Novice orienteers. The materials of the Swiss orienteering textbook for schoolchildren were used. Good luck !!!
Map orientation Map orientation is subdivided into several types: 1. Orientation in a given direction. In this type of competition, it is necessary to find control points (CP) on the ground using the map issued at the start. Their locations are marked on the map. The order of passing the checkpoint is strictly defined (specified). Disqualification for a missing checkpoint or violation of the order of passing the checkpoint. The route from one checkpoint to another checkpoint is arbitrary. The distance ends at the finish, which is also marked on the map. The winner is the one who spends the least amount of time on passing the distance. 2. Orientation by choice. In this type of competition, it is necessary to find the maximum number of control points (CP) on the ground using the map issued at the start. Their locations are marked on the map. The order of passing the checkpoint is arbitrary. The route from one checkpoint to another checkpoint is arbitrary. The time spent on the distance is limited (control time of passage). The distance ends at the finish, which is also marked on the map. The winner is the one who passes the largest number of checkpoints and does not exceed the control time. Exceeding the control time is penalized. In case of equality of results, the winner is the one who spends the least amount of time on passing the distance. 3. Others There are several more types of map orientation. Ski orienteering competition. Conducted in two disciplines: in a given direction, on a marked track or in a combination of these types, such as: Orientathlon, Ski-O-thlon. Competitions in a given direction are held in the same way as running competitions, with the difference that a winter map is used, on which ski tracks are marked. In the discipline marked track the participant is provided, as a rule, with a summer sports card without marked checkpoints (CP). Following the marked track, the participant meets control points, and his task is to plot their location on the map by piercing the map with a needle. At the finish, the judges check the accuracy of determining the location of the control point and charge a fine. The penalty may be additional time or penalty loops. Orienteering on a marked route is mainly found only in Russia and countries the former USSR. Bicycle orienteering competitions are held in disciplines: a given direction, on a marked track, by choice or in a combination of these types.
How a real map is created P see the training card. The map is like an exciting and informative book. It can be read over and over again, each time discovering something new. To learn how to read books, you had to learn special signs - letters. In order for the card to tell you something, you must learn the alphabet of the card - conventional signs. The work of many people is put into the finished map. One of the first working moments - photographing the area from an airplane, which gives an image of it from nature. Naturally, in the photograph, nature is greatly reduced, and not all details are reproduced on the finished map. The resulting photo allows you to create the basis of the map, which is used when working on the ground. Maps for orienteering orienteers themselves prepare. The orienteering course leaders, working on the ground, decide what to keep and what to remove or change on a map basis. Such reconnaissance work, even on one map, can take up to a thousand hours, depending on the size of the map, the nature of the terrain, and the quality of the map base. Check it out !!! After work on the ground, the final map is drawn. Each color is painted separately. Therefore, four different originals are needed - for black, brown, blue and yellow. The color is white on the substrate. Using special marks, the printer then prints real map. Different types of maps - different scales Compare: your sketch of the room map and the world map in the atlas. To fit the room on the map, you naturally had to shrink it by about forty times. To fit any of the parts of the world on one page of a school atlas, it will have to be reduced by about a hundred million times. Each map has its own reduction, or scale. About the map of the room, we can say that its scale is 1:40 (read: one in forty), and the map of the world is 1: 100,000,000. In different spheres of human activity, they are used different types kart. Here we are talking only about orienteering maps, or, as they are also called, sports maps. Their main scale is 1:20 000. (Note: now the main scale is 1:10 000) Scale 1:10 000 what does this mean? This means that one centimeter on the map corresponds to 10,000 centimeters on the ground. Since 10,000 cm \u003d 100 m, it means that one centimeter on the map corresponds to one hundred meters on the ground. The more detailed the map, the better.
Have word marks for sports cards are based on marks International Federation orienteering, therefore sports cards issued in different countries, are performed in approximately the same signs. Note: Pay attention to the difference in the cards. Why are there such differences? I'll tell you now. These are large topographic maps from the atlas of the Moscow region. Their prototype is topographic maps for foresters. And for those, everything is simple. Where forest means green, where not forest means white. For the same reason, the names of villages, rivers, streams, numbers of forest squares, tree species and other special information have been preserved on the map. Athletes orienteers have simplified everything. For example, why should I know the name of the river along which I run? This is superfluous information. It clogs the map and makes it difficult to read. Moreover! On a green background, the dark strokes of swamps, roads and paths are poorly read. Decision? The forest was marked in white. What about open space then? Let it be yellow! And let the parts of the rugged forest remain green. As if a young spruce forest. Like this! The rest of the conventional signs are more or less the same (see the figure for the conventional signs). Since the orienteering methods remain unchanged, we will use both sports and topographic maps in the article (and in competitions).
The basis of orientation is reading the map The most important thing to remember is always orient the map. Imagine a piece of mosaic that can only be stacked in one position. So the map should "fit" into the terrain. This can be achieved in two ways: 1.Using local items 2. Using the red arrow of the compass. To orient the map to local subjects means to hold it so that the lines on the map coincide in directions with the linear landmarks on the ground. When you are in an unfamiliar city, it is much easier to navigate if you have a city plan in your hands and if you hold it right. Straight streets shown on the plan will simplify your task. By correctly orienting the map according to local objects, you can also find out where the north is, because now the north on the map and the north on the terrain coincide. Always keep the map in front of you in the direction of travel. In this case, the map is oriented on the terrain and coincides with it. Match the north of the map with the north of the area. it the most important rule orientation. Always make sure that the red compass arrow and the north of the map are pointing in the same direction. Only in this case you can read the map: now it is oriented in the terrain. In order to properly learn these rules, you need to work with the map on the ground, but first we will practice at home, completing tasks. P note: How do I find the "north" of the map? On a well-designed map, north is always "up". Where the "top" edge of the map is, there is north. You can find out by the names written on the map, numbers, oriented conventional signs and designations, the general design of the map. Sports maps have special blue lines YUG-NORTH. They facilitate the task of orientation. Read the above text slowly while studying the map on the right. Let's take a "walk" on the map. In the southwestern part of it, find the name Nusaby. To the west of the name, two buildings are located opposite each other. A highway runs between them in a north-south direction. During the walk, we will follow it northward to a large intersection south of the railway. So, we are on the highway between houses in Nusaby. You orient the map on it. What do you see in front of you and around you? On the right is a residential building, and on the left is a much lighter building. Ahead at some distance is the edge of the forest. Before setting off, ask the map what we have to go through and how the terrain will look like. We will read the map by segments. So let's go! Here we are at the edge. This is where the ascent begins. We have already seen it on the map: the highway is "crossed" by three brown contours. Further on the left is an improved road. It is so wide that two cars can part. To our right is a mountain. Let's look forward on the map again. Soon a clear path should come up to the right, and a forest road will adjoin to the left in the same place. Immediately after that, the ascent will begin., In the middle of it, the ma must pass the cable car. P gone! In a few minutes we see a trail and a forest road, and in the middle of the slope a cable car appeared. We go up the slope, reading the map. At the very top to the left of us there should be a house, opposite which a forest road departs. We can imagine its width in advance: the symbol chosen by the map compiler means that the road can pass one car. There must be grass growing in the middle of the road. And the house is most likely a small hut. On the ridge, we make sure that our guesses were correct. How simple it is when the map is oriented in the terrain. Further, the map says that we have to descend to the field to the right of the highway. At the far end of the field, an improved road leaves to the left, and just behind it, a stream flows under the highway. It flows on the right (see the source of the stream). Easy to go downhill. The map is exactly true, and we soon see a large field and an intersection in the distance. Descent at the edge. And here is the intersection of the highway.
Red compass arrow The red compass arrow points north! This is the most important thing to know about a compass. North is the most important side of the horizon. You know that the top of the map frame always faces north. You also know that the map and the terrain match only when the map north and compass north are aligned. Why is the compass needle pointing north? You've certainly heard of the magnetic north pole. Where the north end of the compass needle points, there is not a large lump of magnetized iron or anything like that. The entire globe is one huge magnet. A magnetic force field extends around the Earth, and it is it that directs the compass needle. Horizon sides WITH there are four main sides of the horizon: NORTH, SOUTH, WEST, EAST. If you draw the relative position of the sides of the horizon, the so-called "compass rose", it will look as shown in the figure on the right. Now imagine that you have drawn a large "compass rose" on the ground. Stand in the center of it, facing north. In this case, the west will be on the left, and the east - on the right. Eight sides of the horizon AND mei because the north is sometimes called NORD, the south is ZUID, the west is WEST and the east is OST. In the middle between north and west is the side of the horizon, which is called northwest, or NW for short. Now you can draw a new "compass rose" and learn all eight sides of the horizon. The north-south arrow, as you can see, is highlighted. N and S are the main sides of the horizon. That is why we agreed that the "intermediate" sides of the horizon should begin with the letter C or Y. Do not jot down all eight sides of the horizon. They must be memorized meaningfully. Independent task Print the lower figure on the printer. Try to get to the finish line in the picture below. The first three directions have already been drawn. Continue:	f) 2 cells on CB	j) 2 cells on NW
b) 2 cells per S	g) 5 cells on B	l) 2 cells in the Z
c) 3 cells to the SW	h) 3 cells per S	m) 2 cells on NE
d) 4 cells on B	i) 2 cells to the SW	m) 2 cells on the SE
e) 3 cells on C

