How it works: pole vaulting. Athletics Pole vault as the athlete is called

The pole vault is a difficult athletics exercise. It combines movements characteristic of running, long jump, high jump, gymnastic, acrobatic exercises on a mobile and elastic support. Effectiveness in pole vaulting is determined by two main components: the height of the vaulter's grip on the pole and the amount of lifting of his GCMT over the grip point.

The first component is formed by the jumper's motor actions in the process of takeoff and take-off, the second - during the overturn from hang to support with subsequent repulsion on a movable and elastic support.

A pole vault is a holistic exercise that can be conditionally divided into starting position, takeoff (including placing the pole at close range), pushing off, swinging, extending, pulling up, pushing up, crossing the bar and landing.

In the initial position, the jumper assumes a posture that contributes to the stable execution of the initial running steps, a smooth and rapid increase in the take-off speed and effective execution of subsequent movements. To do this, the athlete stands on the control mark (as a rule, with a jogging foot), holds the pole with both hands on the side, with the right hand - with a bottom grip, and with the left - with a top grip. Thumb and forefinger right hand they reliably grip the projectile, the rest can be relaxed while running, the left hand is at chest level, not tense, during the takeoff it controls the lowering of the pole.

Freedom in the joints of the arms is a condition that provides ease when holding the pole and allows the jumper to control the position of the whole body at the start, and also contributes to a smooth and quick start of the run. The distance between the hands is 0.50-0.70 m, the grip height is 4.90-5.15 m.

Takeoff

The run begins from the moment the athlete's body is unbalanced and ends with the leg put on the push. Takeoff run task:

1. Develop maximum controlled speed.
2. At the end of the takeoff run, form a rhythm-tempo structure with an increased frequency of running steps.
3. To form a rhythmic structure of a running step, characterized by a reduction in the time of the flight phase and an accentuated lowering of the leg onto the support.
4. Effectively place the pole at close range and precisely place your foot in the place of the push.

Takeoff run 35-45 m (18-22 strides). The speed at the end of the run reaches 9.6-9.8 m / s. Raising the pole to an almost vertical position, the jumper begins the takeoff run, with a few steps of walking or slow running.

The athlete performs the first steps with a certain inclination of the body forward, with smooth acceleration, while increasing the length and frequency of steps. The pole should be carried freely without causing vibration. Only rhythmic, to the beat of the run, movements of the athlete's elbows are allowed.

As the speed increases, the athlete's torso straightens, the knees rise high and the lowering of the leg from the hip to the support is accentuated. The uniformly accelerated movement in the takeoff run is largely determined by the uniform lowering of the pole due to the bending of the right hand along the entire length of the takeoff run, i.e. the speed of lowering the projectile must be synchronous with the speed of the jumper in the takeoff run. The braking of the pole when lowering leads to a loss in the speed of the athlete's advance.

Towards the end of the run (mainly in the last two steps), the pole is not kept in a horizontal position, but is actively sent forward, directing the lower end with the left hand into the box for an emphasis and lifting the upper end.

In order not to violate the straightness of the translational movement when bringing out and placing the pole at close range, the athlete tries to carry it near the body (carrying the projectile over the side can lead to loss of balance in the supporting part of the jump). The pole is positioned softly, but accelerates as much as possible in order to create a good condition for quick take-off and free departure.

Repulsion

The take-off begins from the moment the pushing foot is placed on the ground and continues until it leaves it. Tasks:

1. Create a vertical velocity vector with the least loss of horizontal velocity.
2. Form a body posture conducive to effective flexion of the pole, advancement of the pole vaulter system forward and upward, and the swing of the athlete.

The take-off in the pole vault is similar to the take-off in the long jump, with the exception of the arms. The leg is placed on the ground actively from the hip straight on top of the entire foot, rigidly (the angle of setting is 63-65 °). With a jogging leg dynamic impact, formed by the force of inertia of the athlete's body, is softened by slight flexion in the knee joint (30-35 °). The athlete swinging the right leg, strongly bent at the knee joint, quickly passes the pelvis and chest through the supporting leg, leaving behind the right arm and left leg. Actively pushing forward and upward by straightening in the hip, knee and ankle joints of the supporting leg, the jumper over the left arm (the angle between the forearm and the pole is 90 °) puts pressure on the pole upward, and with the right, as if pulling the pole downward, forms a pair of forces that bends projectile.

The total take-off time is 0.12-0.15 s, the take-off angle of the athlete's OCMT is 15-18 °. Having pushed off, the jumper goes into the hang. The duration, the depth of the hang, completely dependent on the previous motor actions, determines the entire further course of the jump.

Sweep

Having moved forward with his chest, the athlete in the next moment with a powerful effort of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle waves up. In this case, the axis of rotation passes through the shoulder girdle. This whip-like movement is performed with a strongly bent swing leg and a straight jogging leg.

As a result of a change in the takeoff run of a rectilinear movement to a pendulum-shaped one along an arc, a centrifugal force arises, directed from the grip point along the jumper's body. It seems to pull the body off the pole, thereby increasing the flexion of the latter. By accelerating the lifting of the lower body, the athlete pulls the shoulders back and shortens the swing radius, which leads to even more pressure on the pole, which means more flexion. The greatest bending of fiberglass poles reaches 130-140 cm and gives a decrease in the grip point on the chord to 100 cm. At the moment when the bending force of the pole becomes less than the elastic force of the projectile, it begins to unbend and lift the jumper up.

In an effort to raise the OCMT as high as possible, the athlete, using the force of the straightening pole, unbends at the knees, hip joints, the body is pulled up with a turn and wrung out. The extension is performed upward and slightly backward so that the legs are above the head, and the pelvis is close to the pole. At the end of extension, smoothly and quickly pulling up, moving the pelvis along the pole, the jumper simultaneously turns his chest to the bar.

Push up

The push-up is performed with the right hand from the moment the hand is over the shoulder and ends with the beginning of the transition over the bar.

Crossing the bar and landing

Completing the take-off with the hand, the athlete lowers his legs over the bar. The body takes an arched shape, the head is lowered, the right arm is straight, the left one is bent at the elbow, goes up. Moving forward, the jumper goes around the bar. When the bar is at chest level, the athlete pulls back his arms and shoulders, thereby avoiding touching, and falls down. Landing, as a rule, falls on the legs and back, followed by rolling onto the shoulder blades.

A peculiarity of the rhythm of the supporting part of the jump is the fact that with an increase in sports results, the duration from the beginning of the hang to the moment the athlete leaves the pole increases and the time parameters of its elements also change. The duration of hanging and extension increases, the phases of swing, pull-ups and push-ups decrease. In highly qualified athletes, the temporal structure of the supporting part of the jump, expressed as a percentage of its total duration, is approximately as follows: hanging - 8, swing - 39, extension - 21, pull-up - 16 and push-up 16%.

Read more

1. Classification and characteristics of athletics exercises
2. Athletics in the system of physical education classes in educational institutions
   • Content of physical education curricula in various educational institutions and planning of educational work
   • Training in athletics exercises (running, jumping and throwing)
   • Methodology for the development of physical qualities using athletics exercises
3. Athletics in the system of recreational activities
   • The place and importance of athletics in the system of recreational activities
   • The effect of athletics exercises on the human body
   • Methodical recommendations for conducting health-improving running and walking classes
   • Control and self-control of those involved in recreational jogging and walking
4. View Technique Basics athletics
5. Sports walking
6. Short distance running
   • Basic rules of short-distance running
7. Relay race
8. Middle distance running
   • Basic rules of competition in middle distance running
9. Running on long distances
   • Basic rules of competition in long distance running
10. Super long distance running
    • The basic rules of competition in super long distance running. Highway running
11. Hurdling
12. Running with obstacles
13. Running long jump
    • Basic rules of the long jump competition
14. Triple running jump
    • Basic rules for triple running jump competition
15. High jump
    • The technique of teaching the technique of high jump by the "fosbury flop" method
    • The technique of teaching the technique of high jump by the "step over" method
16. Pole vault

Metal pole

In 1936, the IAAF allowed the rules to use any material to make a pole. At the 1946 European Championships, Swedish athletes first demonstrated metal poles. They were much more comfortable than wooden ones, but it took a long time to break the world record.

The famous American track and field athlete, a priest who was nicknamed "the flying pastor" - Robert Richards won twice on metal poles Olympic Gamesah: in Helsinki (1952) - 4 m 55 cm and in Melbourne (1956) - 4 m 56 cm. Only in 1957 Robert Gutovsky surpassed Cornelius Warmerdam's record by 1 cm. As a result, the result of 4 m 80 cm turned out to be a ceiling for metal poles. This record was achieved by Donald Bragg in 1960.

Plastic pole

Experiments on the manufacture of plastic poles were carried out in the United States back in the 1940s. At the Olympic Games in Rome (1960), the first examples of plastic poles were presented, which revolutionized the discipline. On May 20, 1961, George Davis broke the world record on a fiberglass pole for the first time. The progress was also influenced by the emergence of special materials for the manufacture of a safe landing pit. For 34 years, the world record has grown from 4.83 to 6.14 m. Fiberglass poles are able to bend, accumulating the athlete's kinetic energy so that the deflection arrow reaches 100-130 cm at a five-meter pole. Then the pole straightens out, throwing the jumper to the bar. This required a complete redesign of the jumping technique and increased the requirements for speed and physical fitness of athletes.

