phalanx, each tendon of the surface flexor fingers is split into two legs, which are attached to the side surfaces of the average phalange. Through the splitting between the legs, the tendon passes the corresponding tendon of the deep flexor of the fingers. Throughout the II-V fingers, each tendon of surface and deep flexors of the fingers is located in one own synovial vagina.
Function:the surface flexor fingers bends medium phalanges of the II-V fingers, bends the brush and forearm.
Innervation:marred nerve (CV-TI).
Blood supply:rady, elbow artery.tretes layer of muscle forearm.
Deep flexor finger(m. Flexor Digitorum PROFUNDUS)- Wide flat triangular muscle (Fig. 155). It begins at the proximal two-thirds of the front surface of the elbow bone, below its bugberry, and on the intercourse scope of the forearm. A short abdomen continues in four thin tendons, which, together with the tendons of the surface flexor fingers, pass in the wrist channel, then in the finger bone-fibrous vagina and are attached to the base of the distal phalanx II-V fingers. At the level of proximal phalange each tendon of a deep flexor fingers
Fig. 154.Surface Finger Finger, Front View. Round Pronator, Wrist Rewater Filter and Long Palular Muscle Removed: 1 - Medial Shoulder Bone Sands; 2 - Plecelock head of the surface flexor fingers; 3 - surface flexor fingers; 4 - Square Pronator; 5 - Holder of tendons; 6 - a tendon of a long thumb blower; 7 - the tendon of the radiation flayer of the wrist; 8 - long brush thumb twin; 9 - radiation head of the surface flexor fingers; 10 - supinator; 11 - the shoulder muscle; 12 - Twitch Muscle Two
Fig. 155.Deep finger flexor, front view. The surface muscles of the forearm removed: 1 - medial brachial bone supermarkets; 2 - deep finger flexor; 3 - elbow wrist flayer; 4 - pea bone; 5 - muscle, opposing the little finger; 6 - tendons of a deep flexor fingers; 7 - the tendons of the surface flexor of the fingers (cut off); 8 - muscle leading thumb; 9 - a tendon of a long thumb blower; 10 - short thumb twin thumb;
11 - muscle, opposing thumb; 12 - Square Pronator; 13 - long thumbs thumb; 14 - Round Pronator; 15 - long ray wast extension; 16 - shoulder-ray muscle; 17 - Supinator; 18 - Shoulder Muscases in the slot between the legs of the corresponding tendon of the surface flexor fingers.
Function:deep fingertip flexor bends distal phalanges II-V fingers, as well as brush in the bright joint.
Innervation:lock and median nerves (C5-TH1).
Blood supply:rady, elbow artery.
Long Finger Finger Brush(m.
flexor Pollicis Longus)- Narrow spindle-shaped, single-timber muscle, lies laterally from the deep flexor of the fingers. It begins on the upper two-thirds of the front surface of the radial bone, adjacent areas of the interstitism of the forearm during the level of the ray bone levels to the top edge of the square pronator and on the medial brachial bone superior. The muscle continues into a long tendon, which passes through the wrist channel in a separate synovial vagina, and then on the palm side of the thumb between the surface and deep head of the brush's short finger. Tenderstill is attached to the base of the distal phalange of the thumb.
Function:long thumb shift brush bends distal large finger phalange and finger itself, participates in brush bending.
Innervation:neckline nerve (CV-THI).
Blood supply:rady, elbow, front intercourse artery. Quantity (deep) layer of muscle forearm.
Square Prology(m.
pRONATOR QUADRATUS)- a quadrangular flat plane with transversely oriented bunches of muscle fibers (Fig. 156). It is located under the tenders of the finger flexors and wrists on the front surface of the lower third of the bones of the forearm and on the corresponding section of the inter-emergency opposite of the forearm. The muscle begins at the front edge and the front surface of the lower third of the body of the elbow bone and is attached to the front surface of the lower third of the body of the radial bone.
Function:square Pronator turns the radial bone around the elbow (the forearm and brush enhanced).
Innervation:neckline nerve (CV-THI).
Blood supply:front intercellate artery.
Rear group of forearm muscles.