The most difficult conventional sign is the concept of horizontal

ABOUT again each map - aerial photographs. They are also used when you need to draw horizontal lines. Each piece of land is photographed from two different points, as shown in the figure. Then, using a stereo tool, curves of equal height are drawn.

T now let's take a trip to the seashore. A little further from the coast lies the small island of Bjerke. There is only one house on it, where the fisherman's family lives. The island is oblong in shape and stretches west-east. Most of the island is occupied by a mountain, its steep eastern slope drops off almost vertically into the sea. The house is located in the western part. The mountain is rather flat here, and it is not difficult to climb it from this side. The mountain has two peaks, and the eastern one is higher, and a wonderful view opens up from it. The mountain on the island will help us understand what the brown contours on the map are talking about.

Let's call on imagination. We sit on the plane and fly north to the island. Here he appeared! The camera is with us, and we take a picture.

Read the text again from the beginning and compare it with the picture.

Now let's change the plane to a fishing boat, which is located a few hundred meters south of the island. The camera is with us this time, but now the cloudy weather is not quite suitable for photography. Still we take a picture. The result, as you can see, is quite tolerable (see picture part 2). True, there are no details, but in the fog, the silhouette of the island appears especially clearly.
Read the first paragraph again and compare the description to the silhouette.

Finally, we use the third means of transportation - a helicopter! Let our imagination run wild: we have to paint the mountain, so we took with us a large can of paint and a brush with a long handle. But not paint the entire surface of the mountain. We will only draw certain lines. Let's ask the pilot to fly around the island, snuggling closer to the mountain so that you can reach it with a brush. Most importantly, the pilot must carefully monitor the altimeter at all times to complete the entire circle at exactly 5 meters above sea level. The circle is closed, the 5-meter level is marked, and we ask the pilot to go up 5 meters to make the 10-meter mark. Having completed this circle, we will climb another 5 meters and repeat everything at an altitude of 15 meters above sea level. And when the turn comes to the 20-meter mark, it turns out that it is enough to mark only the eastern peak.
Now our island looks like in the picture (part 3). If we ask the pilot to gain altitude and hover over the island, we will see the picture shown in the figure (part 4)

The lines we have drawn now appear as rings enclosing each other. Inside is the 20-meter mark, and the coastline is the outermost ring.

The brown horizontal lines on our maps represent all the hills and mountains. Of course, no lines are drawn either in the forest or in the field. The contours are drawn on maps from aerial photographs using various technical devices.

On some maps you can see brown numbers on the horizontal lines. They show at what height a given horizontal lies above sea level.

If you have understood and mastered the content of this section, then, undoubtedly, you will cope with the tasks.

Independent tasks

1) Choose the correct inscription for each sign.

1 The steepest slope in the southwest

2 Two peaks, of which the southern one is higher

3 Even arrangement in a circle. At the highest point there is a saddle and a narrow passage

4 The mountain drops off almost vertically to the east

5 The southern and northern slopes are very steep

6 There are three places on this hill that are difficult to climb

2) Find the profile of the hill that matches the picture.

exercise 1: (Figure 1 corresponds to inscription 3, 2 - 6, 3 - 1, 4 - 4, 5 - 5, 6 - 2)

task 2 (1 - C, 2 - A, 3 - E, 4 - D, 5 - B, 6 - D)

Compass value as a north pointer

T you will also need a north pointer for orientation. It will help you align the map with the terrain. In fact, this is enough to go exactly in the desired direction. In other words, there is no need to take an azimuth. You will be convinced of this by doing a few exercises on the map. Proceed as follows.

1. Put the map in front of you and orient correctly - the north of the map is in the north of the area. Keep the card in place throughout the exercise. You can stick it to the table with adhesive tape, and you yourself will walk around the table (picture on the right).

2. Imagine that you are on the C (start) at the corner of the field.

3. Stand on C so as to look at the first control point (CP 1)

4. You already know the direction without taking it by the compass. Your path is a continuation of the mental line between S and CP 1.

5. So the compass (north arrow) gives you direction on the map.

6. Do the same between checkpoint 1 and checkpoint 2. North of the map is in the north of the terrain.

7. Imagine that you are standing at checkpoint 2 and must come to F (finish).

8. Stand on checkpoint 2 so as to look at F.

9. This raises the problem of choosing a path. We'll look at it in the next section. The compass path, directly, through the forest, is obviously the best one? Not! The map tells you that you can go around the forest on the right along the roads. This path will be the best, so we will use it, standing as shown in the picture.

Make it a rule to orient the map first, and then determine your route. This reduces the likelihood of errors.

Now you know how to act, but this was a theoretical exercise. You will only truly master the technique of orienteering through practical training. After all, you can't become a good slalomist by training in a room or by reading a textbook. The same is true for orienteering.

Choosing a path

Choosing a path does not mean choosing between a forest road and a highway. The orienteering track always consists of a certain number of checkpoints that must be passed. The main idea is that everyone determines their own path from one CP to another. After all, you decide which path to choose when you go to the forest to pick mushrooms or berries, make a long ski trip or go hiking in the summer on bicycles. Whether you take part in a car tour, or walk around an unfamiliar city with a plan in hand - in each case you have to decide which path to choose in order to get to the goal faster and better.