A pole vault consists of a run, placing the pole at close range, pushing off and hanging on the pole, going from hang to support, crossing the bar and landing.

The take-off run is 18-20 strides. The best jumpers reach a high speed (10 m / s) at the moment of push.

At the beginning of the run, the body is strongly tilted forward. The length of the steps gradually increases.

When taking off, the pole is held in the hands with a wide grip (60-70 cm) at the pelvic level or slightly higher. To facilitate the take-off run, the front end of the pole is raised to the height of the head or slightly lower and set aside somewhat across the track.

The right hand does not grip the pole tightly with the palm, and the left hand only supports it and guides the movement.
After the starting acceleration, the pole is gradually brought out by the front end to the take-off line and smoothly lowers down. This is helped by the right shoulder and arm, which are slightly pulled back. In the middle of the run, the body gradually straightens. At the end of the run, the jumper increases the pace of the steps, shortening their length.

In order to more effectively go to the hang on the pole, it is important to correctly send its front end into the support box and accurately place your foot in the place of the push.
The jumper determines the place of the push as follows: he stands on the pushing leg, the hand holding the pole is lifted up so that the front end of the pole is in the box of the support.

You cannot put the jogging foot away from the take-off line or turn the foot outward - this is a gross mistake.

The successful execution of the jump also depends on the height at which the jumper grabs the pole with his right hand (when pushing with his left foot).

So, for example, if the pole very quickly pushes the jumper forward and he does not have time to lift the body up, then he needs to grab the pole higher, and, conversely, if the jumper is forward and he does not have time to raise the body up, then he needs to grab the pole below.

The transition from takeoff run to clean and jerk takes place in the last two steps. To do this, at the penultimate step of the takeoff run, the pole, lowered to a horizontal position, is brought forward and up to the right shoulder (the place in which the jumper holds him), and its front end goes down and goes into the box of the stop, the elbow of the right hand and shoulder are pulled back, the palm turns up and grabs the pole (frames 1-3).

With the transition to right leg the right hand sends the pole forward and upward, and the left, sliding up the pole to the right hand, grabs it. at a distance of 10-20 cm. The jumper performs these movements before putting his foot on the push.

At the moment of setting the legs for repulsion (frames 4, 5), the hands continue to accelerate the pole (the place of capture) forward and upward, creating, as it were, acceleration for him before he must lean against the back wall of the box.

Do not raise the pole over your head before it is supported in the box. In this case, the jumper will hit the pole, and the speed of swinging the pole will be lost at the moment when the jumper, after taking off, should go to the hang on the pole.

Thus, at the beginning of the push, the hands are brought to the level of the head, and with. moving on the leg - up. The jumper with increasing force presses the pole with his hands. Then the pole quickly rises up, the arms straighten (not completely), the jumper goes forward and, pushing off, goes to the pole (frame 6). It is important to quickly send the pole with your hands up so that it attains the highest swing speed when it is supported.

At the end of the push (as seen from behind), the body should tilt somewhat towards the pushing leg, and the right shoulder should rise slightly above the left.

The pole, as it were, divides the jumper into two parts, crossing the body from the left hip to the right shoulder. The head and torso are slightly to the left of the shoulder, and the legs to the right. This entry allows the jumper to move gently to the hang on the pole, maintain good balance, give the pole a high swing speed and quickly perform the swing motion in the hang on the pole. Having started a big swing on the pole, the jumper bends in the lumbar part and approaches the pole with his chest. At the same time, the swinging leg, straightening, goes down (frames 7, 8), as if pulling down the body of the jumper. Such an elongated position of the body slows down its movement forward to the vertical less. Due to the lumbar deflection, the legs lag behind in their movement from the body, swing and then quickly rise forward and upward. Raising the legs prematurely along with pulling up on the arms significantly reduces the speed of the forward movement of the body along with the movement of the pole towards the vertical. This is a common mistake made by beginner jumpers.

In hanging on a pole, when the pelvis passes the axis of the pole, the knees of the bending legs begin to pull up to the chest, the body comes to a horizontal position (frame 10).

From this moment, the jumper begins to vigorously pull himself up on his arms and raises his body along the pole. The legs rise high up and drag the pelvis behind them, while the body easily bends in the lower back (frame 11).
The jumper uses the elasticity of the pole to lift the body up. From the moment of transition to the hang, the pole bends, especially when the jumper's pelvis passes its curved axis (frame 10).

Simultaneously with the "pull-up on his arms and the transition from hanging to support, the jumper begins to turn to the left (frames 10-11). Moving to support bent arms and turning his chest to the bar, he is very energetically squeezed out. In this case, the pole must be pulled to himself with force and holding firmly at the shoulder. Letting go of the pole from the shoulder is a common mistake. Completing the push-up to the position on outstretched arms and pushing off from the pole, you have to bend, lower your legs (or one leg, usually a jerk) down behind the bar. The pelvis rises high above the bar (frames 12, 13).

The more coordinated the movement of the lowered legs and powerful push-ups with the hands on the pole, the higher the body rises above the bar, and it will be possible to take a greater height.
Through the bar, legs, pelvis and, last of all, arms, head, chest are sequentially transferred along an arc (frames 12-14). In order not to upholster the bar, the jumper first bends, absorbing the stomach and chest, then bends in the chest and lumbar parts, takes the legs bent at the knees back and quickly raises his arms up (frame 14). Landing is done on both feet. It is softened by a firm, deep squat followed by a roll over onto the back.

INTRODUCTION

A pole vault differs significantly from other types of jumps in that it is performed with the help of a movable support - a pole.

The jumper performs a significant part of the jump using the pole as a support, and only the final part is performed as a free flight.

The mechanical basis of the pole vault technique is a system of two pendulums, varying in length and having a spring element.

The pole and the jumper make up, as it were, one whole during rotation. When the end of the pole is in abutment, the first pendulum is formed; the second pendulum occurs when the jumper rotates around the hands and shoulder girdle. These two pendulums are in a complex relationship and mutually influence each other. The angular velocity of each of the pendulums is to some extent controlled by the distance from the jumper's GCMT to the axis of rotation. In the first part of the jump (when bending the pole), the movements of the athlete are leading, and in the second (when going up), the extension of the pole becomes the main thing, the athlete only seeks to use the force of this extension most effectively.

The success of initial training largely depends on the preliminary physical fitness, the level of coordination, as well as on volitional qualities engaged. The long-term training of pole vaulters takes quite a long time and is a system that includes several stages. Each stage solves its own problems.

A pole vaulter must have comprehensive physical training, since for success in this type of athletics, an athlete must run quickly (sprint training), push up high (jumping exercises), be able to control his body in flight and cross the bar (use acrobatic exercises) and be sufficiently enduring (an athlete has to perform a large number of jumps in training and competitions).

Also, an athlete must have high psychological stability, since in pole vaulting, a lot is determined by the so-called "human" factor. Various combinations of typological characteristics of athletes force them to organize their training process in different ways.

Purpose of work: to study the state of the issue by abstract processing of literary data

Tasks term paper are:

Analyze the state of the issues according to the special literature.

Learn the technique of pole vault.

Consider the main steps in training a pole vaulter.

Practical relevance: the material of this course work can be useful for coaches, teachers and physical culture instructors for training athletes, as well as for students of the Faculty of Physical Education in preparation for classes; for correction of the main orientation of the training process of pole vaulters.

1. BRIEF HISTORICAL INFORMATION OF THE SIXTH JUMP

Pole vault like sports exercise was first shown in England, at the national championship in 1866, where D. Wheeler became the winner with a score of 3.07 m. Poles made of heavy and hard wood - beech, ash, hickory were used as a sports equipment. There were no special requirements for the projectile and jump technique. Therefore, some athletes used poles with a metal tripod for support. Running up, the athlete stuck a pole into the ground with a tripod in front of the bar and, fingering with his hands, quickly climbed it, as if climbing a rope. Then, raising my legs and pushing away the pole, I crossed the bar.

In 1889, the rules for pole vaulting were changed - it was forbidden to intercept with hands on the pole. A box was used to support the pole. These changes led to an increase in the length and an increase in the take-off speed.

Instead of heavy and not very comfortable poles, light, elastic bamboo shells were used. Changes in the technique of the jump have served a rapid increase in results. Already in 1912, M. Wright (USA) overcame the 4 m line. The maximum result in jumping with a bamboo pole was 4.77 m (K. Warmerdam, USA, 1942). Bamboo poles were not durable, often broke, and did not withstand changes in humidity and temperature. They were used until 1945.

The advent of metal poles, stronger and more reliable, but less elastic, did not lead to a significant increase in results. Only 15 years later, the American athlete R. Gutovsky was able to improve his previous achievements by 1 cm. In 1960, at the 17th Olympiad in Rome, the American D. Bragg managed to exceed the world record of his compatriot (4.80 m).