The muscles of the back of the forearm form two layers - superficial and deep. In the surface layer, a long beam wrist extension is lying, a short ray wrist extensor, an elegant of the finger, the energizer, the elbow wrist extension (Fig. 157). B deep layer There are a supinator, a long muscle, reducing the thumb, a short brush extensor, long thumb exterminator
Fig. 156.Square Pronator and Round Pronator, front view. Other forearm muscles of forearm removed: 1 - medial supermarket; 2 - Round Pronator; 3 - elbow bone; 4 - Square Pronator; 5 - inter-emergency opposite of the forearm; 6 - radiation bone; 7 - supinator; 8 - tendon double-headed shoulder muscles; 9 - articular capsule
Fig. 157.Backside muscles forearm, rear view: 1 - lateral supermarkets; 2 - long radial wrist extension; 3 - short ray wast extension; 4 - the extensor of the fingers; 5 - long muscle, reducing the thumb of the brush; 6 - a short extensor of the thumb; 7 - the retardant holder; 8 - muscle tendon - long-fingered brush extensor; 9 - tendon of the extensor of the index finger; 10 - the sufficient of the extensor of the fingers; 11 - intersicious compounds; 12 - the tendon of the energizer; 13 - elbow wrist extension; 14 - the extensor of the Misinz; 15 - elbow wrist extension; 16 - elbow muscle; 17 - elbow process; 18 - Three-chapping Muscle Pereskusty, Estimuator of the index finger. Each muscle is surrounded by its own fascia.
Surface layer of forearm muscles.
Long Beam Wrist Explor(m.
extensor Carpi Radialis Longus)- An extended flat muscle, begins with muscle beams on the lateral brave bone and lateral intertwine shoulder septum. In the middle of the forearm, the muscle goes into a flat tendon, which passes on the brush in the second (from the lateral side) of the bone-fibrous channel under the retarder keeper (together with a short radiation spinner of the wrist). The tendon is attached to the back surface of the base of the II Metal bone. The initial muscle department arrives to the lateral surface of the elbow joint capsule, then the muscle follows from top to bottom between the shoulder muscle (in front) and the short radiation spinner of the wrist (rear).
Function:a long ray wrist extension is instilled with a brush and, shrinking at the same time with a ray wrist bent, takes a brush laterally, slightly bends the forearm.
Innervation:radie nerve (CV-CVIII).
Blood supply:raduing artery, radiation collateral and return arteries.
Short ray wrist extension(m.
extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis)- The spindle-like muscle is located nearby (MEDIAL) with a long ray wrist extension on the radiation side of the forearm. It begins on the lateral braceman brace, radial collateral bond, on forearm fascia. In the middle of the forearm, the muscular abdomen moves into a long flat tendon, which is attached to the back surface of the base of the III of the Metal bone. In the distal departments of the forearm of the tendon of a short and long wrist extensors pass under the tendons of the long muscle, reducing the thumb, and the long muscle, extending the thumb, lying superficially in the oblique direction. In the field of rays-taking joint, the tendons of the long and short ray sprouts of the wrist are in general (second) bone-fibrous channel, in the synovial vagina of the tendon of the radios of the wrist.
Function:short radiation wrist extension will break up a brush. Shrinking simultaneously with the radiant flayer of the wrist, this muscle takes the brush.
Innervation:radie nerve (CV-CVIII).
Blood supply:collateral and return radiation artery.
Extension of fingers(m.
extensor Digitorum)- Wide, flat mouse, located superficially, medial long and short ray wast extensors. The extensor of the fingers begins on the lateral brace-bone brace and on the forearm fascia. Near the bright joint, this muscle is divided into four tendons that pass under the elastic holder in general for them by the fourth bone-fibrous and synovial vagina (along with the tendon of the index finger extensor). The tendons of the depleting of the fingers are attached to the back of the II-V fingers, forming drumming stretching. The average bundles of tendon stretching are attached to the base of the middle phalanx, and the side - to the distal (nail) phalange. At the level of the faded bones of the tendon of the energone of the fingers are connected to each other with oriented fibrous beams -
intersemoidal connections (ConnDxus Intendindi).Function:the extensor of the fingers is extension of the II-V fingers and a brush in the rays-up joint.
Innervation:radie nerve (CV-CVIII).
Blood supply:rear inter-site artery.
Misintsian extension(m.
eXTDNSOR DIGITI MTNIMI)- A narrow thin muscle, begins on the lateral brave bone peer, the forearm fascia (along with the extensor of the fingers) and is mediocre from it. A narrow thin tendon passes under the retardant keeper in a separate fifth bone-fibrous and synovial vagina. The tendon is attached to the back of the base of the middle and distal phalanner V of the finger, is woven into their rear tender stretching.