The figure shows an example of choosing a path. Explore options A, B, and C between checkpoints 1 and 2.

TO which option do you think is better? Why? Think and discuss with a friend.

Independent task

In this task you need to study the three proposed paths for each checkpoint and choose one of them.
1. Explore the maps in the pictures below. Read the checkpoint legends and route options carefully.

2. When choosing a path, you must consider three factors:

The path must be reliable

The path must be the fastest

Try to find a reliable anchor as close to the next checkpoint as possible; let's call this point the last reliable anchor.

3... The path chosen should meet these three requirements whenever possible.
When the athletes, after the competition, discuss the chosen paths at various stages, they do not walk around the map, but they will certainly turn it so that the stage "reads correctly".

Answer options:

A - bypassing the lane on the left

B - directly in azimuth

IN - along the ropeway to the trail, along it northward to the fork, then along the trail to the checkpoint

Answer options:

A - to the left along the forest road to the fork and then along the azimuth

B - directly in azimuth

B - to the right along the highway, along the cableway, top to the turn of the forest road, then follow the compass to the checkpoint

Answer options:

A - directly in azimuth

B - along the stream

B - to the right, bypassing along the road

1 - C, 2 - B, 3 - A

Niels competes in the Swedish High School Championship

Monday. Morning. Nils ate breakfast quickly and went to school earlier than usual. Putting down the bike, rushed into the corridor ... Where is the list of participants that the physical education teacher spoke about? But here he is: "Congratulations, Nils. You will go to Smedshüttan on Saturday and represent our school at the annual school orienteering championship." Nils was not immediately found. Of course, he hoped to go, but the teacher's words took him by surprise. "Just think - the national championship! I will need to practice properly."

Niels trained hard all week. Was engaged physical fitness, but he devoted no less time to the orienteering technique: he read maps, practiced movement in azimuth, counted steps. The days passed unbearably slowly ... Finally Saturday came, and Nils and his friends (three boys and two girls were traveling from their school) boarded the train to Smedshüttan. Talking animatedly about the odds ahead of tomorrow's competition, they pledged each other to stand up for the honor of the school.

At the meeting place we saw a lot of guys from all over Sweden. The air was buzzing with voices. We had fun on Saturday evening. But now it's time to go to bed. The boys were housed in the gym; most brought sleeping bags and air mattresses.

Niels could not sleep. Affected excitement before tomorrow, tickled in the stomach. "No, we need to disconnect and build up strength for tomorrow's test."

On Sunday morning, already at half past six, the sound of a whistle cut through the silence of the gym. Nils woke up immediately. "Well, of course, today is the national championship. Well, we'll fight!" I rolled up my sleeping bag, put on my jersey and tracksuit. I carefully collected my things and stuffed them into my bag. I put the compass on top.
The departure of the buses to the competition site was scheduled for eight o'clock, but first we had to have breakfast. Niels did not really want to eat, but he nevertheless overpowered a couple of sandwiches and a plate of porridge: without food, the "motor" needs fuel, especially on such a day.

On the bus on the way to the start, there was a heated discussion about who would win today. Many names were mentioned, and Niels realized that the struggle would be intense. But he promised his teacher and friends to try, and this promise must be kept. Niels felt he was well prepared. The main thing is not to overshoot the checkpoint and choose the fastest paths.

It's time to start the first numbers soon. Niels' start number is 53, and there are 94 participants in his group. 25 minutes before your start, you are supposed to go out along the markings to the starting point. Everyone must keep track of the time themselves. This is not difficult: there is a large clock next to the start protocol.

Nils came to the start early. After checking if everything was in order, if he had forgotten anything, he jogged to keep his muscles cool. It's his turn. The signal sounded, Niels received the card and ordered himself: "Attention!" There was a minute left before the start.

The first checkpoint is in a small open swamp. "Which path should I take? Directly using the compass? No, then I will have to run over the top. To the left through the fields? It will be too long a detour. I’d better go around the hill to the right, go down to the field, go out to the forest road and take the checkpoint from it."

Having made a decision, Niels rounded the hill with right side and sprinted down at full speed. He could see the field well, it was easy to navigate, and Niels skillfully took advantage of the paths that crossed the area. Here is the field. Jumping over the stream, he ran to the edge of the field, where the forest road approached. "Orient the map. Take the exact azimuth. Distance 200 meters. What does the terrain I will walk along? First, climb. Count steps!" Nils performed all these actions automatically.

Judging by the steps, 150 meters passed ... Soon the swamp should appear. Around a dense forest, bushes. "The steps ended, but there is no swamp!" Well, of course, there was a rise in the beginning. And there the step is shorter. I'll walk a little more.

Niels's guess came true. Ahead appeared a swamp and on it - the desired prism. Niels ran up and marked his card. On the other side two boys came up. It was clear from their numbers that they started before him. So someone has already failed ...

Niels began planning the route to the second checkpoint located in the hollow. "Which way is faster and more reliable? Down to the field, to its northern corner and from there directly along the azimuth to the checkpoint? Or to the right to the lane, along it to the beginning of the trail and from there by compass to the checkpoint? No, it's too far away. I'll go first option." ...

Niels oriented the map, took an azimuth and raced down to the field. It was easy to navigate there. The north corner of the field is a good anchor. The map told Niels to cross the clearing where it went over the top of the hill. You do not need to take an azimuth. Direction - north, know run along the arrow. So, full speed ahead to the top and clearing.

Send stones, it was necessary to carefully look at the feet. Climbing the mountain, Nils waited for the peak to appear. Aha, here is a tree with a cliff, obviously a clearing. Exactly! He went out to the point where the clearing crosses the top of the hill - the last reliable anchor before the checkpoint. There were about 100 meters left on the map to the command post. Nils continued his way along the red arrow. Suddenly there was a noise nearby. Two boys were moving in front of him. "Have you already checked in at the checkpoint? It is unlikely that they are running to the left, and the next checkpoint is located obliquely to the right. Most likely, they are going from the end of the road and looking for a checkpoint. Should you follow them? Perhaps not. My path is more correct. After all, I am running from the nearest anchor and just crossed a clearing. "

Overcoming the temptation to "hook" on other participants, Niels continued to go his own way. And I won many precious minutes on this, because after 50 meters I saw the prism of the second control ahead.

"The third stage looks simple. Orient the map, walk obliquely to the clearing and follow it to the prism. Since a clearing is shown on the map, it must be on the ground!" The third checkpoint did not cause any problems.

Now to the fourth prism! Orient the map!

The stage to the fourth checkpoint in the bend of the stream turned out to be long, and again the question arose about choosing a path. "Run to the left through the fields? No, they can be sown, and then you have to go around each field. Is the highway around? Too long. Directly? Judging by the map, the terrain is rather rugged. I'll run along the path down to the road, then along it to narrow section of the field, I will cut through it to the left and take the azimuth to the corner where the stream flows. Then I will have an exact reference, and if I do not go straight to the checkpoint, I will run to the road and the farm behind it. "

No sooner said than done. Niels ran downstairs. Here is a wide field. Now through it to the left into the corner of the field with a stream. Orient the map ... Azimuth, distance, step count ... What to go?
After completing the usual operations, Niels moved on. It was difficult to run along the stream. Soon he passed the hill. The white triangle on the map means a monument, but where is it? Nils continued on to the next stream. The prism is not visible. It looks like he's lost his bearing. Which way to go along the stream? Left or right. Niels hesitated. At that moment, a girl appeared. She ran along the stream to the right. "Have you been to the command post?" Niels asked quietly. The girl nodded, and Nils followed the stream to where she came from. "I was lucky too," thought Nils, running to the prism.