It is not known at what pace the growth of world achievements would have progressed if elastic synthetic shells had not appeared. Already in 1963 B. Sternberg with the help of such a pole overcame a five-meter height. The new poles represent a pipe about 5 m long, weighing 4-5 kg, made of synthetic fiberglass fabric (fiberglass bonded with epoxy resin, stronger than aluminum and steel). Overcoming a height of more than 5 m required special attention to the equipment of the landing site, on which, instead of wooden sawdust and shavings, they began to lay a soft foam cushion.

S. Bubka was the first to overcome the six-meter line in 1985. He also holds the world record - 6.14 m.

The champions of the XXVIII Olympic Games in Athens were: among men - M. Timothy (USA) with a score of 5.95 m; among women - E. Isinbayeva (Russia) with a score of 4.91 m. The world record in pole vault for women belongs to E. Isinbayeva and is 5.05 m (Olympic Games in Beijing, 2008).

The best Belarusian pole vaulters in the pre-war period were K. Turuev (2.80 m) and V. Orlovsky (3.47 m). In subsequent years, the republic's records were set by P. Zlotnikov (3.45 m), S. Gaevsky (3.80 m), V. Shadchenev (4.15 m), E. Trofimovich (4.42 m), V. Bulatov ( 4.64 m). The first champion of the republic with a fiberglass pole was V. Labunov (4.70 m). Then V. Bykhalenko (4.79 m), E. Karankevich (4.81 m), A. Glybovsky (4.90 m), V. Boyko (5.45 m), L. Ivanushkin (5, 60 m), D. Markov (6.00 m).

2. SIXTH JUMP TECHNIQUE

The mechanical basis of the pole vault technique is a system of 2 pendulums, varying in length (where the 1st pendulum is a pole, and the 2nd is a jumper). The angular velocity of each of the pendulums is to some extent controlled by the distance from the OCM. the jumper to the axis of rotation around the hands and shoulder girdle. During this time, a technical model of a pole vault was formed, based on the laws of biomechanics, but due to different anthropometric data, physical condition, psychological mobilization skills, as well as coordination skills, deviations from this model occur, which can be attributed to an individual approach to the implementation of this models.

Separate phases:

Holding the pole and carrying it while running

Take-off run (beginning and middle part)

Lowering and shifting the pole

Repulsion and deep entry

Flip on the shoulders with stretching the body along the pole

Turn, push-up and transition of the bar (in a style depending on the performance of the previous phases).

2.1 Holding the pole and carrying it while running

In order to achieve the maximum controlled speed in the takeoff run and the natural transition to hanging on the pole with further muscle switching of efforts, in order to move from the hang to the overturn on the pole, it is necessary, first of all, to get rid of the inhibitory effect of the pole on the jumper. Contributes greatly to this the right way pole holding and working width, i.e. distance between the hands. The modern technical model of pole vault provides for the grip of the hands at a distance of 50-70 cm (the distance is measured from the left thumb to the right thumb).

The width of the grip on the pole changes individually and depends on the height and length of the jumper's arms, the strength of the arms and on the mobility in the shoulder and especially the wrist joints. (Appendix 1: fig. 1)

Features of the grip on the pole

Narrow grip

Disadvantages:

It causes a lot of tension in the muscles of the arms and shoulders, and, therefore, binds the freedom of their movement.

Nominates Ts.T. (center of gravity) is more forward, which reduces the forward tilt of the jumper's body and forces the pole to be held in a high position for longer (disrupting the smoothness in lowering the pole for transfer).

Complicates the technique of transferring the pole (enslavement of the right shoulder and right hand).

Shortens the passage with the shoulders forward after pushing off to the hang, undermining the shoulders, which causes the pelvis to fly out (O.C.T.) in front of the shoulders.

Reduces loading of the pole with the right hand.

Makes a later and less powerful stop of the shoulders to start the body roll on the pole.

Benefits:

More standard and higher start of the run.

Higher push-in of the pole with the left hand.

Wide pole grip

Disadvantages:

Removal of Ts.T. far ahead, which leads to early acceleration from the first steps of the takeoff run.

Blocks the movement of the shoulders in the middle of the run.

It complicates the lowering and translation of the pole (it turns out not the translation, but the throwing of the pole over the side).

The low left hand blocks the jumper's advance in take-off, which subsequently slows down the passage of the shoulders in the hang and does not allow him to make a turn on the shoulders in the future.

Benefits:

Facilitates the passage of the shoulders forward after pushing off into the hang

Considering all the advantages and disadvantages of different grips on the pole, each trainer sets the grip width most suitable for the athlete, based on his characteristics. Capturing the pole and carrying it while running is one of the very important technical details of the modern pole vaulter's equipment. (Sergei Bubka had to change the width of the grip on the pole three times, and found its best option only in the winter of 1991).

2.2 Takeoff run

The takeoff run is the jumper's ability to develop the maximum controlled speed at the required distance. An important characteristic of the takeoff run is the dynamics of "growth" and the maintenance of speed over a given segment of the distance.

The take-off run as part of the jump has its own components, which are very interconnected and determine the jumper's activity throughout the run. A change or violation of one of the parts reduces the speed and efficiency of the takeoff run as a whole. The take-off run for the best pole vaulters is set at 42-46 m, with 18-20 steps. This takeoff run ensures the realization of the athlete's speed capabilities and allows you to smoothly pick up speed.

The first part of the take-off run is performed on a segment run in 4-6 running steps, here the athlete lays the main "foundation" of the run:

creation of a single pole vaulter system;

developing scheme of the first steps;

take-off rhythm (developing) length and frequency of steps.

Achievement of the maximum running speed, its rationality at the end of the run is laid down and depends on the correct first steps of the run.

The length and pace at the beginning of the run are influenced by the position of the pole or the pole vaulter system. Low carrying of the pole at the beginning of the run forces the jumper to take the first steps of the run more frequent, which will lead to a quick set of speed and stiffness of movements and muscle stiffness. Carrying the pole too high at the beginning of the run lengthens the first steps and leads to fluctuations in the C.T. system up and down, which will also affect the smoothness of the run. At the beginning of the first part of the run, the jumper holds the pole at an angle of 65-75 º to the horizon, and at the end of it, with a smooth speed gain, brings it to an angle of 50-60º.

Setting up before jumping, full attention, a strong desire to run, and a deep confidence that this will be the best jump are often critical to success.

Holding the slightly retracted upper pole to the left, away from the take-off line, gives a comfortable and high position for the left hand, and also makes the pole vaulter more compact (not pushed forward or in right side).

Throughout the entire run, including the lowering of the pole, the left hand is kept high enough and at the same level (chest height). The left hand is the direction and fulcrum around which the pole is lowered, translated and pushed in at the entrance. If this is so, then throughout the entire run, she should remain motionless, and be all the time above the elbow of her left hand. Any movement of the brush (forward, backward, downward and to the sides) breaks the monolithic pole vaulter system. The right hand of the jumper, which plays the main role in lowering and advancing the pole in translation, through the support of the pole in the left hand, is in a greater take-off motion than the left hand. In different parts of the run, her work, position, as well as the strength of the grip of the pole are different.

The second part of the takeoff run is performed on a segment covered by 8-10 running steps. The main goal is to achieve 90-95% of the maximum take-off speed for each athlete. This part of the takeoff run is carried out with a stable pole-carrying height of about 45-60 º to the horizon. At the end of the 2nd part of the run, the jumper reaches the maximum length of his stride. A light movement of the shoulders helps to gain speed, synchronizing the running work of the upper body with the work of the legs, but at the same time it should not cause the pole to move in different directions. If at the beginning of the run the emphasis of efforts in running is aimed at pushing away from behind, then in the middle part of the run, as speed is gained, the athlete smoothly straightens and switches his attention to active "pulling" the pelvis forward, accompanied by active oncoming movement of the maximally bent swing leg forward. Putting the foot on the track occurs on the entire foot with an emphasis on instant roll (active setting), placing the foot off the toe, increases the phase of shock absorption.

2.3 Lowering and shifting the pole

This final third part of the run is characterized by an increase in the pace of the run while maintaining the size of the step, which achieves the maximum speed of the run. The length of the steps is somewhat shortened in comparison with sprint running, the body is straightened. There should be no abrupt changes in step length. The penultimate step is 10-20 cm larger than the last one (but this is not necessary).

This part of the run takes 6 running steps and is equal to 17.00 -17.50 m for the world's leading athletes, measured from the back wall of the box.

Practically in the movements of the jogging part of the run, the key to mastering the correct technique for performing the entire jump is laid, both in the process of initial training and further improvement in pole vaulting.

Without changing the running structure of running and running position at 6-5 steps before pushing off, the jumper begins to lower the pole. He does this by pulling up and rotating the (initial) right hand. In the next two steps of the takeoff run (4-3 steps), the attention of the jumper is directed to the easy pulling of the pelvis forward, without losing control over the shoulders, keeping their leading role in the takeoff run. The right elbow, with the beginning of taking the right hand towards oneself, is gradually withdrawn behind the back, making it possible, on the last 2 steps of the run, to raise the right hand with a pole, in an upward direction, to the right shoulder. The left hand remains at the same height as 6 steps before the take-off, moving slightly forward, it controls the height and extension of the pole. Two steps before taking off, the pole is in a position slightly higher from the horizontal at a level of 10-15 cm above the jumper's center of gravity.