Function:muscle extensions the little finger.
Innervation:radie nerve (CV-CVIII).
Blood supply:rear inter-site artery.
Elbow wrist extension(m.
extensor CDRPI Ulnaris)- Thin flat muscles, located on the medial side of the back side of the forearm, between the eminent of the maiden (lateral) and the beginning of the elbow brush flexor (medial). The elbow wrist extension begins on the lateral brace of shoulder bone, the rear surface of the elbow bone, the cable of elbow joint, the forearm fascia. The muscle tendon passes in a separate sixth on the rear of the brush of the bone-fibrous canal and in its synovial vagina under the retarder keeper, in the furrow located on the back surface of the distal end of the elbow bone. The elbow wrist extension is attached to the rear surface of the base of the V Metal bone. Between the beginning of the muscle (its proximal tendon) and the lanceal brave bone, there is a mucous bag.
Function:the elbow wrist extension is instilled and brings brush.
Innervation:rade nerve (CVIII).
Blood supply:rear interceptional artery. The muffling of the muscles of the forearm.
Supinator(m.
supinator)- Flat muscle, located in the proximal rear department of the forearm, is almost completely covered with superficial muscles. The supinator muscle begins on the lateral brace-bone brace, the radial collateral bond, the rings of the radial bone and on the crest of the stroke dice. The muscle-supinator passes the space in the lateral direction, surrounding the radial bone from behind and side. The muscle is attached to the front-lateral surface of the upper third of the radial bone throughout its bugness to the place of attachment of the Round Pronator. The final part of this muscle (front-lateral) is covered with muscles starting on the latter brachial bone pearly (shoulder, long ray wrist extension, wrist extension, etc.), and the distal part of the round Pronator. Through the muscle-supinator in the longitudinal direction passes the deep branch of the radial nerve. This gap between the deep and surface pieces of the supinator was named
supinatorius Channel (Candlis Suppinatorius).
Function:the muscle-supinator turns the radiation bone of the duck (inspires the radial bone along with the brush).
Innervation:radie nerve (C6-C8).
Blood supply:raduing, return radiation and interceptional artery.
Long muscle,
big thumb brush(m.
abductor Pollicis Longus),flared, two-way. The muscle is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe distal half of the rear of the forearm between the elbow wrist extension and the supinator on the inter-emergency membrane and the back of the radial bone. The beginning of a long muscle, reducing the thumb, is covered with a finger extensor and a short ray wrist extension. Long muscle, reducing the thumb, starts on the rear surface of the elbow and radial bones and on the inter-emergency opposite of the forearm. The long tendon of this muscle passes together with the tendon of the short-finger brush, in general for them, first on the rear of the brush of the bone-fibrous channel and in its synovial vagina under the lateral part of the retarder holder. The tendon is attached to the back surface of the base of the pulp. The distal muscle is located directly under the fascia of forearm and skin. The muscle is heading from top to bottom and laterally, rich outside the radiation bone and the tendons of the short and long radial extensors of the wrist on it.
Function:the muscle takes the thumb and brush.
Innervation:radie nerve (CV-CVIII).
Blood supply:Short brush extensor(m.
extensor Pollicis Brevis)- Thin spit-like muscle, located near (medial and below) with a long muscle, reducing the thumb brush. Starts on the rear surface of the radial bone and on the intercepted membrane. The muscles of the Kosov envelopes in the lateral direction radiation bone and the tendons lying on it. A long subtle tendon passes under the extensor keeper in one (first) synovial vagina with a long muscle tendon, reducing the thumb. Tender is attached to the base of the proximal phalange of the large finger brush.
Function:a short brush extensor breakfaches the proximal phalanx of a large finger brush (and finger) and removes the thumb.
Innervation:radie nerve (CV-CVIII).
Blood supply:rady, rear interceptional artery.
Long Extensor of the Thumb Brushes(m. Extensor Pollicis Longus)- Thin spit-shaped muscles, located under the extensor of the fingers. The muscle begins on the lateral side of the rear surface of the middle third of the elbow bone and on the inter-emergency membrane of the forearm. The tendon of this muscle passes under the retarder keys in the third bone-fibrous channel and in the synovial vagina, in the furrow on the rear surface of the radial bone. The tendon of the long brush's long-finger extensor cross over in the coslateral direction of the tendon of long and short beam sprouts of the wrist and attaches to the base of the distal phalange of the large finger brush.