From the fourth checkpoint on the radio, they informed the finish line about the time of passage of the checkpoint by the athletes, so that the fans would be more interested. Niels heard that the controllers were paying attention to him. "I'm going well? Maybe I'm a leader? No, get away from such thoughts. We need to focus on the remaining stages. At the next checkpoint I have to hit the bull's-eye. Which way to take? Right along the road to the trail and then up to the checkpoint? True, you can get off the road at a slight bend near the swamp. And why there, the path looks straightforward, at least on the map. I'll go straight to the cliff in azimuth. Can't I cope ?! "

Niels decided to take a chance. Completed Skumakartorpet. Nils picked up speed. I checked the azimuth on the move and soon saw a steep slope ahead. "Now to the right of the cliff, through the hillock, precisely orient the map and run the last 50 meters to the swamp. Great, here's the prism!" Of all the KPs taken, this was the most difficult so far.

Now the last checkpoint remained, at the bend of the cable car. It looks like the stage is not difficult. Niels hastened to say to himself: "You haven't finished yet - don't relax!"

Orient the map. The path is less than 100 meters away. Nils started to get tired, but you can't slow down! The first section turned out to be difficult, and here the orienteering exercises that he did at home helped especially.

Steep descent... And here is the trail. Now - full speed ahead! The road flashed by. Even faster! So, the path forks ahead. A glance at the map suggested that we must run straight in the same direction. Then Nils jumped out to the cable road, walked along it to the left, and now the mark of the last checkpoint was made.

The last leap remains. Nils jumped out onto the field. This is the finish line on the slope in front of the big mill. A gratifying sight! Well, add some more!

A lot of people gathered at the finish corridor. Niels heard his name and the name of the school in the dynamics. The audience applauded and cheered. Niels swept under the finish line, tired but happy. Having handed over to the judges the card and the participant's card, he stepped aside. Breathing soon returned to normal - a sure sign that Niels was physically well prepared.

His time had not yet been announced, and he went to the shower to wash and change. After a shower, worried, he hurried to the information board. Is it true that it is in the lead? Indeed! His last name is above all. He is ahead of the nearest opponent by two minutes. However, don't say hop until you've jumped! There are still many strong guys on the track, they may well bypass it. How slow the time is ... But now the last participant finished. Niels was in seventh heaven. He is the Swedish champion among schoolchildren!

Then a continuous mess began ... Greetings from friends, presentation of awards, shouts of "Hurray!", Questions from journalists, the way home ... But the height of the celebration was when Niels and his comrades got off the train at home. They were greeted with thunderous greetings by school friends and a physical education teacher holding a huge bouquet of flowers.

Falling asleep in the evening, Niels promised himself not to be arrogant, to continue training in order to try to defend his title next year.

- a kind of sport in which participants, using a sports map and a compass, must pass control points (CP) located on the ground.

The results, as a rule, are determined by the time of passing the distance (in certain cases, taking into account the penalty time) or by the number of points scored.

Orienteering competitions are held in different groups, which can be formed both by age principle and by the level of skill of the participants. The difficulty of the distance and its length are determined by the age group and the complexity of the competition terrain. At the same time, the distance (route) should be unfamiliar to all participants, combine the difficulties that an athlete can overcome, having the ability to navigate and good physical fitness.

Types of orienteering

Running orienteering

Running orienteering competitions are held in a large number of different disciplines, for example: a given direction ("ZN"), optional ("VO") and even on a marked track ("MT"). The World Championships in orienteering running have been held since 1966.

Ski orienteering

Ski orienteering competitions are held in conditions of stable snow cover in the following disciplines: a given direction, a marked track.

Orientathlon
(Ski-O-thlon)

A combination of the two previous types. Competitions in a given direction are held using a special map on which ski tracks are marked, and the types of tracks in relation to the speed of skiing are shown.

The World Ski Orienteering Championships have been held since 1975.

Orienteering on bicycles

Bicycle orienteering competitions are held in the following disciplines:
• given direction
• marked track
• optionally
• in a combination of these types.

The sports map shows the types of roads in relation to the cycling speed. The World Bike Orienteering Championships have been held since 2002.

Precise orientation, trail orientation

The international name - Trail Orienteering (trail-O, also Pre-O, the old name - "trail orientation") - a sport that consists in the accurate interpretation of the situation on the ground using a map.

During the control time, the participants cover (usually in a given sequence) a distance consisting of points, at each of which several prisms (flags) are located within sight. Participants must determine and fix which of these prisms (flags) on the terrain corresponds to the indicated on the map and the given legend (possibly none). At the same time, some landmarks on the ground may be deliberately missing on the map.

The movement of participants is allowed only along permitted paths (paths) or marked areas of the terrain. The athlete can choose to start either on foot (running), or on a bicycle, or on a single wheelchair driven by hands or an electric motor. The distance covered is not taken into account, the result is determined by the number of correct answers. At some checkpoints, called "Time-KP", the time for making a decision is additionally recorded, but in this case, the time of movement between checkpoints is not taken into account.

The World Trail Orienteering Championships (WTOC) have been held since 2004. Since 2013, the Sprint discipline has been included in the World Championship program. A sprint consists of one Time-KP.

Types of competition

Orientation
in a given direction
("ZN")

It consists in walking the distance in a given order.
At the time of the start (in some cases, 1 minute before the start), the participant receives a map on which the place of the start, the checkpoint are marked, connected by a line that indicates the sequence of passing the checkpoint. The winner is determined by the shortest time to cover the distance.

Competitions in a sports labyrinth (ultrasprint) are held on a small area among artificial obstacles. The length of the distance is 100-500 m, maze maps usually have a scale of 1: 100.

Orientation
optionally
("IN")

- is to go the distance in any order.
Before the start, each participant is given a map with a marked start, finish and checkpoints.

There are two options for holding this type of competition:
• Covering the distance from start to finish with the required number of CP / points in the shortest time;
• Gaining the most points / CP in the assigned control time.

Control points, depending on the complexity and range, are assigned points, and for exceeding the control time, a penalty is assigned, as a rule, by subtracting from the result one point for each full minute of exceeding the control time.

Orientation
on a marked track
("MT")

- consists in the fact that the participant is provided with a sports card with the start point indicated on it. Following the marked route, the participant enters into the map (with a needle or a special punch) the location of the control points that he meets along the way.

At the finish, the judges check the accuracy of determining the location of the checkpoint and charge a fine depending on the participant's error. The penalty can be extra time or penalty loops.

Orienteering on a marked track is mainly found only in Russia and the countries of the former USSR.

Orienteering technique

Before delving into the secrets of orientation, you must first pay attention one of the "main tools" - the map.

It can be said without any reservations that the map is the orienteer's anthology, because with its help he can find out the nature and features of the terrain. But to understand all this, of course, you need to "learn to read and write", which means to learn to read a map.

Symbols of sports cards

If you know how to read a map, then with the help of it alone you can get to your intended goal and is definitely smarter than with the help of only a compass. With the help of a compass, however, you can go in the desired direction under any conditions, but without a map you are like a blind person. The map is the most important tool for an orienteer. The best for orienteering is a sports map.