The translation should not be abrupt, it is done in the rhythm of the last steps of the run. A very important detail of the translation, which will save the jumper from the squat, at the penultimate step, is the removal of the pole over the head, before the jumper comes to the vertical of the right leg. (Appendix 1: fig. 2)

2.4 Pushing off and deep entry

At the moment of passing the vertical line of repulsion, the pole should gently move to the stop. A technically correct movement indicates a good acceleration of the pole by the time the jumper passes the take-off vertical.

The left hand does not try to bend the pole, but firmly pushes the pole towards the bar, and then transfers the force to the right hand, to bend the pole, under the influence of the speed and mass of the jumper. Feeling the elasticity of the pole, the jumper must perform all subsequent technical actions on the pole, as on a rigid support.

In pole vaulting, the depth of the forward movement of the body during take-off is of great importance. To do this, even during take-off, the athlete must release the upper belt, especially the shoulders, from tension, and throw forward and upward with his chest, simultaneously pushing off with his supporting leg and swinging with his free leg. The speed and depth of repulsion greatly affect the technique of all subsequent elements of the jump: hang, swing, overturn, etc. Moreover, the execution of the take-off phase determines the rhythm of the subsequent parts of the jump. (Appendix 1: fig. 3, 4)

The place of take-off for the best jumpers in the world is within 420-440cm from the point where the pole rests in the box. Higher jumpers push off at a distance of 410-420 cm, lower jumpers at 430-440 cm.

A good sign of mastering this part of the jump is the continuation of the increase in the speed of the last 4 steps of the run. In S. Bubka's best jumps, the speed of running continued to increase until the take-off and was as follows:

4 steps before repulsion - 9.5 m / s

2 steps before repulsion - 9.7 m / s

To accelerate the push-in pole, start with the swing leg.

The jumper needs to create as much space as possible between the jumper and the pole before the jogging foot hits the track. His arms should be straight, his right (left) arm continues the line of his body, and his left (right) arm is perpendicular to the axis of the pole.

Before passing the vertical, the jumper tries to maximize this space, but from the vertical and the entire passage from the push, he seeks to "burst" as deeply forward and upward as possible, trying to reach the elbow of his left hand with his head.

The foot is placed on a push-off from the entire foot with a quick transition to the toe. The jumper should pay more attention to the swing of the maximally bent left (right) leg to quickly move the pelvis forward, trying to keep the shoulders in front, until the end of the hang.

Currently, athletes and coaches pay more and more attention to the speed and amplitude (depth) of the "entry" on the pole, and not to the external observance of the posture. After turning on the muscles of the shoulder girdle, the jumper powerfully swings his whole body up. The axis of rotation passes through the shoulder girdle. The swing on the pole turns out to be biting and fast. The greatest bending of the pole occurs at the moment when the body of the jumper takes a horizontal position to the ground, and the shins of the bent legs pass by the bent pole and are raised at the level of the head and shoulders. It should be noted that raising the pelvis up to the pole ensures that the shoulders stop after a deep entry, due to the active extension of the left arm, and the acceleration of the lifting of the C.T. the jumper has increased due to the turn of the shoulders back - down.

2.5 Flip on the shoulders with stretching the body along the pole

The turnover should be carried out due to the simultaneous movement of the body links: legs - up, and shoulders - down. The movement of the shoulders, or rather, their acceleration in the swing of the coup, is a necessary element in pole vaulting with large grips and rigid poles. It is especially important to keep the shoulders moving when the jumper straightens his knees and takes the "?" - trunk and legs at an accepted angle.

During the athlete's extension, the pole also has the highest upward extension speed, therefore the combination of the lifting force of the pole and the straightening of the jumper's body gives him an accelerated upward movement, and at the end of the extension period, O.Ts.T. reaches the highest vertical speed of ascent (which in S. Bubka reached 6 m / s). An active flip on the shoulders should end with the start of turning on the arms to stretch the body along the pole due to the work of the arms. With this movement, the jumper maintains the speed of lifting the body up. One of the jumper's tasks during the pull-up is to keep the body around the pole. The closer the lines of the jumper and pole are during the pull-up and turn, the longer the upward acceleration of the body continues.

2.6 Rotation, push-ups and plank transition

Pulling up and turning is one continuous effort. There should not be the slightest delay in completing these elements. In an effort to maintain vertical speed, the jumper begins to stretch the body and make a turn using the takeoff speed. The arms mainly keep the torso close to the pole and maintain the available speed.

When moving to the support, the jumper, in addition to turning to the left to the pole, uses the rotation of the pole itself at the fulcrum. Having a high take-off speed, many great pole poles, after releasing the pole with the right hand, are still upright. The jumper needs to maintain a smooth transition of the body and, bending the knees, increase the speed of rotation around the bar with this technique. The athlete, using the energy left over from the extension of the pole and the pull-up, quickly and smoothly pushes himself upward, while helping with a wave of his left hand. Legs close and straightened at the knees. Push-ups are combined with the beginning of the transition over the bar.

If the preliminary movements of the jumper were performed correctly, then he will be thrown up, and the transition through the bar will be the most effective way the so-called "take-off - arc".

Not all of the world's leading jumpers have standard plank movements, but they all have a great “plank sense” that allows them to perform rational movements in each case so as not to touch the plank.

3. METHODOLOGY OF LEARNING THE SIXTH JUMP TECHNIQUE

The effectiveness of initial training is largely determined by the level of preliminary physical fitness of the student: how quickly he runs short segments, how elastically he pushes off in long and high jumps, to what extent he freely and confidently controls his body in exercises on rings, a crossbar and a rope. Therefore, the learning process is divided into two stages:

mastering the basic elements of a jump (running with a pole, placing it at close range, pushing off, swinging movements, pulling up with a turn, pushing up and crossing the bar) on a straight rigid pole;

mastering the elements of modern jumping technique on an elastic apparatus, after the jumper is physically stronger.

Task 1. Create an idea of \u200b\u200ba rational jump technique

Means: a story about the history of the development of the species, about the rules of the competition; Demonstration of jumping technique using visual aids, cinematography, video equipment, etc.

Task 2. To teach the holding of the pole, the technique of running with it

Means: holding the pole wide, medium, and narrow gripby moving its front part to the left, right, down, up; pole walking; running with a pole with a gradual increase in the length of the segments and an increase in speed.

Methodical instructions: determine the most comfortable grip for practitioners. Pay attention to straightness of running, freedom of running movements.

Task 3. To teach how to hang and hang on a pole

Means: 1. I. p. standing on a hill with a pole vertically placed in front of you, grab the projectile with your right hand raised up, with your left hand 30-40 cm lower. Swing forward and upward with a bent right leg and a push with the left to hang on the pole. Going forward, land on both feet, facing forward, pole on the left side.

I. p. the front end of the pole in a sand pit or in a support box. Stand facing in the direction of movement of the pole at a distance of 2-4 running steps from the place of take-off, the left leg is in front, the right hand together with the pole is raised up, the left is freely lowered down. Bending up, sliding your right hand along the pole, push off, fix the right hand in a predetermined place, grabbing the left one 30 ~ 40 cm lower than the right. Hang on a pole, move forward with it and land on both feet facing forward, the pole on the left side.

In walking (the front end of the pole slides along the path), the removal and setting of the projectile at close range in two steps.

I. p. pole parallel to the ground. Removal and positioning of the projectile in two steps. In running, the removal of the pole with take-off without support (the front end of the pole slides along the track).

With 4-6 running steps, enter the hang on a pole, passing the vertical, land on both legs facing forward, the pole to the left.

Methodical instructions: lower the pole smoothly, the place of push and the point of support of the pole must be on the same conditional take-off line. Carry out the removal of the projectile forward and upward, near the body, quickly accelerating upper part body. In push-off, quickly and far move forward with the chest and pelvis through the supporting leg. In the hang, feel secure support and balance.

Task 4. Teach a swing, pull-up with a turn and push-up on a pole

Means: 1. I. p. hanging on the rings (crossbar, vertically fixed pole). Swing the legs forward to the hanging position in the tuck.

With 4-6 steps of the run, pushing off, go to the hang on the pole. After passing the sixth vertical, swing the legs and body up, while keeping close to the pole. Land on your back.

The same, but with 8, 10, 12 running steps.

I. p. the lower end of the pole is in support, facing its upper end (pole on the left) on the left leg, the bent right is raised to the level of the pole, grab the shell with your hands (right - straight, left - bent), take your shoulders and head back. Guiding the right leg along the pole, pull up with your hands with a turn and push up, while moving from the left leg to the right.

Long jump with a pole. Land on both feet, face down, pole over right shoulder.