Function:the muscle extensions the thumb and brush.
Innervation:radie nerve (CV-CVIII).
Blood supply:rady, rear interceptional artery.
Extensor of the index finger(m. Extensor Indicis)- Thin, long double muscle, located on the elbow side of the forearm near (medial) with a long thumbs' extension. Starts on the rear surface of the elbow bone and on the intercepted membrane of the forearm. The tendon of this muscle together with the tendon of the finger extensors should be in a total (fourth) bone-fibrous channel and the synovial vagina under the retarder holder. The tendon is attached to the back surface of the proximal phalange of the index finger, where it is fought with the tendon of the extensor of this finger.
Function:the muscle extensions the index finger, contributes to the extension of the brush.
Innervation:radie nerve (CV-CVIII).
Blood supply:front and rear intercepted artery.
In their function, they are divided into flexors and extensors, with some of them bend and extend the whole brush entirely, and others are fingers. In addition, there are also pronators and supinators that produce the corresponding movements of radiation bone. On the situation, all these muscles disintegrate into two groups: the front, which includes flexors and pronators, and the rear, consisting of extensors and supinators.
Each group is composed of superficial and deep layers. The surface layer of the muscles of the front group originates in the field of the shoulder medial superior, the same layer of the rear group - in the region of the lateral scrambled. The deep layer of both groups in the main part does not find the place of attachment on the supermarkets, and takes its origin on the bones of the forearm and in the intercourse.
The finite attachments of the flexors and extensors of the brush are on the bases of the Metatar bones, and the same muscles going to the fingers are attached to the phalanges, with the exception of the long reducing thumb attaching to the i methole bone.
Pronators and supinators are attached on, radial bone. The muscles of the forearm closer to the shoulder consist of fleshy parts, whereas towards the brush they go into long tendons, as a result of which the forearm has a cone form flattened in front.
Forearm muscle group
Superficial Muscle Layer consists of the following muscles.
1. M. Pronator Teres, Round Pronator, It starts from the medial shoulder supermarket and tuberositas ulnae and is attached to the lateral surface of the radial bone immediately above its middle.
Function. Possing forearm and participates in its flexion. (Inn CVI-VII. N. Medianus.)
2. M. Flexor Carpi Radialis, Beam Wrist Bendlies along the medial edge of the round Pronator. It begins from the shoulder medial screw and is attached to the base of the II Metal Bone.
Function. Produces bending brushes, and can also take the last to the radial side in combination with other muscles. (Inn CVI-VII N. Medianus.)
3. M. Palmaris Longus, long palm muscle, Lies medially from the previous one and starts from the shoulder medial supermarket. Short spine-like abdomen her very high goes into a thin long tendon, which over the Retinaculum Flexorum turns into palm aponeurosis, Aponeurosis Palmaris. This muscle is often absent.
Function. Pulling palm aponeurosis and bends the brush. (Inn CVII - Thi N. Medianus.)
4. M. Flexor Carpi Ulndris, Lock Wrist Flexor,located on the elbow edge of the forearm, taking the beginning of the shoulder's medial screw, and is attached to a pea-shaped bone, which is seamovoid for him, and further to OS Hamatum (in the form of Lig. Pisohamatum) and V Muzzle Bone (as Lig. PisometaCarpeum).
Function. Together with m. Flexor Carpi Radialis bends the brush, and also leads it to (along with m. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris). (Inn CVII - THI. N. ulnaris, sometimes N. Medianus)
5. M. Flexor Digitorum Superflcialis, Surface Finger Figure, Lies deeper than the four muscles described. It begins from the medial brave bone immane, the refessus coronoideus of the elbow bone and the top of the radial bone.
The muscle is divided into four long tendons that descend from the forearm through canalis carpalis On the palm, where they go to the palm surface II-V fingers.
At the body level of the proximal phalanx, each of the tendons is divided into two legs, which, disperse, form a gap, Hiatus Tendineus, for skipping a tendon, a deep flexor with which they crossed out ( chiasma Tendinum), and attached on the palm surface of the middle phalanx.
Function. Fits the proximal and middle phalanx of the fingers (with the exception of a large one), as well as the whole brush. (Inn CVII-THI N. Medianus.)