Various conventional signs are used to designate terrain objects and its relief on the map. If we consider the map to be an orienteer's reader, then conventional signs are the alphabet according to which the orienteer composes clear words and sentences that are unified in their meaning.

Liquid compass

The orienteer's best friend is compass... Without it, it would be difficult to get out of the confused terrain to the intended goal by the most direct route.

We must trust the compass even when our own "correct" instinct turns everything upside down, pointing instead of north to south and vice versa.

With the help of a map and a compass, you can navigate the terrain and accurately maintain the intended path. But first you need to learn how to correctly orient the map and find a standing point on it.

Map orientation methods

Orient map - this means positioning it so that the upper side of the frame is directed to the north, and the lower to the south. To do this, use the compass to find the direction to the north and set the map so that the north on the map coincides with the direction indicated by the compass arrow.

You can orient the map in another way. Stand on any terrain line indicated on the map. Let's say that this line is a road.

Rotate the map so that the direction of the road sign matches the direction of the road on the ground. In doing so, you need to make sure that the objects to the right and left of the road have the same location as on the map.

Orientation of the map towards a landmark

If this condition is met, then the map is oriented correctly. It should be remembered that every time you compare the terrain and the map, you must start by orienting the map. It may not seem so easy at first, but it will soon be noticeable how useful it is.

Ways to follow a route using the map

To go from one point to another, there are two quite different ways.One of them is based on reading cardand choosing the easiest path along it, while the other assumes a direct walking in azimuth... Let us explain what we mean by these methods.

Imagine that you need to walk from one village to another. Relying only on the map, you will be able to navigate to your destination by adhering to reliable and easy-to-find objects on the ground, such as trails, roads, stream beds or the edge of arable land. If you went along the route in this way, we can say that you only resorted to reading the mapto get to the desired item.

Now suppose you need to get from the village to the lake. Straight through the forest is much shorter than the detour. In this case, you will have to determine the azimuth and follow it through the forest directly to the lake. That's what it is walking in azimuth.

The angle between the direction to the north and the direction to a given object (landmark) is called azimuth. Azimuth movement is the ability to maintain a given direction with the help of a compass path and exit to the intended point. To do this, the route of movement is previously determined on the map, the azimuths of the sections and the distances that must be passed at each section are determined.

To find out how many degrees are in azimuth, they begin to count from north to the right, that is, clockwise. Azimuth is measured from 0 to 360 degrees. The divisions on the compass are the same.

Constantly compare the map with the terrain! The basis of orienteering is that the orienteer must always know his position on the map. And this is possible only when you carefully follow the map and the terrain, i.e. control the direction of movement and the passedyou distance (For measuring distance on a map and on the ground, see the topic "Topography and orientation").

Orienteering distances

Distance classification

Distance - the track of the competition from start to finish.

Distances by saturation with orientation tasks
and the requirements for the physical fitness of the participants
subdivided into classes:
• ВС - All-Russian competitions;
• MS - Master of Sports;
• CCM - candidate for master of sports;
• class 1 class distances;
• distance class of mass discharges.

Orienteering distance equipment

The competition area is equipped with:
• preliminary start (place of registration of starting participants);
• point of issue of cards;
• technical start;
• starting point of orientation (point K);
• checkpoints - KP;
• marked sections (from the technical start to the point of orientation start;
  from the last checkpoint to the finish, etc.);
• finish (point of transfer of the relay);
• other objects necessary for each type of orientation (food points, first aid points, places for spectators and representatives of the press).

The Pre-Start must have a clock or other device showing the Judges' time (current competition time).

The distance of the competition on a marked track is marked on the terrain from the starting point of orienteering to the finish.

For gearbox equipment and points of origin of orientation are applied triangular prism sign with a side of 30 x 30 cm. Each the face is divided by the diagonal from bottom left to top right corner on a white field up and orange (red allowed) - below.

• 1 - KP prism with a number;
• 2 - double punch with KP number;
• 3 - support for gearbox suspension

Each checkpoint is given a designation and for this, two-digit and three-digit numbers are used, starting with 31. Numbers that can be read ambiguously (66,68,86,89,98,99, etc.) are not allowed to be used to designate a checkpoint. The designation must be the same, no matter how many distances converge on a given control (except for MT competitions).

A sample of the control equipment is installed near the start no later than 30 minutes before the start of the 1st participant.

CP are supplied means of markingthat attach in close proximity to the prism. The number of marking devices must be such as not to cause delays in participants.

All checkpoints of the same distance are equipped with the same type and are supplied with marking devices of the same design.

Participant visit to KP controlled using document - check cardwhich can be combined with the card. The participant card must clearly show that all controls have been visited. The card must be able to make a backup (R) mark. If the control card lacks the correct mark of any control or it is not uniquely determined, the participant's result may be canceled. The result of a participant who has lost the control card, who did not return it at the finish, or who passed the control in a different order than the given one, may be canceled.

Checkpoint mark on a marked route it is done as follows: the participant fixes the position of the checkpoint by puncturing the card obtained at the start with a needle no more than 1 mm in diameter. The participant marks the puncture of the control with a cross using a colored pencil located on the next control. The last checkpoint is marked at the turn of the mark. For an error in drawing control more than 2 mm, the participant receives a penalty (in minutes or penalty circles)

At the International, All-Russian competitions the function of the control card can be performed by a special device that is part of the electronic control system of the CP - CHIP. The electronic marking system allows you to control the movement of the athlete along the distance.

Legends KP

The preliminary information that the athlete receives before the start includes a graphical description of the position of the control position using symbols (pictograms) - the control panel legend.

KP legends allow action in the vicinity of points more meaningful and faster... This means that you can save time when "taking" the command post.

Above the table with symbols, the age group of the participants, the length of the straight line distance between the checkpoint and the total climb along the optimal path are indicated, and below the table - the distance from the last checkpoint to the finish and the presence of markings along this path.

KP location descriptions

Control descriptions are in the order in which the control must be visited and may include special instructions such as the length and nature of any marked portion of the course. A thick horizontal line should be used after every four descriptions and on either side of any special direction.

The most difficult and challenging, but at the same time the most exciting problemin orienteering - route selection... Which path should you follow? Should you go around the field in front of you or dash straight ahead?

When solving the problem of choosing a route, two points must first be taken into account. First, reliability, i.e. the ability to avoid moving on the wrong route or reduce the likelihood of getting lost, and secondly, speed.

After reading this article, you will become familiar with the concept of orienteering. What such a concept implies, what are its methods and types, the history of orienteering - we will touch on all this in our story. First of all, you need to decide on a key term. Let's talk about such a concept as orienteering. Each of us knows what such a concept exists. And many can even explain it: this is the ability to correctly determine the cardinal points, as well as to imagine the location of settlements and the direction of roads to the place where you are. You can always find your way if you know about the location of the four cardinal points. These are south (S), north (N), west (W) and east (E). Now let's talk in more detail about such a concept as orienteering.

What is orienteering

This is a very broad concept. You can navigate by compass, map, sun, stars, clocks, natural phenomena and signs, as well as various prompts. For example, if you look out the window in the morning and see people walking with umbrellas, you will understand that it is raining outside. If you notice snow, you will dress warmer. This is, so to speak, "everyday" orientation.

