Cycling - Cycling Sport - a respected and popular type of activity in Europe. From March to October, more than 50 outdoor competitions are held here. Some of them, for example, Vuelta Spain or Tour de France, last three weeks, for which participants overcome 4-5 thousand km.
Cycling history
The occurrence of cycling was associated with the progress of technology, which allowed to create a two-wheeled apparatus only in 1817. Official patent for metal design Of the two wheels, the frame and seats for the driver received the German Baron Carl Dresa in 1818. The vehicle, rather, resembled the prototype of the bike: the device did not have a gear radiation and pedals. It was assumed that a person leads him to move, pushing off the earth with his feet. Dzez himself called the apparatus "scooter".
It took almost 70 years to improve the technology of manufacturing a bicycle. At the same time, technologies and materials for road coating were progressed: they do not ride on the crucible bridge on the bike. Bituminous and mineral and asphalt concrete mixes are invented, which allowed to make the road to smooth.
During this period, funny bicycle instances appear: for example, a device with a front wheel of very large diameter and rear - several orders of magnitude less. Already then, wealthy people begin to use the bike for recreational purposes.
From the 1860s. In France, the first local Olympics are among the cyclists' lovers.
By 1885, two-wheeled vehicle No longer has the principal differences from the one we know now. Its design finally received the transfer to the rear wheel and several times exceeded its predecessors for manageability and stability.
Almost immediately for this "indigenous improvement" of the bicycle the first international competitions are held:
- in 1893 - World Cycling Championship.
- from 1896. Cycling is included in the program Olympic Games.
In 1900, a professional organization is arising - the International Union of Cyclists. At the national level, the management of cycling is carried out by the relevant federations.
In the USSR, cycling competitions were traditionally conducted within the framework of Spartakiad.
Types of cycling
There are 4 large directions of cycling:
- highway cycles;
- track cycles;
- bicycle motocross.
- racing on mountain bikes.
All of them are included in the Olympic Games program.
Cycling B. classic - Race for long distances on highway bicycles. Racer's path does not necessarily lie on asphalt roads: it can be a pavement, and gravel, and the road with potholes. The only condition - the road should have a solid coating and not pass through rough terrain.
Highway cycling involves the following types of races:
- one-day - races at a distance of 200-300 km;
- multi-day - races can last more than a week;
- criterium - a group pie chart within a city by 50-150 km;
- grand Tour - 3 races lasting 21 days (Spanish Vuella, Italian Giro and French tour).
Highway cycling is a typical European spring-summer-autumn sport. Routes pass, as a rule, within one state.
The greatest number of highway races are held in classic cysting countries:
- Belgium (14);
- France (10);
- Italy (8);
- Spain (5).
1-3 competitions for the season are arranged in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom.
In addition, highway cycles are organized and not at all "cycling" countries, for example:
- in Norway (multi-day "tour of the fjords" in May and the "Arctic race" in August);
- in Denmark (4-day "Denmark Tour" in August);
- in Poland (6-day Poland Tour in August);
- in Turkey (weekly "Turkey Tour" in April).
Several cycling are held in North America:
- in the US, weekly tours in California in May and Colorado in August;
- In Canada, one-day Grand Prix in Quebec and Montreal in September.
When in Europe, winter, highway cycling moves to other continents and countries: in Australia, in the UAE, Oman, Malaysia.
Racing along the track is a stadium type of cycling. It is not so labored as highway races in Europe, it also has a lot of her fans. The cycling track always has a solid smooth coating and a mandatory angle of inclination: small - on direct areas and giving up to 42 ° - on a rotary radius.
Track disciplines - 16. They have small differences in the rules. There are:
- individual and as part of the team;
- with a common or separate start;
- sprint or racing persecution;
- with a rating for a time or in points;
- with start from place or with the go;
- at a distance of 500 m (female git from the place) to 50 km (Madison's race in the team on glasses).
In any case, the task of the cyclist on the track to drive a distance as quickly as possible, most effectively distributing his strength.