Methodical instructions: perform the swing after active advancement of the chest forward while simultaneously pulling the shoulders back and holding the pelvis at the pole. Monitor the balance of the body on the pole, control the correct landing.

Task 5. To teach the technique of crossing the bar and landing

Means: 1. I. p. hanging on the bar. Swing forward, turning into a handstand, followed by overcoming the bar set above the level of the support.

Pole vaulting over the bar with 4-8 running steps.

Pole vaulting over the bar with 10-12 running steps.

... "Rhondad" through the barrier

Methodical instructions: pay attention to the timely lowering of the legs, avoid bending the body over the bar. At first, it is advisable to replace the bar rubber band.

Task 6. To teach the entrance to the hang and hang on an elastic pole

Means: 1. I. p. pole in the support box, standing with your back to the box, grab the upper end of the pole with your right hand at a distance of 60-80 cm from your left. Swing back and forth with a strongly bent right leg to move the pelvis and chest forward, while bending the pole.

The same, but with 4-6 mincing steps.

With 6-8 running steps of the run with a grip on the end of the pole, enter the hang, not reaching the vertical. Land in the place of take-off on your feet.

Increasing the takeoff run, enter the hang with the transition to the vertical.

Methodical instructions: to act on the pole with the bent left hand upwards at an angle of 90 ° in relation to the projectile. Achieve a confident jump of the vertical.

Task 7. To teach the swing and grouping on an elastic pole

Means: 1. Hang on the bar from two steps, swing the legs into a tuck.

The same, but on a tightrope.

With 10-12 running steps, entry into the hang on a pole with leg lifts for grouping on a bending apparatus. Land on your back.

Methodical instructions: to achieve the rise of the knees to the level of the grip of the hands.

Task 8. To teach to use the force of an unbending pole and the technique of crossing the bar

Means: 1. I. p. hanging in a group on a shock absorber swinging up and down. Extension with pulling up.

Long jump with elastic pole.

I. p. crouching emphasis. Backward somersault with an exit to the rack, push off with your hands from the jump bridge, followed by overcoming the bar set at a height of 80-100 cm.

Jumping with an elastic pole over the bar. Methodical instructions: to monitor the holding of the body at the pole and its timely extension.

Task 9. Improve the technique of pole vault

Means: All exercises used for teaching.

The use of an inclined track at the beginning of the run and various training devices to improve the elements of the supporting part of the jump.

Pole vaults from short, medium and full runs with different levels of grip, using shells of different stiffness.

Methodical instructions: take into account the individual characteristics of the student's development in the formation of technical skill.

4. STAGES OF LEARNING THE SIXTH JUMPER

The minimum requirements for physical fitness: the ability to hang and climb a rope approximately 3 m; in the hang - raising the legs with knees to the grip at least 5-6 times, running 20 m on the move in 2.5 - 2.6 s, 40 m from the start in 5.8 - 6.0; long jumps for 4 m, throwing a nucleus weighing 4 kg forward and backward for 9 - 10 m. These are the prerequisites for physical readiness to start learning pole vault.

In initial training, the flexibility of the pole does not matter, since the beginner does not yet know how to use it. Rather, the weight and diameter of the pole play a role. It is especially important to carefully monitor the condition of the landing site and the serviceability of the poles. The long-term training of pole vaulters takes quite a long time and is a system that includes several stages. Each stage solves its own problems.

Taking into account typological features in the preparation of pole vaulters

The effectiveness of the selection and training of pole vaulters is largely associated with the assessment of athletes' morphological characteristics, functional capabilities, psychological qualities of various aspects of preparedness.

However, the use of averaged selection criteria and parameters of the structure of long-term training is no longer enough today. Based on the methodology of evolutionary biomechanics (N.A. Bernshtein, 1947-1991; V.K. Balsevich, 1975-1991), it can be assumed that there are types of age-related development of human motor skills and its adaptation to speed-power loads. ON. Bernstein noted that everyone's physique, his muscles, and even more so the structure and degree of development of his brain levels are so diverse and unique that even when the skill has been mastered in general terms, each student ascribes a lot to his personal characteristics in the motor composition of the skill. Here, a wide scope opens up for real invention and rationalization. Therefore, few of the elite athletes meet the average ideal.

The most outstanding results are achieved by athletes with a pronounced individuality, which makes it possible to recommend in the preparation of young athletes who show some bright, even local abilities, proceed from the need for their cultivation, and then set the task of general versatility, strictly following that such versatility did not come into conflict with natural talent, which happened more than once in practice.

All of the above leads to the need to study the typological characteristics of the students. Apparently, only a complex-typological approach makes it possible to scientifically substantiate the definition of adequate pedagogical influences on the individuality and personality of those involved in the process of educational and training sessions.

4.1 Stage of preliminary preparation of the jumper

The purpose of this stage is to activate the physical development of children 8, 9, 10, 11 years old, the specific tasks are as follows:

a) the development of dexterity and coordination, the ability to control your body;

b) the development of the pace of movements;

c) mastering the elements and the simplest scheme of athletics exercises, including the pole vault.

Running training is carried out mainly in the form of games and relay races, as well as rapid repeated running at intervals of 20-80 m.Exercises to increase the frequency of movements are especially important: running in support, running in place as often as possible, running over objects placed on the track, stuffed balls etc., quick work with hands, etc.

A peculiarity of the running training of a young vaulter is pole-running. For this, you can use light poles, height strips, etc. You should not strive for maximum running speed from the very beginning. At this stage, you need to achieve freedom and ease in running with a pole at intervals of 30-60 m.

It is necessary to begin to develop a sense of the rhythm of the run and education of the eye when setting the pole at close range. You should use multiple sets of the pole for accuracy, trying to hit the end of the pole in pebbles, pits, the edge of the path, etc. It is advisable to perform a large number of jumps of various types: multiple jumps, jumping on objects and jumping off them, jumping from mark to mark, as well as long and high jumps in the simplest ways.

Should be drawn special attention for such moments of technical training:

The pole is used as a support for jumping over natural (ditches, bushes) and artificial obstacles.

The positioning of the pole at close range must be performed immediately technically correctly and in a timely manner (in 2 steps). Incorrect setting is very difficult to correct.

The jumping technique is mastered only when it is provided by physical capabilities. This is especially true for power elements.

Learning technique through play is the main method.

The specificity of training young pole vaulters is a very large amount of acrobatic and gymnastic training - about 50% of the total time of training sessions. Various forward and backward somersaults, backward rolls with extension to a stance (later with the transition through the bar), side rolls from a run, jumping over obstacles with landing on hands and further grouping, "flakes" and somersaults. Exercises on gymnastic apparatus: swinging on the uneven bars, swinging in the hang on the crossbar, flips from hanging to close range, etc. Pulling up on the arms and lifting the legs in the hang on various apparatus, as well as many other exercises of a similar orientation.

Exercises on a rope are especially important: jumping into a hang on a rope from 3-4 steps of a run, swinging legs, extending when climbing up a rope, connecting these elements. Rope climbing with and without legs, rope jumping over the bar. These exercises are closest to the pole vault technique. As you know, gymnastics and acrobatics are available to children of the earliest age, they serve as the basis for the physical and technical readiness of young jumpers.

Here are the control standards of gymnastic training at the end of the preliminary preparation stage: pull-up in the hang - at least 10 times; from hanging - swing legs up until touching the crossbar - at least 15 times; from hanging - a point-blank flip on the crossbar; jumping into a hang on a rope from 6 steps; somersault back to handstand.

Control standards for running and jumping training: 30 m running from a high start, movement - 4.5 - 4.6 s; running 60 m from a high start in motion - 8.8 - 9.0 s; running 20 m on the move - 2.5 s; standing long jump - 220 cm; jump up from a place - 40 cm; long jump from a run - 440 cm.

The athletic performance in the pole vault is not overriding at this stage and must be between 2 and 3 meters.

4.2 Initial Specialization Stage

At the age of 12-15, the training of young pole vaulters acquires a focus on mastering technique and developing special qualities.

However, pole vaulting should be mastered simultaneously with mastering those types of athletics that most fully develop the necessary qualities and are, as it were, accompanying the pole vault. These are sprint running, long and high jumping, hurdling and javelin throw. Mastering these types contributes to the development of dexterity and coordination, but not only with the help of acrobatics, but also directly by means of athletics. Comprehensive, close to multi-round training is the basis of training at this stage. Along with the sprint, you need to master the technique of running with a pole, using for this various jogging and acceleration with a pole on segments of 20-40 m; running with a high rise of the knees and subsequent lowering and carrying out of the pole, etc. It is necessary to master the rhythm of the run, performing it both on the treadmill and in the jumping sector. It is necessary to perform a large number of exercises for setting the pole at close range, but already at high speed. Holistic jumps should be combined with special exercises. The development of the rhythm of the jump is facilitated by the optimal combination of the height of the grip on the pole and the excess of the bar above the grip point.

Control standards of technique: the ability to smoothly lower the pole and perform point-blank at a high take-off speed; passage on a pole behind the vertical with a grip of 420 cm or more; pole vault with 6 running steps over a bar with a height equal to the grip; jump from a full run at a height of more than 4 m.

