Introduction
What role does sports play in a person? Throughout the world, people see it differently. Some are very cool relate to sports (some even consider it a useless spending time). Other people understand the meaning of sports and them, fortunately, more than the first. Moreover, each of them can have a different attitude to the sport: someone prefers to watch it on TV, someone - to engage in any sport or advocacy training, but for someone sport is a means of existence. Among the latter there may be active athletes, coaches, doctors, director of sports societies, sports trustees, etc. and each of them contributes to the development of sports on our planet.
Sport has amazing properties. It can combine people to acquaint them between themselves, in most cases the sport strengthens the health, character and even mental abilities of the people they are engaged in developing such skills as speed, dexterity, reaction, coordination, endurance, patience and force. Sport makes people more resistant to negative environmental factors. He often brings people a lot of positive emotions, for example, with the victory of the favorite team or when a person achieves a result in it.
A person always tries to simplify life. Physical work for him ceases to be in connection with the development of technology. A person gradually loses its physical potential laid in it, becoming stupid compared to his distant ancestors. It can be very bad for him, such temptations as alcohol, tobacco and drugs. Sport is opposite to these evil factors and serves as an alternative that will not give a person to become an alcoholic, smokers and drug addict. The role of sports in our lives is very great.
Concept of sports
Sport (eng. sport, reduction from the initial English. disport - "Game", "Entertainment") - organized by the activities of people consisting in comparison of their physical and intellectual abilities, as well as preparations for this activity and interpersonal relationships arising in its process.
Sport is a specific genus of physical and intellectual activity committed with the purpose of competition, as well as targeted preparations for them by warm-up, training, combined with rest, the desire of a gradual improvement in physical health, an increase in the level of intelligence, to obtain moral satisfaction, striving for excellence, improve personal, group and absolute records, glory, improve their own physical capabilities and skills.
Sport is an integral part of physical culture. This is the actual competitive activity and preparation for it. It seems brightly the desire for victory, the achievement of high results, mobilization of physical, mental and moral qualities of a person. Mass sport allows millions of people to improve their physical qualities and motor capabilities, strengthen health and extend creative longevity.
Sport of higher achievements - This is the only model of activity in which outstanding record holders the functioning of almost all organism systems can manifest itself in the zone of absolute physical and practical limits of a healthy person. The purpose of sports of higher achievements is the achievement of the highest possible sports results or victories at the largest sports competitions.
The content of the article:
People throughout the history of the development of civilization had to fight for survival. During the hunt, the distribution of production or in war, a person had to possess good physical strength and agility to survive. For example, local tribes living in Australia and now use an ancient method of hunting, which involves the persecution of the animal until it is existent.
People have always been forced to maintain and improve their physical form and besides this, raise the skills of archery, battle on swords, etc. Each people had their favorite games. For example, the American Indians in the honor were competitions in lifting weights, throwing the ball to the goal and run.
Aztec, Maya and some other tribes played the game, something resembling modern basketball. Many African tribes arranged fencing competitions on sticks, run, etc. Thus, we can safely say that the history of sports development has an equally ancient root, like our entire civilization.
History of sport development in the ancient world
We already found out that the history of the development of sports is not one millennium, and now we will tell about it a little more. Archaeologists managed to find traces of sports in the territory of the states that existed in 4 and 3 centuries to our era. Today we can safely say that the first large-scale sports competitions were not the Olympic Games in ancient Greece, and competitions in honor of the Babylonian Divine Marduk.
Athletes who participated in them competed in several disciplines: struggle on belts, fencing on swords, copies throwing, hunting, archery and racing on chariot. In Ancient India and Persia in honor of being fencing competitions, horseback riding, playing ball and sticks, as well as race tracks.
Note that India has become a state of modern sports such as polo, hockey on grass, chess and some others.
On the territory of Persia for the first time, schools were created in which children were tattered horse riding, archery, etc. What are not the progenitor of our modern DSS? Scientists have found clay plates, as well as murals on the walls of the ancient Egyptian pyramids, which show more than four hundred different sports, which people were engaged in those times. Of course, the peak of the history of sports development falls on ancient Greece, in which the first Olympic Games were held.
History of sport development in Russia
On the territory of Russia, several centuries were laid the foundation of the history of the development of sports. It is difficult to say exactly what year we can be considered the beginning of the development of sports, because people were engaged in ancient times. In chronicles, people who have a huge physical force are often mentioned, and this is a reason to demonstrate it. According to the documents found by archaeologists, in ancient Russia, almost no holiday did without competitions. If we talk about the history of sports development in Russia, then three main stages can be distinguished:
- Since ancient times before the October Revolution (1917).
- Soviet period.
- Since 1991.
Up to 18th century because of frequent wars, it was the military physical training that was the main priority. We learned about this from various chronicles and epic, which were found in the territories of ancient settlements and reached us. The first image of the fight of Russian fighters scientists dating 1197.