One of unusual species The cyclose racing is the Japanese Cairin, who became the discipline of the Olympic Games in 2000. It originated as a groove sport on the type of horse races.
The first few circles of cyclists should be at a limited speed: a motorcycle is going to come ahead, which they should not overtake. Spectators at this time can evaluate the quality of each ride, suggest the outcome of the race and make bets. The motorcyclist-the controller gradually increases the speed of the ride and 700 m to the finish line comes from the track, removing the high-speed limit. The remaining distance of the cyclists overcome as a full sprint, accelerating to 70 km / h. At this time, on the track beaten in special iron races, encouraging participants and the public.
Abbreviated name for this direction cycling - BMX. Special bikes are used marked with this three letters. They have wide tires on the type of Mountainbake, a smaller wheel diameter, low biker landing and a high steering wheel. The design makes the device more stable: it is sharpened for the passage of the tracks with the height differences and the execution of tricks. BMX races appeared earlier than racing on Mountains.
Directly BMX-Cross is a race on a dirty, winding track with springboard, pits, elevations and other obstacles. Since 2008, athletes on cycling motocross participate in the Olympic Games. Modern youthful Olympics, as a rule, include extreme BMX competitions
One of the popular riding directions among young people bmx bikes is Street Racing, in which great importance It has a trick component. When riding cyclists actively use urban infrastructure - borders, stairs, railings, and so on. But it is rather amateur cycling.
Racing on motorbikes - spectacular and extreme view Sports. Appearing relatively recently, he quickly gained popularity, mainly in the United States, becoming an alternative to traditional highway cycling against Europe. The world and national competition championships are held on motorbike races, athletes participate in the Olympic Games.
Today, mountain biking races were differentiated into several subspecies:
- Cross - the most popular - check-in is carried out by rough terrain, usually circles, at a common distance of up to 5 km.
- Downhill - high-speed descent on the highway with natural obstacles.
- Marathon - Distance checks over 100 km, in which everyone can take part.
IN different countries The listed races are practiced in various variations: parallel slalom, Biker Cross, Dertt Jumping, Freeride. They pass both in the form of individual competitions and - race team.
Cycling leaders
Cycling has its traditional leader. The French are masters of sports in cycling. For them are athletes from the USA, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium.
By the number of gold medals received for all the time of the Olympic Games, athletes from France are held first place.
Highway cycling- This is an Olympic sport, in which cyclists compete in overcoming the distance to the speed on the general use roads.
Cycling at the international level is regulated by the International Cyclist Union (UCI - Union Cycliste International), the European Union of Cyclists (UEC-L "Union Européenne de Cyclisme), and in Russia - the Federation of Cycling Russia (FVSR).
History of highway cycling
The bike was invented in Russia with the serfdom of Efim Mikheevich Artamonov at one of the factories of Nizhny Tagil in 1800 on the day of the Prophet Ilya (July 20 (August 2)). Artamonov did not respond in obtaining a patent, and in 1817 a patent for the world's first bicycle was received by Karl von Dris from Mannheim (Germany).
The first cycling race took place on May 31, 1868 in one of Paris Saint-Clock Paris Parks at a distance of 2 km. It is noteworthy that bicycles moved at that time with a speed of fast walking (10 km / h). For comparison, the World Cycling Record, established in 1995 by Fred Rompelberg, is 268 km / h.
In the future, this type of sport was greatly distributed in England and America, and already in 1896 cycling on the highway Olympic species Sports.
The first large cycling race started in 1892 in Belgium. Athletes had to be traveled to the distance more than 200 km along the Liege - Bastogne - Liege.
Rules in the highway cycling
The rules of highway cycling vary depending on the type of race: individual, group or criterium.
In the individual cyclock start the start. Its procedure is determined according to the current participant rating. The strongest cyclists start at the end. The time interval between the start of the cyclists is 3 minutes. the main task - show best time passing distance.
In a group race on the highway, the total number of athletes should not exceed 200 people. Each team should provide from 4 to 9 participants depending on the decision of the racing organizers. This quantity should be the same for all commands. Racers start at the same time, trying to overcome the distance as quickly as possible, using certain tactics:
- main group;
- separation;
- dump;
- groupo.