Deep muscle layer forearm:
6. M. Flexor Pollicis Longus, The long thumbs in the brush begins, starts from the front surface of the radial bone distally from Tuberositas Radii and part of the medial brave bone brace.
Long tendon passes under Retinaculum Flexorum on palm and heads in a groove between both heads M. Flexor Pollicis Brevis to the base of the second phalange of the thumb.
Function. Flexing a nail phalange of the thumb, as well as a brush. (Inn N. Medianus.)
7. M. Flexor Digitorum PROFUNDUS, Deep finger flexor, Takes the beginning from the elbow bone and intercourse. The four tendons of it, departing from the body of the muscles in the middle of the forearm, pass through the Canalis Carpalis to the palm, lying under the tendons of the surface flexor, and then headed to the II-V fingers, and each of these tendons penetrates in Hiatus Tendineus between the legs of the tendon m. Flexor Digitorum Superficalis, forming the crossroads with it, and is attached to the distal phalange.
Function. Flexing medium and distal phalanx II-V fingers, and also participates in the bending of the brush. (Inn. CVII - THI. N. Medianus et n. Ulnaris.)
8. M. PRONATOR QUADRATUS, Square PronatorRepresents a flat quadrangular muscle, located directly on both bones of the forearm and on the intercepted membrane, immediately above the creep joints. Beginning from the palm surface of the elbow bone, attached on the palm side of the radial bone.
Function. He is the main forearm forearm, and round - auxiliary. (Inn Civ - Thi N. Medianus.)
Video Anatomy Anatomy Muscles Exceleration
Anatomy of the muscles of the forearm on the preparation of the corpse understands
Start from the shoulder belt and shoulder, attach to the bones of the forearm.
1. Landing muscle group (flexors):
Two-headed shoulder muscle (produces bending in radiation and elbow joints, supinates the forearm.)
Shoulder muscle (bends forearm.)
Kryvumoid - shoulder muscle (attached to the shoulder bone) (bends his shoulder and pulls it to the middle plane.)
2. Idle muscle group (extensors):
Three-headed shoulder muscle (extension of the forearm in the elbow joint.)
Lock muscle (extension of the forearm in the elbow joint.)
Muscles of the forearm:
The muscles of the forearm surround the radiation and elbow bones from all sides, most refers to long muscles. Muscular abdomen of such muscles are proximal, long tendons - distally. Most of the flexors originates from the medial bracers of the shoulder bone, and most of the extensors are from the lateral brave bone peel. The muscles of the forearm are attached to the pysni bones and the phalanges of the fingers of the brush. Act on the beam-up, proximal and distal brave joint joints, the joints of the brush. Flex and extension wrist, fingers brush.
1. Landing muscle group (flexors and pronators):
The shoulder muscle (bends the forearm and sets the radiation bone in the middle position between the pronation and supination.)
Round Pronator (impended forearm and participates in its flexion.)
Waste beam flexor (producing palm bending brushes.)
The elbow wrist flayer (bends and brings the brush.)
Long palm muscle (bends the brush, strains palm aponeurosis.)
Surface Finger Finger (bends medium phalanges II-V fingers and brush.)
Long thumb refiner (bends distal phalanx of the thumb.)
Deep finger flexor (bends distal phalanges of fingers.)
Square Pronator (rotates the radial bone inside.)
2. Idle muscle group (extensors and supinators):
Long radial wrist extension (extension and assigns a brush.)
Short radiation wrist extension (extension brush.)
Extension of fingers (extension of II-V fingers.)
Misina extension (extension v finger.)
The elbow wrist extension (extension and brush.)
Supinator (rotates radial bone out.)
Long muscle, reducing thumb brush (removes thumb.)
Short brush's brush extension (extensions the thumb.)
Long extensor of a large finger brush (extensions the thumb.)
Extensor index finger (extension II finger.)
Brush muscles:
Short muscle reducing thumb brush
Brush short thumb twin
Muscle, opposing thumb brush
Muscle leading thumb brush
Muscle, reducing the little finger
Short flexor Mizinza
Muscle, opposing the little finger
Palm-powdered muscles (middle group. Functions: Draw-shaped flexing proximal phalanges II-V fingers; Palm intercosecross fingers; rear pushing fingers.)
Drawing muscles
Palm and rear intercellate muscles
(CH) in the upper third of the forearm in the fibrous muscular channel formed by the elbow and shoulder heads of the KP due to compression and (or) releasing, as well as disorders of the SH. Dynamic tunnel syndrome It is a subtype of a CP tunnel syndrome, in which symptoms are usually carried out by physical activity or a certain limb position ([ !!!