What is orientation, what is it for? It is one of the most important conditions for ensuring human life, as well as necessary for the successful solution of the assigned tasks. Using for or a map is easy. However, sometimes it is necessary to act without having a compass or a map with you. Therefore, you should know other methods of orientation on the ground.

When preparing for a hike, you need to pay special attention instilling the appropriate skills, methods, rules and techniques that will help you do without using a compass and a map.

Sun orientation

You may know that the places of its rising and setting differ depending on the season. The sun rises in the southeast in winter and sets in the southwest. In summer, it rises in the northeast and sets in the northwest. In autumn and spring, the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. It must be remembered that at noon it always faces south, regardless of the season. The shortest shadow from objects is observed at 13 o'clock. At this time, its direction from objects located vertically points to the north. If the Sun is obscured by clouds, you can put a knife on your fingernail. A shadow will appear, at least a small one, and it will be clear where it is.

By the sun and clock

The hour hand should be directed towards the Sun. The angle that forms between 1 (13 o'clock) and the direction of the hour hand must be halved using an imaginary line. She will show you the direction: in the back - north, in front - south. It must be remembered that the left corner should be divided until 13 o'clock and the right one - in the afternoon.

Along the North Star

There are many ways to navigate the terrain. One of the most famous is for the Polar Star. This star is always in the north. In order to find it, you must first find the constellation Ursa Major. This constellation resembles a bucket, which is formed of 7 stars, quite bright. Further, through the 2 extreme right stars, you should mentally draw a line. It is necessary to postpone the distance between them, multiplied by five. At the end of the line, we will find the North Star. It is located at the tail of the Ursa Minor, another constellation. If we stand facing this star, we will be facing north.

By the moon

In order to navigate well on the terrain, it is necessary to remember that the Moon in the first quarter at 20 o'clock is visible in the south, in the west it is at 2 o'clock in the morning. If we are talking about the last quarter, then in the east the Moon will be at 2 am, and in the south at 8 am. The sides of the horizon at night with a full moon are determined in the same way as by the sun and the clock. In this case, the Moon is used instead of the Sun. It must be remembered that when it is complete, it is opposed to the Sun. In other words, it is located against him.

Snow melting orientation method

We continue to talk about what orientation is in geography. We have not yet described all of its methods. This article only talks about the main ones. One of the most common ways is to navigate by melting snow. The south side of all objects is known to be hotter than the north. This means that the melting of snow is also faster on this side. This is clearly visible in early spring, as well as in winter, during thaws, on the snow adhering to the stones, holes in the trees, the slopes of ravines.

By the shadow

At noon, the shadow is as short as possible, and its direction points north. In order not to wait for her appearance, you can act in the following way... It is necessary to stick a stick into the ground, the length of which is about 1 m. Next, you need to mark the end of its shadow. Then you should wait about 10-15 minutes, then repeat the procedure. From the first to the second position of the shadow, you need to draw a line, and then extend it beyond the second mark by about one step. With the toe of your left foot, stand opposite the 1st mark, and place the toe of your right foot at the end of the line you have drawn. You are now heading north.

By buildings

A certain type of buildings is oriented strictly to the cardinal points. These include churches, synagogues, mosques. Chapels and altars of Lutheran and peasant churches are always facing east, and the bell towers of these buildings - to the west. You can also navigate by the dome of the Orthodox Church, or rather, by the cross on it. The edge of its lower crossbar, which is lowered, faces the south, and raised to the north. On the western side are the altars of Catholic churches. The doors of Muslim mosques and synagogues face approximately to the north.

Usually, the exit from the yurts is made to the south. In villages, houses have more windows on the south side. Another important feature is that on the south side, the color on the walls of buildings fades more and takes on a withered color.

Clearing in the forest

It is possible to determine the cardinal points in the tracts of the cultivated forest along the glades. Usually they are cut along the east-west and north-south lines. You can also navigate by the inscriptions of the numbers of the quarters, which are made on the pillars placed at the intersection of glades. At the top of each such column and on each of the 4 faces, numbers are placed. North shows the edge between the two faces with the smallest numbers.

without watch

If you have lost or broken your watch, you can get the local time with relative accuracy using a compass. For this, orientation in azimuth is used. What it is? It is necessary to measure the azimuth of the Sun. After you determine it, you need to divide the resulting value by 15. This is the amount by which the Sun rotates in an hour. The final number will indicate the time. For example, the azimuth of the Sun is 180 °. Therefore, the time is 12 hours.

Orienteering

Surely you are familiar with the phrase "orienteering". the sport is based on the fact that the participants must pass the control points (Control Points) located on the ground using a compass and a sports map. As a rule, the results are determined by the time taken to cover the distance (sometimes penalty time is taken into account). The method of calculating by the number of points that the participants scored can also be used.

Today, competitions in this sport are held in various groups. They can be both in skill level and in age. The length of the distance and its difficulty are determined by the difficulty of the terrain and the age group. At the same time, the route (distance) should be unknown to all participants, and also contain certain difficulties that must be overcome, having a good physical fitness and the ability to navigate.

The history of orienteering

Since ancient times, people have known what orientation on the ground is. It is known that even then they used the skills and abilities associated with it. However, a review of historical facts usually begins with military competitions that were held in the northern states of Europe. It is believed that orienteering as a sport began in the late 19th century. It was then that the first competitions were organized between a number of military garrisons in Norway, Sweden, and Great Britain. On October 31, 1897, the first mass competitions among citizens were held. So, a lot of people learned about what orientation is, a definition of which every schoolchild can give in our time. However, the real birth of this sport took place in 1918. It was then that Major E. Killander from Stockholm decided to use the environment of the Swedish countryside to organize. During the competitions he invented, the runners not only ran, but also had to choose their own routes using a compass and a map.

Orientation as a sport had spread to Switzerland, Hungary and the USSR by 1934. National championships for women and men began to be held annually in Sweden, Finland and Norway by the beginning of World War II. In 1960, the Open International Competition took place in the Stockholm area. They were attended by representatives of 7 countries. This sport is very popular today. There are several of them for jogging, skiing, cycling, trail orienteering, etc. Competitions are held for each of them.

Now you can also talk about what orientation is. Tourism, sports, and survival in extreme conditions combine this concept. Orientation allows you to find your way from anywhere on the planet in unfamiliar terrain. Knowing its basics, you will not be afraid to get lost in the forest or anywhere else.

To effectively teach the technique of orienteering, we first define a list of those knowledge, abilities and skills, the development of which will make it possible to assume that the student has mastered the initial stage and can move on.

Scroll:

1. Knowledge of conventional signs.
2. Getting used to the forest, to orientation.
3. Understanding of the scheme, map.
4. Determination of cardinal points without a compass, map orientation.
5. Determination of the azimuth to the landmark.
6. Measuring the distance on the map, monitoring the distance on the ground.
7. Orientation along individual paths.
8. Orientation from path to path, shortcuts from path to path.
9. Flexing the card, tracking with the thumb.
10. Reading relief.

Exercises to teach knowledge, skills and abilities

1. Symbols (hereinafter UZ) of orienteering maps are undoubtedly one of the most important knowledge, without which an athlete is like a student trying to understand without knowing the letters what is written in a book. The following exercises can be used to study KM:

1.1. Explain the UZ table - compare the graphic image with real objects.

1.2. Make a "loto" out of the UZ: draw conventional signs on the tablets, write the name on the "barrels" - we get the name out of the bag, the one who has this UZ on the table closes the cell, everything else is like in the lotto.