In the territory of feudal Russia, there was no state program for the development of physical culture and here all predetermined folk fun, for example, fist fights, various types of national martial arts, etc.
Starting from the second half of the 19th century, until 1917, it is possible to allocate a very active stage in the development of physical culture. At this time, modern sports disciplines began to develop. But the basis of the practice of physical education was also laid. It was then that a very progressive system of P. Lesgaft was created. This man was the first in our country who was able to formulate and provide a scientific substantiation of the main components of the physical education of a person.
He created the first institution whose task was to educate teachers of physical culture. In fact, it was the first university in our country in sports and physical culture. Also the beginning of the history of the development of sports, we are talking about professional competitions, can be considered 1889. At this time, the first skating championship was held.
Two years later, the first competitions and among the cyclists were held. All these events were reflected in official documents. In the same year, private educational institutions are beginning to be created for children, and sports organizations appear.
Since 1911, the Russian Olympic Committee has begun to function. A year earlier, metropolitan football, ski and other sports leagues were organized. As a result, domestic athletes began visiting international competitions. In the first three Olympic Games, domestic athletes participation did not take due to the lack of funds.
The first Olympiad, which Russian athletes visited, were games in London, held in 1908. In total, five athletes took part in them and three of them managed to become the medals of the Olympiad. Four years later, on 5 Olympics, a delegation of domestic athletes has already been 178 people. However, due to low readiness, the Russian team could not in the overall standing rise above 15 places. This is largely due to the notorious lack of finance.
After 1917, the Soviet government undertook to actively develop physical culture and sport. Now anyone could engage in a favorite sport, which was not in the times of Tsarist Russia. In 1920, the first institution of physical culture began to work, although it was a very difficult time for a young state.
Of course, developing sports after 1917, the authorities largely relied on the foundation that was already laid. It should be noted that a strong influence on the history of sports in the USSR was provided with a physical education that included. The first Soviet sports society was created in 1923, and it was called Dynamo. In those years, physical culture was taught in all educational institutions of the country.
In 1928, the first All-Union Olympiad of the Peoples of the USSR took place. It should be noted that the same year the Olympic Games in Amsterdam were held. The bourgeois world was confident that the undertaking in the USSR was doomed in advance to failure. However, even before the start of the Spartakiada, a record was established - more than seven thousand athletes participated in all-Union competitions, while the Olympic Games honored with their attention only just over three thousand athletes.
The first Olympics became the most important milestone in the history of sports in our country. At the same time, excessive politicization of sports development slowed down this process. It was the sport on a segment of 30-50 years old for the USSR, the only way to prove the superiority of the communist system over capitalism. On the other hand, the Soviet athletes in those years have won a lot of prestigious international competitions.
Even during the Great Patriotic War, the competition continued to be held. For example, in December of the 41st year, a hockey championship with a ball was held, and in 1942 a traditional relay was held at the Garden Ring. After the victory, the Soviet people threw sporting events. Throughout 1945, more than a hundred records were established, 13 of which were worldwide.
In the postwar years, the country's leadership actively supported and developed high achievements. In many ways, this reason has become a long-standing rivalry of two political systems, but, nevertheless, the fact remains a fact. Fans of sports and today remember the triumphant tour of football players of the capital "Dynamo" in England. Since 1946, a serious competitor - hockey with a washer appeared in the USSR of football. At that time it was called "Canadian Hockey". Note that hockey with the ball continued to use the greater authority then.
After the war, the USSR joined various international sports organizations. The Olympic Committee began working in the country since 1951. Moreover, at the same time, a serious preparation of the Olympic team began with this event, because in 1952 new Olympic Games had to be held.
On the eve of the 1952 Olympics, everyone was given to the US team in advance and what was the surprise of the world sports public when American athletes were forced to divide their triumph with the athletes of their Soviet Union.
Since 1970, the leadership of the country decided to change the direction of the development of physical culture and sports. Sports specialists were confident that to achieve positive results due to only two school physical education lessons for a week, simply impossible. After Russia receives sovereignty in 1991, the modern stage of the history of sports development begins.
About the history of sports development in the USSR, see this video:
It was preceded by the fact that still the cave people were conducted, something like "training" by throwing a pointed stick and the struggle with each other. It was a kind of rehearsal to the upcoming chase for the beast or the protection of its cub.
"Young" mankind quickly missed how physical qualities are developing if they are constantly honed. Sport originated as a need, the survival of the view was dependent. Later with the development of civilization, the fact that we now call sports disciplines, closely intertwined with military formations. Boys, and in some countries and girls from an early age forced to practice in a variety of exercise. Each empire had an army consisting of perfectly trained and very strong and endless people.
The history of sports has begun in the fourth-third century to our era. The Olympic Games were not the first sporting contests. Almost a thousand years earlier, competitions were held in honor of the Babylonian gods. Racing, then still on chariot, jumps, different types of struggle, archery, fencing, swelling, throwing spears and darts, this and much more originated in the ancient world and reached our days.