Running training at the stage is characterized both by the development of the running frequency, especially in the segments of 20-60 m, and by the beginning of the development of speed endurance by running the segments of 100 m and more. Running technique is best mastered by running fast, but free running 60-100 meters.

Standards for running and jumping training: 20 m s / x - 2.2 s; 30 m s / st. - 4.3 s; 60 m s / st. - 7.8 s; 100 m s / st. - 12.2 - 12.5 s; long jump - 6 m, high jump - 170 cm; triple jump from a place - 750 - 770 cm.

Strength training at this stage is carried out using exercises with weights in the form of dumbbells, weights, sandbags, medicine balls, etc. - to strengthen individual muscle groups and prepare for subsequent, higher loads. Light barbell exercises can already be used.

Gymnastic training is of a more specialized nature: the motor skills necessary for the jumper are developed (rope climbing without the help of legs and "upside down", standing up, extending the body up).

Control exercises: crossbar - from a swing swing, a turn to a rack; rings - from a hanging swing, a turn to close; bars - from the support along the length of the arms - bending overturn; hanging on a gymnastic wall - lifting legs, feet above the grip - 10 times in 15 -17 s; snatch of the barbell weighing 50% of its own weight.

4.3 Advanced Specialization Stage

This stage begins at the age of 16-19 and is characterized by an increase in the intensity of training sessions and their greater specialization, primarily due to an increase in the number of pole vaults performed from long runs, as well as due to an increase in the volume of strength training, sprint running, and greater difficulty gymnastic exercises.

To improve technical training, a third of the pole vaults are performed from long runs. The volume of runs with the pole is increasing. This should lead to an increase in the grip on the pole, which will allow the use of stiffer poles, which, in turn, contributes to more efficient throwing of the athlete upwards. It is also necessary to strive to increase the height of the training jumps, which gives the athlete significant confidence before the competition. The average number of jumps over the bar in one workout is 15-17 from small runs or 12-15 - from large ones.

At the stage of advanced specialization, a gifted athlete achieves at least a masterful run and even exceeds it.

Control standards: running with a pole 20 m s / x - 2.2 s; from 6 steps of the run - a jump over the bar with an excess of 40 - 50 cm over the grip; jump from 12 running steps with an excess of the grip by 60 - 70 cm; achieving a training result above 5 m.

The increase in the level of speed-strength readiness is associated, first of all, with a significant increase in the volume and intensity of exercises with weights and jumping preparation. The volume of resistance exercise is increased by about 50%. Exercises are aimed at developing muscle groups - the extensors of the lower extremities, the muscular corset of the trunk and mainly the flexors of the anterior surface of the trunk, muscles of the shoulders and extensors of the arms.

Most exercises are performed with weights of 80-90% of the maximum, as well as in a complex manner - 30 and 90% in one lesson. Jumping training is carried out through a large number of jumps: triple, five-fold, multiple, jumping off an elevation with a rebound and jumping to an elevation with a rebound, as well as regular inclusion of long and high jumps in the training.

Control standards of speed-strength readiness: bench press lying - 12.5% \u200b\u200bof the athlete's weight and more; lying traction from behind the head with straight arms: 55% or more; barbell snatch - 100% of the athlete's weight or more; long jump from a run - 660 cm and more, in height - 180 cm and more; triple jump from a spot - 9 m and more.

Gymnastic training is characterized by an increased complexity of exercises and a greater focus on movements similar to a jump. The set of exercises narrows down, in fact, to one - a turn from a hang to a stance, but performed on different apparatus (crossbar, rings, parallel bars) and from different starting positions (from a hang, from a swing, from a jump, from a run, etc.) ). The ability to perform this exercise is like a control standard.

Running training consists of different types re-running 30, 40, 50, 60 m from the start and from the start and running longer segments: 100, 150, 200 m, etc. The leading role in improving the running speed should be played by speed-strength readiness and the ability to run freely.

Control standards for running readiness: 30 m s / x - 3.0 s; 30 m from the start - 4.0 s; 60 m from the start - 7.2 s; 100 m from the start - 11.1 - 11.2 s.

At this stage, the importance of competitions increases, and, consequently, strong-willed training, the qualities of a fighter. At the same time, the athlete must learn to “listen” to himself, be able to determine his condition and learn to manage it. For this, he should be given more, the sooner, the better, independence during training and competition.

5. MEANS AND METHODS OF PREVENTION OF INJURIES IN SIXTH JUMPS

The most vulnerable ODA links in pole vaulters are the area of \u200b\u200bthe shoulder girdle, knee, ankle and foot.

Acute ODA injuries in pole vaulters account for 78% of all pathology. Thus, this type of jumping can be defined as the most traumatic. Acute injuries include combined injuries of the capsular-ligamentous apparatus of the ankle, knee joints and the clavicular-acromial joint, as well as injuries of the meniscus, cruciate and especially the lateral ligaments of the knee joint, which account for 12% of all pathology. Frequent acute trauma to the lateral ligaments is a feature of this sport.

Another feature of this type of athletics is a large number of bruises - 16% of all pathology and fractures - 24% of all pathology. In addition, it should be emphasized that pole vaults stand out among other types of jumps with the largest number of severe injuries to the ODA.

Chronic diseases of ODA in pole vaulters account for 22% of all pathology. Among them, the most frequent are chronic microtrauma of the capsular-ligamentous apparatus of the mucous bags, the integumentary cartilage of the ankle and knee joints, as well as the joints of the shoulder girdle region, which is diagnosed as periarthritis of the shoulder scapula.

5.1 Circumstances and causes of ODE injuries

In the annual training cycle of the pole vaulters, the greatest number of injuries - 75% falls on the main and 25% - during the preparatory periods, as the most intense. Injuries, as in previous types of jumping, mainly occur during training. During the competition, they are celebrated much less often.

The main causes of injury among pole vaulters: improper organization of training sessions - 20%; unsatisfactory condition of sports equipment and inventory - 25.5%; methodical errors - 22.5%; technically wrong execution reception or exercise - 32%.

Organizational and methodological causes of injuries in this type of jumping are most often associated with mistakes in planning the training process and the pre-competition stage itself, as well as with poor training conditions and shortcomings in material and technical support (for example, with a low quality pole).

Among the reasons for the methodological nature, it should be noted, first of all, the violation of the principle of gradualness, which is expressed in a sharp increase in the volume, intensity and complexity of training loads that do not correspond to the level of physical and technical readiness of an athlete. In addition, special attention should be paid to the fact that the ratio of special and non-special loads is sharply shifted towards the former, which indicates a narrow specialization in the preparation of pole vaulters.

Errors of a methodological nature are reflected in the structure of injuries in different periods of a training session. So, 44% of injuries account for its main part. If injuries in the initial part of the training session (26%) can be explained by a poorly conducted warm-up, then in the final part (25% of injuries) - only by fatigue.

The immediate cause of injury in highly qualified pole vaulters is more often falls, hits on the ground, i.e., a direct mechanism of injury, which makes up more than 60% of all pathology. About 19% of injuries are caused by impaired articulation in the joints (sharp bending, extension, twisting in the joint, etc.), i.e. indirect mechanism of injury. In more than 20% of cases, there is a combined mechanism of injury.

Of no small importance in the event of a traumatic situation is the jumper's mental state. Our studies show that at the time of the jump, in more than 34% of cases, the injury occurs against the background of an overly excited state, when there is an extremely desire show high results.

5.2 Preventive measures

The study of the causes of injury indicates the main ways of their prevention. As in other types of jumping disciplines of athletics, pole vaulters, first of all, need a rational structure of the training lesson in the main period of training. The main attention of the coach and the athlete should be focused on general and special physical and technical training, provision of quality equipment, and correct refereeing during the competition. Before performing a jump, as has been said more than once earlier, thorough warm-up, corresponding psycho-emotional attitude.

In my opinion, the preventive recommendations developed by V.D.Dashin have not lost their significance:

Check the quality of the poles immediately before each session.

Do not train in the rain on a slippery track. In addition, when performing certain exercises, do not use shoes with spikes; when practicing the "transition" through the bar, the stands should be with a heavy base or fixed so as to prevent them from falling in case of an unsuccessful jump; the plank should easily fall off with an unsuccessful jump; during initial training, do not allow jumping from a rigid box for an emphasis. It should be replaced with a hole dug in the ground; to allow the transition of those who go in for independent jumps after mastering a more stable balance in the exercises "hanging" on the pole.

6. NUTRITION OF ATHLETES IN TRAINING PROCESS MODE

In the process of intense training and especially competition, nutrition is one of the leading factors in improving performance, accelerating recovery processes and combating fatigue.