] The symptoms of the Tunnel CP syndrome subscribe to the termination of the provoking factor and return when repetition of movements; Neurological examination and study of nervous conductivity, made alone, usually do not reveal changes).
Etiology. The KP syndrome is often developing after a repeated forced pronation-supination of the forearm and brush, and the simultaneous compression of the fingers into the fist, for example, when using a screwdriver, when squeezing linen, etc., with professional activities of a massage therapist, a manual therapist, a dentist, guitarist, etc. . As a result, swelling begins in the tissues of KP, fibrous spikes are formed, the CH can be laundered with the surrounding tissues; In this case, the CP is fixed between the abdomen of the KP. Permanent jads distal than the place of fixation of the CN in the daily movements of the brush and hands as a whole can lead to an irritation of CH.
Muscle Round Pronator forearm (Musculus Pronator Teres) - the most proximal muscle, innervated CN (action of KP: the main forearm pronator). The branches of this muscle are departed from CH at the bottom of the shoulder until the CP is passing between the two heads of the KP. In it (i.e., two heads are distinguished in the KP muscle): [ 1
] Big brachial head (lat. Caput Humerale), which begins from the medial brachial bone, medial intertwine shoulder septum and forearm fascia, and [ 2
] A smaller elbow head (lat. Caput Ulnare), which is under it and originating from the medial edge of the bone bones. Both heads form a somewhat flattened front of the abdomen, which goes into a narrow tendon. The muscle is located space from the inside of the dust and is attached to the middle third of the lateral surface of the radial bone body. CH passes between two heads of KP; In this case, the elbow head turns out behind the nerve, and the shoulder - above it. Some people passes through the brachial head.
read also Article: Four tunnels for median nerve (to the website)
Clinic. For KP syndrome, pain in forearm and hyptestesia, not paresthesia. The pain syndrome is due to both compression and muscular-fascial pain syndrome due to the presence of muscular-fascial trigger points. In KP, trigger points are most often localized in the place of attachment of the shoulder head somewhat higher and the lancer with the medial brave bone. When a palpation of this zone, the pain is reflected in the area of \u200b\u200bthe elbow joint, distally in the radial side of the forearm and brushes, and in some patients - proximally into the biceps area. Neuropathic pain from the trunk of CH is usually a blunt, mining, croaking character, is felt in the depths of the forearm, the field of the Tenar, as well as in the field of ray-taking joint. Palpator pain in the field of the Tenar is enhanced with the active predication of the forearm with the resistance and with the passive maximum supination of the forearm.
Sensitive disorders in patients with KP syndrome spread to the entire SH innervation zone, including on the Tenar region, in contrast to compression in the aggregate channel region, when sensitive disorders are determined only in distal phalanges of large, index, middle and half of the nameless fingers, but Not in the field of the Tenar. This is due to the fact that CH before entering the brush area gives a sensitive branch - the palm skin branch, which goes in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cuptum channel surface (or more precisely - outside the channel) and branches over the proximal part of the radius half of the palm, especially in the Tenar region (however it follows Remember that the symptoms of KP syndrome can begin with end nerve fibers on the fingers, which can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of a custod canal syndrome).
When damaged (compression or extracting) CH at the KP level during manual muscle testing, the functional weakness of all muscles, innervated CH, is determined, with the exception of the KP itself. All muscles, innervored CN, can be divided into three groups: [ 1
] Muscles innervated by general sh. Before it leaves the front intercourse nerve (round forearm proner, radiation bent brush, long palm muscle, surface flexor fingers); [ 2
] Muscles innervated by the front intercellate nerve (deep finger flexor for the second and third fingers, a long thumb shinker, a square pronator); [ 3
] Muscles of the rise of thumb (tensar muscles), innervated by the middle nerve after passing the crank canal (short muscle, reducing thumb, a short thumb twin, muscle, opposing thumb) ...
… more details The article "Dynamic Tunnel Round Pronator Syndrome: Manual Diagnostics and Treatment" A.V. Stefanidi, Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education - branch of FSBEA DPO "Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Vocational Education" (Magazine "Manual Therapy" No. 1 (65), 2017) [Read]
read also Article: Dynamic Clay Channel Syndrome and Load Computer Mouse Test (to the website)
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