The most famous games in the world were also held in honor of God Zeus. Many legends surround their appearance. During the Olympics, all the battles were stopped, the heads of ancient states used this truce to conclude agreements with the warring countries.
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Interesting the fact that the athletes competed with naked. Part of historians adheres to a romantic opinion on the exaltation in this way physical perfection of the body. Other scientists argue that everything is banned for visiting games to women. Someone once broke it and since then the athletes "stripped" to avoid repeating the precedent.
Despite the popularity of sports competitions, they were forbidden by an army of the devotee of Christianity - the Roman Emperor Feodosius, as the "pagan ritual". The resurrection of such an excellent tradition occurred in the nineteenth century. The initiator was Pierre de Koubertin.
Since then, the Olympiad passes every four years and is divided into: winter and summer. As in antiquity, countless people arrive at it. It was and remained truly an international event. For athletes, a huge honor to be a member of the Olympic competitions. And the title of Olympic champion is the historian title in the world of sports.
Arising in its process.
Sport is a specific genus of physical and intellectual activity committed to the competition, as well as targeted preparations for them by warm-up, training. In combination with the rest, the desire to gradually improve physical health, increase the level of intelligence, to obtain moral satisfaction, striving for perfection, improving personal, group and absolute records, glory, improving their own physical capabilities and skills. Sport is intended to improve human physico-mental characteristics.
Since the time of ancient Greece and to date, the sport history is easily traced. Over time, the sport was becoming more and more organized and adjustable. All new types and subspecies appeared and formed, the rules were specified, the sport acquired traditions and supporters.
Sports in Russia
According to 2008 data, Russia had 2687 stadiums with tribunes at 1,500 places and more than 3762 swimming pools, 123.2 thousand plane sports facilities. In 2008, the number of people engaged in sports sections and groups amounted to 22.6 million people, including 8.1 million women.
see also
| Portal "Sport" | |
| Sport in Vikislovar | |
| Sport in wiking | |
The word "sport" came to the Russian language from English (Sport) - free reduction of the initial word Disport - game, entertainment. This is this first-pool of the English word and makes a discrepancy, hence the various interpretation of the term "Sport". In foreign printing with this concept, "physical culture" is combined in its health, recreational (regenerative) aspects. In domestic popular periodicals and literature, on television and radio, physical culture and sports are interpreted in different ways, but sometimes identified. However, in special literature on physical culture and sports, each of these concepts has a clear definition.
"Sport" - a generalized concept denoting one of the components of the physical culture of society, which has historically established in the form of competitive activities and the special practice of man preparation for competitions.
Sports from physical culture is distinguished by the fact that it has a mandatory competitive component. And the physical consultancy, and the athlete can use the same exercises in their classes and training (for example, running), but at the same time an athlete "always compares their achievements in physical improvement with the success of other athletes in full-time competitions. Classes of physical consultancy are directed only to Personal improvement regardless of achievements in this area of \u200b\u200bother engaged. That is why we cannot call the athlete of a vigorous old man moving along the Allets of the Snoker "Geoging" - a mixture of rapid walking and slow run. This dear person is not an athlete, he is a physical desire that uses walking and running for Maintain your health and health.
However, all these arguments and examples, though help agree on a single interpretation of individual concepts, but do not disclose all the multifacetedness of such a public phenomenon.
modern sport. He performs in many horseships: as a means of recovery, and as a means of psychophysical improvement, and as an effective remedial and restoration of performance, and as a spectacle, and as a professional work.
Modern sport is divided into bulk and sports high achievements. It is the multi-facetedness of modern sports forced these additional concepts that reveal the essence of its individual trends, their fundamental difference.
Mass sport. His goals and tasks.
Mass sports It gives the opportunity to make millions of people to improve their physical qualities and motor capabilities, strengthen health and extend creative longevity, and therefore, to withstand unwanted impacts on the body of modern production and conditions of everyday life.
The purpose of exercising various types of mass sports is to strengthen health, improve physical development, preparedness and actively relax. This is due to the solution of a number of private tasks: to improve the functionality of individual organism systems, adjust physical development and physique, increase overall and professional performance, to master the vital skills and skills, is pleasant and useful to conduct leisure, achieve physical perfection.
The tasks of mass sports are largely repeated the tasks of physical culture, but are implemented by the sports orientation of regular classes and training.
To elements of mass sports, a significant part of youth is attached in school years, and in some sports even in preschool age. It is a massive sport that has the greatest distribution in student groups.
As practice has shown, usually in the non-reclamation universities of the country in the field of mass sport regular training in extracurricular time are engaged from 10 to 25% of students. Now the current program on educational discipline "Physical Culture" for students of higher educational institutions allows almost every healthy student and a student of any university to join mass sports. This can be done not only in your free time, but also in the training. Moreover, the sport or system of exercise chooses the student himself. We will focus more about this somewhat later.