Thanks to the exchange of energy in the body - one of the main and constant manifestations of its vital activity - growth and development are ensured, the stability of morphological structures, their ability to self-renewal and self-restoration, as well as a high degree of functional organization of biological systems are maintained. Changes in metabolism, found at high physical and neuro-emotional stress, show that under these conditions the need for certain nutrients, in particular for proteins and vitamins, increases. With an increase in physical activity, energy consumption increases, for the replenishment of which a certain set of nutrients entering the body with food is required. Prolonged muscular activity (for example, running long distances) can create a situation similar to fasting, when the body's energy reserves must be used. When studying the energy of the process as a whole, it was found that the utilization of glucose during marathon running is slowed down and, therefore, there is no significant depletion of reserve carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are used as an energy source for muscle work. However, the stores of endogenous carbohydrates in muscle tissue are so limited that if they were the only species fuel they would be completely depleted after minutes or even seconds of muscle work. Blood glucose can also serve fuel for muscle contraction, if the vascular system of the muscles provides it with a sufficient speed. The blood glucose used in the process of muscle contraction must be replenished from the stores of glycogen in the liver, which are also limited (they are about 100 g, and this amount is enough to ensure the contractile activity of the muscles during 15 minutes of running).

Unlike carbohydrates, body fat stores are virtually unlimited. The advantage of fats as an energy source is that when 1 g is oxidized, they provide 9 times more energy than glycogen. Thus, in order to accumulate an equivalent amount fuel exclusively in the form of glycogen, this energy reserve should be 9 times greater. There have been attempts to use a carbohydrate diet in order to increase glycogen stores (create a depot), but the practice of sports rejects these methods as not physiological. Only a balanced diet meets modern requirements for high-level sports. There is compelling evidence on the use of fat in the human body, especially with prolonged physical activity. How much energy is released due to fat oxidation depends on various factors: the intensity of the work performed, the duration of exercise, the type of sport, etc. The main importance of nutrition is the delivery of energy and plastic materials to replenish energy consumption and build tissues and organs. Food is a mixture of animal and plant foods containing proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water. Calorie content daily ration an athlete depends on the nature of the training and the magnitude of the load (taking into account its volume and intensity). The qualitative usefulness of the diet depends on the correct ratio of the main nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates (1: 0.8: 4, or 30%, 14%, 56%).

6.1 Drinking regime

Half of all body water is in the muscles, about 1/8 on the skeleton, 1/20 on the blood. The athlete's drinking regime should be regulated depending on the nature of training, food, climatic conditions. The amount of water in the daily diet should normally be 2-2.5 liters, including soups, tea, coffee, milk, etc. Both insufficient and excessive consumption of water is harmful. Absorption, transportation and complex transformations of nutrients in the body, removal of metabolic products from tissues, and heat regulation are impossible without water. The body's need for water is mainly determined by its losses, since it is normal there is a balance between the inlet and outlet water (E.S. London, 1938). It is supported by a complex mechanism of neuro-humoral correction of functions and the work of the excretory organs, which ensure the constancy of the internal environment of the body. Large physical activity is accompanied by a large loss of water. In this case, dry mouth, a feeling of thirst occur. The main reason causing thirst is an increase in osmotic pressure in blood plasma and tissues, associated either with a decrease in the body's water resources, or with an excess of osmotically active substances. With sweat, the body loses not only water, but also osmotically active substances (chlorides and other salts, in addition, glycogen and tissue proteins are consumed during work). As a result, the osmotic pressure in blood plasma and tissues does not change proportionally to the loss of water with sweat, but with some lag, as a result of which it becomes possible to satisfy the feeling of thirst with a smaller amount of water.

6.2 Meals during important competitions

athlete food jump pole

Before the competition, you should not eat salty and spicy dishes and long-digesting foods (lard, lamb, etc.). Some of them cause increased thirst, others require a large amount of oxygen for digestion, and metabolites fill the bloodstream, having an adverse effect on the liver.

Meals should be frequent (4-5 times a day), varied, high-calorie, depending on the sport, age and gender.

Meals on competition days have their own characteristics. They consist in the need to maintain stores of carbohydrates, which are important sources of energy and help to maintain high performance. To do this, it is recommended to often, in small portions (4-6 times a day) consume foods containing carbohydrates, vitamins, microelements: cereals (oatmeal, buckwheat), bread, waffles, chocolate, potatoes, puddings, jam, honey, etc. For 2 -3 hours before the start of the competition, it is recommended to take light food with a calorie content of 700-1 200 kcal, consisting of easily digestible carbohydrates and proteins: porridge, bread, waffles, boiled chicken, chicken broth, juices, tea. With a fatty diet, there is a decrease in performance. After the end of the competition, the main thing is to normalize the water-salt regime. For this purpose, juices are used, mineral water, dairy products, fruits. Of the products in the first 2-3 days, you need to eat easily digestible carbohydrate foods, chicken, oatmeal, low-fat cottage cheese, soft-boiled eggs, butter, salads seasoned with vegetable oil. You should exclude from the diet spicy, salty, jellied dishes, difficult and long-digesting foods: pork, lamb, duck and goose meat, etc.

CONCLUSION

Pole vault is a beautiful, spectacular, but difficult form of athletics. Mastering the perfect jumping technique takes a long time, but the simplest basics of jumping can be mastered fairly quickly. The success of initial training largely depends on the preliminary physical fitness, the level of coordination, as well as on the volitional qualities of the trainees.

The minimum requirements for physical fitness: the ability to hang and climb a rope approximately 3 m; in the hang - raising the legs with the knees to the grip at least 5-6 times, running 20 m on the move in 2.5 - 2.6 s, 40 m from the start in 5.8 - 6.0; long jumps in 4 m, throwing a nucleus weighing 4 kg forward and backward for 9 - 10 m.

A complex jump technique requires an athlete to be fully prepared. He must be able to run quickly in a running start, push off powerfully, be flexible, especially in the shoulder joints, and also have great strength. Jumping on an elastic pole requires accurate timing, coordination of the jumper's efforts with the actions of a bending and unbending pole, as well as a delicate muscular feeling that allows you to feel the position of the bar without seeing it and acrobatic dexterity when landing. Pole vault refers to those types of athletics, in which requirements are imposed on a high speed-strength level of the athlete's physical capabilities and perfect possession of technical skill.

Long-term training of pole vaulters lasts 10 years or more and is a system that has several stages of development. Each stage solves its own problems. A common feature of the training process is a long time to master the complex jumping technique.

The purpose of the stage of preliminary preparation of the jumper is to activate the physical development of children 8, 9, 10, 11 years old, the specific tasks are the following: development of dexterity and coordination, the ability to control their body; development of the pace of movements; mastering the elements and the simplest scheme of athletics exercises, including pole vault. In initial training, the flexibility of the pole does not matter, since the beginner does not yet know how to use it. Rather, the weight and diameter of the pole play a role. It is especially important to carefully monitor the condition of the landing site and the serviceability of the poles. Special attention should be paid to such moments of technical preparation: setting the pole at close range must be performed immediately technically correctly and in a timely manner (in 2 steps), incorrect setting is very difficult to correct; jumping technique is mastered only when it is provided by physical capabilities. This is especially true for power elements; learning technique through play is the main method.

At the age of 12-15 years (the stage of initial specialization), the training of young pole vaulters acquires a focus on mastering the technique and developing special qualities. However, pole vaulting should be mastered simultaneously with mastering those types of athletics that most fully develop the necessary qualities and are, as it were, accompanying the pole vault. These are sprint running, long and high jumping, hurdling and javelin throw. Mastering these types contributes to the development of dexterity and coordination, but not only with the help of acrobatics, but also directly by means of athletics. Comprehensive, close to multi-round training is the basis of training at this stage.

The stage of in-depth specialization (16-19 years old) is characterized by an increase in the intensity of training sessions and their greater specialization, primarily due to an increase in the number of pole vaults performed from long runs, as well as due to an increase in the volume of strength training, sprint running, and a greater complexity of gymnastic exercises ... At this stage, the importance of competitions increases, and, consequently, strong-willed training, the qualities of a fighter. At the same time, the athlete must learn to “listen” to himself, be able to determine his condition and learn to manage it. For this, he should be given more, the sooner, the better, independence during training and competition.

The most outstanding results are achieved by athletes with a distinct personality. Athletes who have a mobile nervous system by excitement, relatively slow rates of puberty and whose assessment of various sides of fitness, determined by informative indicators, established taking into account belonging to certain typological groups, is higher than average, achieve sports success. Various combinations of typological characteristics of athletes force them to organize their training process in different ways. Assessment of biological age makes changes in the volume and intensity of training work. The correlation of the educational and training process of young pole vaulters can be represented as an interconnected sequence of a number of organizational and methodological techniques: 1) measurement and assessment of the individual structure of physical development, physical, technical and psychological readiness of athletes, taking into account those informative indicators that determine sports results in certain each teenager typological groups; 2) assessment of the compliance of the level of these indicators with the values \u200b\u200bin certain typological groups; 3) the selection and use of pedagogical tools that primarily affect these indicators: initially, to tighten the "weak" elements of readiness; 4) when their progress slows down, it is necessary to use means that affect other, "strengths", sides of preparedness.

In the process of intense training and especially competition, nutrition is one of the leading factors in improving performance, accelerating recovery processes and combating fatigue. Therefore, athletes should observe the regime of not only work and rest, but also eat properly and balanced.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1. Bernstein, N.A. About agility and its development [Text] / N.А. Bernstein - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1991. - 23-44 p.