1.3. Distribute sports cards, the task is to redraw the UZ in groups:
a) hydrography,
b) vegetation,
c) relief,
d) rocks and stones,
e) artificial structures.

1.4. On identical maps, give the task to find the smallest or largest clearing at speed, the same lake, the same swamp, count the number of micro-wells and other point landmarks, name the signs oriented along the line of the magnetic meridian.

1.5. “Traveling” along the map along the line of the magnetic meridian or arbitrarily - we call it US, students name an object or vice versa.

1.6. Relay, in which on the turning line we hang control points (hereinafter KP) with UZ instead of a number, the participants pass cards in which they write the name of UZ.

1.7. “Dictation” - the trainer verbally describes the path, the students draw a diagram using the UZ.

1.8. Five KMs are drawn on the card, one of which does not correspond to the group, for example, four point, one linear, students must determine the wrong sign.

2. Getting used to the forest, to orientation - this skill is necessary to overcome the natural fear of an unfamiliar forest and for children to get used to the orientation process.

2.1. Jogging in a group with a trainer along a marked track, along the track near landmarks, hang out signs with a picture of UZ.

2.2. Runs first in a group, then one at a time along the marked route, mark on the card the checkpoints encountered or some, for example, those on which the ultrasound of the “relief” group is depicted.

2.3. In the classroom, in the gym or in the schoolyard, equip up to 20 checkpoints, the task is to mark all checkpoints in order, mark the checkpoint with US hydrography. The same with the relay.

2.4. The coach verbally describes the path of movement from the map, the students follow the maps, the control is carried out at the control - the students show where they are.

2.5. Pupils on a map with a drawn “thread” verbally describe what they “see” around them: “I walk along the path, on the left I see a micro-pit twenty meters away”, etc.

2.6. The trainer schematically draws fragments from the map in an enlarged image, the students look for the corresponding places on the map, optionally, pieces of the distance.

3. Understanding the circuit, the map - the skill necessary to understand the sports map - what it is, how it is created, how it is used in orienteering.

3.1. The task is to draw a map of your hand, name your fingers on the map and in reality.

3.2. Draw a map of the school desk by placing objects on it - the beginning of scaling.

3.3. Having placed several objects on the field, give the task to draw a map.

3.4. Together with the group, draw up a map of the class, gym, school yard, take turns to set distances from the control panel.

3.5. Compare maps and diagrams geographic, land management, forest management, urban, etc. View aerial photographs.

3.6. "Mosaic" - cut the map into pieces, for beginners into large fragments, for more experienced ones into small pieces, the task is to fold the map, for a while or in a relay.

4. Determination of the cardinal points - this skill is necessary first of all to maintain safety when practicing orienteering, inexperienced orienteers sometimes lose their orientation in the forest, the compass can be lost or broken, it cannot exist at all. Orientation of the map is necessary for successful completion of orientation - the main skills: the "north" of the map must coincide with the direction to the north, the map must be read "from oneself".

4.1. To teach how to determine the direction to the north by trees, by anthills, by the sun, by the stars.

4.2. On a sheet of paper, draw a north-south line, mark the start and dictation in the directions and number of cells of movement. For example: “there are three squares to the north, two squares to the northwest,” etc.

4.3. Pupils are divided into two teams, the coach indicates the direction to the north, calls one participant and shows the direction - whoever calls first, earns a point for the team.

4.4. IN sports hall on the floor we draw cells and a route, on the hands of a “map” - the participants walk along the route and, when the direction of movement changes, turn the map, following the principle of reading “from oneself”.

4.5. On the ground, while walking or cross-country, the team moves in a certain direction with control of the distance, for example, 200 meters north-east, then the coach changes direction and distance.

4.6. "Dictation" of movement on the map, students at each change of direction change the position of the map in order to read "from themselves"

5. Determination of the azimuth for a landmark - this skill includes the skill of using a compass, not only determining the azimuth, but also controlling the direction in motion.

5.1. Studying the compass, learning to determine the azimuth for a landmark, azimuth on the control panel on the map.

5.2. Each student has a map with a distance and a compass, while doing physical exercises, on command, everyone takes the azimuth to the next control, show the coach the direction of movement.

5.3. On the terrain around the start, we set the checkpoint at different distances, the task is to find all the checkpoints in turn using the azimuth, returning to the start after each execution.

5.4. On the ground, we put a closed distance on the "white" map (a sheet of paper with a distance without conventional signs, with a direction to the north), all pass the distance in azimuth, taking into account the indicated scale.

5.5. On a sunny day, the students determine the azimuth at the control point using a compass, but find the control point, leaving the compass at the start - they use it to maintain the direction of the shadow from the trees. It is carried out both on a "white" and on a regular card.

6. Measuring the distance on the map, converting to meters taking into account the scale, controlling the distance on the ground - the orienteer must accurately determine the distance to the landmark on the map, which he must overcome and control the distance traveled on the ground.

6.1. Draw lines of various lengths on the card, first straight, then curvilinear - the task is to measure the length of the lines in millimeters, convert to meters at different map scales, write down the answer on the cards. Measurements are carried out visually, checking yourself with a ruler.

6.2. At the command of the trainer, students put in a notebook segments of various lengths: in centimeters, in millimeters, in meters at such and such a scale.

6.3. The trainer describes the movement on the map indicating the distance in meters, then indicating the distance in centimeters in a scale different from that of the students.

6.4. Measure in different terrain (on the road, in the field, in the forest, in the swamp, etc.) 100 meters, count the steps with one foot (only the left or only the right) in running at a competitive speed - the so-called pairs of steps, remember to each his own indicators.

6.5. During cross training, measure the distance traveled by counting pairs of steps, control it on the map or mutually.

6.6. During the cross, determine the distance to the landmark by eye, control by counting pairs of steps.

6.7. Place the checkpoint at a training distance on linear landmarks (at a distance of up to 10 meters) with an indication at each distance to the next.

6.8. Students walk the distance according to a verbal description, for example: along the trail 200 meters, turn to the south-west, walk 160 meters at an azimuth of 195 degrees, down a stream 250 meters, etc.

7. Orientation along individual paths - the task at this stage is to teach a beginner not only to run on the terrain, but to move along a distance with constant reading of the map.

7.1. On familiar terrain, on 2-3 paths, place a checkpoint - at forks, at the intersection with glades, with streams, near noticeable, unambiguous landmarks, run in a group, mark the location of the checkpoint on the map, on next workout give the task to independently run the same track and mark the checkpoint (change the location of the checkpoint), then give a map with other checkpoints on the same track - the task to find the checkpoint yourself.

7.2. Draw a line along the paths on the map, set the control points on landmarks, students run along the paths, trying to adhere to the drawn line, mark the location of all control points on the map.

8. Orientation from path to path - this skill continues the development of the orienteer's thinking, is a stage towards constant orientation.

8.1. Running along a marked distance with the transition from path to path according to the marking.

8.2. Running along the path from the checkpoint at the transition from trail to trail, at the checkpoint there is an arrow indicating the direction of the transition, on the second path there is also a checkpoint.