Ganzlen G. Pole jump [Text] / G. Ganzlen - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1977.- 85-109 p.

Gannis G. Preparation of pole vaulters [Text] / Athletics / G. Gannis. - 1982. - No. 7 - p.17

Ilyin E.P. The structure of psychomotor abilities / Psychomotorics [Text] / E.P. Ilyin - L .: Psychology, 1976. - 144-149 p.

Ilyin E.P. "Express" - methods for diagnosing the basic properties of the nervous system / Psychophysiological foundations physical education and sport [Text] / E.P. Ilyin - L .: Psychology, 1972. - 18-21 p.

Kobrinsky M.E. Athletics [Text, drawings] / M.E. Kobrinsky, T.P. Yushkevich, A.N. Konnikova - Minsk: Physical culture and sport, 2005.- 203-215 p.

G.I. Kovalchuk Genetic markers for selection and individualization of training of young sprinters and pole vaulters / Proceedings of the scientific conference / State and prospects of improving physical culture in the education system [Text] / G.I. Kovalchuk - Om, 1996.

G.I. Kovalchuk Theory and practice of physical culture [Text] / G.I. Kovalchuk, A.M. Parkhuta.- 1991.- No. 7-p. 32.

Nikitsky B.N. Textbook for students of physical education faculties of pedagogical institutes [Text] / B.N. Nikitsky - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1981.- 301-311s.

Nikonov I.V. Jumping / the relationship of physical qualities and technology [Text] / Athletics / I.V. Nikonov.- 1982.- No. 8-p.6

Ozolin N.G. Athletics / Pole vault [Text] / NG Ozolin, V.М. Yagodin - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1989.- 347-368 p.

Platonov V.N. Training of a young sportsman [Text] / V.N. Platonov, K.P. Sakhnovsky - K .: Physical culture and sport, 1988. - 99-117 p.

Salnikov V.A. Theory and practice of physical culture [Text] / Sport / V.А. Salnikov. - 1981. - No. 8 - p. 12.

Sakhnovsky K.P. Preparation of the sports reserve [Text] / K.P. Sakhnovsky. - K .: Health, 1990.- 14-19 p.

Strizhak A.P. Theory and practice of physical culture [Text] / A.P. Strizhak, M.V. Ermolaeva, V.D. Dushenkov. 1987.- No. 10-p.9

Ter-Ovanesyan A.A. Pedagogical foundations of physical education [Text] / Ter-Hovhannisyan - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1978. - 200-222 p.

Yagodin V.M. Selection of young pole vaulters [Text] / V.М. Yagodin - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1978.- 45-66 p.

Yagodin V.M. Pole vault [Text] / V.М. Yagodin - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1978.- 77-99 p.

Appendix 1

Approximate benchmarks at the stages of in-depth specialization and sports improvement

For the result: 370 - 380 cm 400 - 420 cm 440 - 450 cm Run 30 m s / h, s 3.6 - 3.53.4 - 3.33.2 - 3.1 Long jump from a run, m 4.80 - 5.005.40 - 5.605.80 - 6.00 Triple jump from a spot, m 7.30 - 7.507.70 - 7.808.00 - 8.20 Bench press lying, kg 30 - 4045 - 5055 - 60 Barbell pull from behind the head, kg 15 - 1820 - 2530 - 35 Snatch rods, kg 30 - 3540 - 4550 - 55 Exercise on the crossbar, turn to stop, turn "without touching" turn "to half-post" Grip height, cm 370 ± 5380 - 390 400 - 420 Takeoff speed, m / s 7.5 7.98.5 - 8.9 Appendix 2

Figure: 6 - Push-ups and transition over the bar

Appendix 3

The most vulnerable ODA links in pole vaulters are the area of \u200b\u200bthe shoulder girdle, knee, ankle and foot

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For clarity, the sequence of movements is divided into phases.

Pole grab and run

The right hand grabs the pole from above, the left hand - at a distance of 80-100 cm from it with the back of the hand up. The height of the grip is usually indicated with a deduction of 20 cm immersion of the pole in the support box.

Thus, the jump height is equal to the actual grip height plus the elevation. Grip height is a mechanical factor and is determined by experience. It has a big impact on the result of the jump.

The result is determined by the speed developed during the take-off and take-off, the take-off angle, the technical skill of the jumper, the elasticity of the pole and other subjective and objective factors. The best jumpers in the world use a grip height of 4.40 to 4.60 m.

The takeoff run is performed as an acceleration run of 35-45 meters, which corresponds to approximately 19-23 strides. Before the start of the run, the pole lies on the thumb of the left hand, and the right hand holds the pole (back of the palm up). Therefore, the end of the pole is first held at eye level or slightly higher and turned slightly to the left.

The elbows of both hands are slightly bent in order to cushion the movement of the body, since the pole should not wobble to the sides, back! or forward. In the second half of the run, the end of the pole should gradually lower towards the stop box. Before the start of the stop, that is, 5-6 m before the take-off point, the optimal take-off speed should be reached, equal to approximately 9.0-9.5 m / s.

Pole positioning

Together with repulsion, it provides the transition from the takeoff run to the movements, and the successful performance of the jump depends to a large extent on the position of the pole. The jumper is under the pole and behind him and can communicate his energy to the pole. The positioning is done “softly” and should contribute to the straightness of the jump. The movement of setting the pole, not counting the preparatory phase, is performed at the penultimate step, and the pole should be carried out on the side of the body with the right hand, forward upward.

At the last step, in addition to this, the left hand approaches the right at a distance of 40-55 cm. This position of the hands provides better control of the movements in the jump during push-off, along with the formation of a short-term tension triangle. With the pushing leg on the ground, the end of the pole experiences resistance in the lower right corner of the support box. At the same time, the right arm is straightened.

Repulsion

With an upward force directed forward, the jumper ends the run. These preliminary rhythmic movements (take-off and take-off) correspond to some extent to the take-off run in the long jump. The take-off (take-off) angle of the GCT is 18-22º. The main thing is to maintain horizontal speed. The grip height and the deflection of the pole depend on the pushing force.

The take-off point is under or at a distance of 30 cm in front of the vertical projection of the right hand. Any deviation to the side is erroneous, except for the necessary displacement, which holds the line of action of the GCT in the direction of the jump. The flexion of the pole achieved in the take-off phase contributes to the transition to the jump and further flexion of the pole.

Pole flexion

The purpose of this phase is to further load the pole, change the direction of movement, and take a comfortable position to use the potential energy of the bent pole. The thigh of the swing leg, lifted almost horizontally during take-off, continues to move above the thigh of the pushing leg and only slightly drops or remains in place. From this position, the jogging (left) leg performs a swing.

Initially, she moves forward at high speed in an almost erect position, and then, with slight flexion, performs an upward swing, catching up with the right leg. This movement increases the angular velocity of the body and increases the pressure on the pole. In this case, the axis of the pole is shortened by 20-30% of the height of the actual grip, which is approximately 100-140 cm. At this moment, the pole is subjected to the greatest bending, but it is this strong deflection that provides a high grip and effective straightening of the pole.

The jumper at this stage comes to the "hanging bent over" position. Gradually, the pressure on the pole decreases, and it begins to unbend. At this moment, the athlete straightens his body up the pole, falling back with his shoulders. Hands perform a pull-up up the pole, and the jumper takes a position with the legs pulled up, the body is almost horizontal (position L), and the chin is close to the pole.

Pole climb

This term defines the lift of the trunk when the pole is extended. The task of this phase is, by expediently coordinating the energy of the stretching of the pole and the efforts of the athlete, to raise the body as high as possible. This phase is not passive, it is longer in time than the flexion phase and more difficult in coordination. In this phase, the legs are directed slightly backward.

The CBG must remain close to the axis of the pole for the entire body to participate in the lift. With the increasing extension of the pole and the vertical acceleration of the jumper, arm thrust becomes effective. In this case, the "L" position gradually goes into a straightened vertical position.

To use the end of the extension, a "forearm support" is now required. The left elbow passes between the body and the pole, and the forearm touches the straightening pole near the hand. This area is usually wrapped with tape for protection. In this final phase of straightening the pole, there is a transition to rotation around the longitudinal and transverse axes.

Turning and pushing off the pole

The turn begins when the pole is almost straight. At the end of the turn, the pole approaches the right shoulder, turned outward. This completes the transition from pulling to repulsive motion. Due to the greater distance between the hands, the left hand is released much earlier when repulsed, because the sharp repulsion affects mainly the upper part of the body, the torque around the transverse axis increases.

Crossing the plank and landing

After pushing off, the jumper can, with a lot of energy and good coordination, rise from the place of the grip to the length of an outstretched arm. The best pole rods in the world reach an additional height of 80-100 cm.

However, it becomes more and more difficult to achieve this extra height due to the increased grip height. The transition of the bar is performed at an angle to it. At the same time, the body bends. A soft and raised landing allows you to concentrate completely on the jump without thinking about landing. In order to slow down the turn, the athlete straightens up in the air and usually lands on his back.