8.3. Running in a group along the paths, taking the checkpoint with landmarks on the path, the checkpoints are not very far from the trails.

8.4. Self-setting of the checkpoint, first at the forks of the paths, at the intersection of paths with glades, with streams, then on point or areal landmarks near the paths.

9. Bending the card, tracking with the thumb - when bending the card it is necessary to save as much information as possible while working with the card (large working field - the card breaks, it is inconvenient to work with it, small working field - you may not see important information).

9.1. When discussing distances in the classroom, follow the folding of the map, following the movement with the thumb (the thumb should be on that map locationwhere the athlete was determined at the moment, or the last time).

9.2. During the cross in pairs, one tells the second, looking at the map at the run, his best option for moving along the distance, the second controls the movement on the map, folding the map and tracking with the thumb of the first participant, from time to time change roles.

10. Reading the relief - a lot of checkpoints are placed on the terrain, so it is very important to read the relief correctly, in addition, when moving along a distance, the terrain is used as a reference point almost all the time.

10.1. Draw several profiles and contour lines on the cards, the task is to find the contour lines corresponding to the profile.

10.2. Determine from the drawing of contour lines which hill is the highest, the lowest, which slope is steep, which is gentle.

10.3. For 5-6 descriptions, select the appropriate profiles and contour lines, for example: a) a hill 15 meters high with one peak in the middle, b) with two peaks equal in height, etc.

10.4. On the map, paint over the ledges of the relief in red, and gullies and depressions in blue.

10.5. On a map with small and medium relief, draw circles with a diameter of 3-4 centimeters, mark the “sun” with a dot inside the circle, the task is to draw shadows from the “sun” inside the circle with a pencil.

10.6. Take a map with a distance and a blank sheet of paper, the task is to draw a cross-sectional profile of the relief along a straight line connecting the checkpoint, observing the scale and section of the relief.

10.7. On a map with a distance, find and draw with a pencil the path with the smallest (largest) climb between two control points.

In order to be well oriented in unfamiliar terrain, to know where you are, to be able to choose the best path and go to the intended goal, you need to regularly exercise with a map and a compass, train your visual memory and observation. Let's consider the main "secrets" that help to move quickly and confidently in unfamiliar terrain.

Compass. Learning to use a compass is not difficult. But the compass, as a rule, becomes the best navigator along with the map. In orienteering use special liquid compasses. They allow you to quickly and easily take the desired direction from the map and move through the terrain in the selected azimuth. The liquid in the ampoule of the compass ensures the required stability of the compass needle even when running. The compass plate has a magnifying glass for reading saturated areas of maps and scales for angular and linear measurements on maps, as well as a counter with numbers from 0 to 9

Before starting to master the technique of orientation, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with, to understand what is

Now that you have learned the conventional signs and the sports map, we will continue to gradually master the orienteering technique: develop the ability to orient the map, compare it with the terrain and the terrain with the map.

Map orientation. Once in an unfamiliar area, first of all, you need to orient the map: it is installed so that the north-south lines on the map have the same direction as the compass needle. The top of the map should be in the same direction as the north end of the compass needle. After orienting the map, all objects shown on it will be in full accordance with the terrain objects. After that, let's start "reading" the map - let's compare the area with the map and the map with the area.

"Reading" the card. The ability to quickly read and understand the map correctly is a difficult technical skill. The card is read only in an oriented position and only on the move, i.e. in the direction of travel. Feature of sports maps - readability from any direction and even "upside down". It is best to learn how to read maps on terrain with good visibility, while driving along roads or clearings, as well as with an azimuth course. Thumb-based movement - thumb the left hand holding the map is directed along the line of movement, and the fingernail fixes the position of the orientator at the moment - greatly facilitates the process of reading the map, especially for beginners. When reading the map, all landmarks are subdivided into point, linear and area. Point objects include objects depicted by off-scale conventional symbols (stones, holes, springs, groups of trees, etc.). At linear landmarks - roads, paths, clearings, ditches, boundaries of forests and clearings, ravines, gullies - the length exceeds their width. Areal landmarks - a pond, a lake, clearings, clearings, forest, large hills, valleys, slopes. Point and linear landmarks are perceived easier, since most of them require perception on a plane. The relief of the area cannot be perceived without the development of volumetric-spatial thinking, it is most difficult when reading a map. An important role when reading a card is played by the "card memory", i.e. the ability to quickly capture and preserve an image of a map or area. "Map memory" allows you to refer to the map less often, spend less time comparing it with the terrain when determining your position, choosing a path.

Azimuth movementat. Any direction can be expressed as an angle with respect to the north direction. This direction at a given angle is called "azimuth". Keeping the bearing is easy using a reference compass with a platform.

A few simple tips:

¤ set the compass on the map so that the longitudinal side of the platform connects the starting and ending points of the route;
¤ Rotate the compass bulb until the red lines on the bulb are parallel to the direction of the meridian on the map. The double risk on the flask should face north!
¤ remove the compass from the map and hold it in front of you so that the longitudinal edge of the platform looks away from you;
¤ turn around your axis until the north end of the arrow is between the double line on the compass bulb;
¤ choose some landmark far ahead and move towards it, then repeat all operations from the beginning.

In order to maintain the azimuth course on the ground, with a specific compass, it is necessary to periodically do a "check" - a notch of landmarks in the direction of travel. This requires learning to fix the most distant landmark with a glance and try not to let it out of sight when moving. This is an exact azimuth course. But there is also an approximate, rough azimuth movement along large areal or linear landmarks, when moving into a "bag" (to the intersection of two linear landmarks). Speaking about the azimuth movement, one cannot but mention the advance movement. Its meaning is that the movement is planned not to a point, but with a deliberate deviation in one direction or another. This is usually done to reach a linear reference point, in order to then continue moving towards the goal along it. When moving in azimuth over a distance of more than 200 m, do not forget about the map. It is necessary to carefully monitor the terrain, the distance traveled; periodically, preferably from memory, compare the terrain with the map in order to always know your location. The "azimuth flair" comes after many training sessions over the years.

Measuring distances. Distances are measured on the map and on the ground: on the map - by eye or on the scale of the compass bar, on the ground - by eye, by movement time and by counting pairs of steps. The most accurate measurements on the map are with a compass ruler, on the ground - in pairs of steps. The distance traveled can be controlled by the main landmarks encountered on the way. Controlling distances by counting pairs of steps requires preliminary preparation, in which the length of pairs of steps is estimated in different conditions movement; on the road, forest, uphill, downhill, over rough terrain, running, walking, etc. To determine the length of a pair of steps, sections of one hundred meters or between landmarks are measured and traversed in accordance with the map.

Movement along the chain of landmarkin. Adhering to reliable and easily identifiable landmarks on the ground, you can go to the intended goal. With this method of movement, an orientation technique is needed: comparing a map with the terrain, possessing a compass and measuring distances. The main requirement of such movement is the connection of the map with the terrain. Loss of orientation (point of your location) can cause many unpleasant minutes: you will have to find a new reliable landmark and "stick" to the map. To prevent this from happening, realizing a path along a chain of landmarks, it is necessary to constantly monitor the direction of linear landmarks and the azimuth when crossing areal landmarks using the compass. In this case, there will be no errors and "slipping" on the wrong path, which can be marked on the ground by landmarks similar and similar to those chosen for movement.