In the criterion, the race is conducted by a group of athletes along the streets of the city in a circle ( ring race). The length of one circle is from one to three kilometers, the number of such circles - up to fifty. Through a certain number of circles, an intermediate finish is set, where the first crossed line the racer receives 5 points, the second - 3 points, the third - 2, the fourth - 1. The length of the circle and the number of circles in the race can vary greatly depending on the decision of the Race Organizing Committee and referee.
All riders can render minor assistance in the form of power transmission, beverages, keys, etc. Transfer or sharing wheels, providing a bicycle to another rider, as well as waiting and assisting a retaining only for riders of the same team. Pushing one rider to others is prohibited in all cases.
As trophies in cycling Cyclists get prizes T-shirts (in order to reduce importance):
- t-shirt leader of the general classification;
- t-shirt of the best sprinter;
- mike Mountain King;
- t-shirt of the best young rider;
- mike World Champion;
- mike National Champion.
Inventory and equipment
Bicycle. According to the Rules of the UCI, the bicycle frame must be performed on the basis of the so-called chief triangle from the top, seat and inclined pipes, which are attached to the steering glass and feathers to install the rear wheel. Frame material: classic steel Rama, welded aluminum and carbon, having the least weight. However, the weight of the bicycle assembly should not be less than 6.8 kg, on average - 9-10 kg. Also, the bicycle construction includes aluminum or carbon rims under the clincher tires (tire separately, the chamber separately) or one-tube (combined design, gluing to the rim), bushings, knitting, cassettes, stars with a switch, classic rudders "Baran", brake handles and Maine (gear shift devices).
Equipment:
- cycling shorts with protection / cycling system;
- breathable and passing a shirt or T-shirt;
- gloves;
- bicycle shoes fixed on contact pedals with soles with spikes;
- helmet.
Popular Highway Racing Competitions
Cycling distinguish competitions in the Olympic Program, under the program of the World Championships and Competitions of General.
Olympic Games - one of the most prestigious championships in highway cycling, is held once every four years.
Network creation plans Bicycle faces in St. Petersburg in the near future should go from paper into a practical stage.
Committee for the Development of Transport Infrastructure of St. Petersburg with the help of JSC "Institute Stroyproekt" completed the design of the cycling ring on the embankments of the Petrograd side, as well as bicycle Road On the routes: Metro Station "Krestovsky Island" - Levashovsky Pr. - Nab. River Karpovka (up to the Grenadier Bridge) and Nab. Fontanka River (even and odd side) on a plot from the Neva River to Gorokhova Ul.
Directly to the creation of cyclers It is planned to start after contests. Citizen infrastructure development powers from May 2017 are endowed with SPB GKU "City Parking Management Center". And the Committee instructed the center to complete the work on the creation of cycles until the end of July.
Where to go
Cycling ring on Petrograd The side will be held on sandy nab., ul. Academician Pavlova, Pharmacerovskaya, Petrogradsky and Petrovskaya Nab. And then through the Alexandrovsky Park on the Kronverksky Ave. and the introduced ul. Ring of large greenery st.
It should be noted that cycling The route will consist of both cycling and cycling tracks. For example, in the Alexandrovsky Park and on the street. Academician Pavlova The allocation of cycling infrastructure is not provided for in connection with the calm movement of transport and insufficient width of the streets.
As for the route Station Metro "Cross Island" - Levashovsky Ave. - Nab. River Karpovka (to the Grenadier Bridge), it will consist of a bike strip with a small section of a mixed movement.
But cyclists on nab River Fontanka - And the route in the center cities will pass From Neva to Gorokhovaya Street. - It is necessary to observe the general direction of the movement of machines. So, on the odd side of the emb. The Fontanka River will be organized a bicycle movement towards the Neva, and on the even side - in the opposite direction. With an insufficient width of the carriageway, the cycling strip will be organized by reducing the movement bands, which are currently used for parking cars, which will allow partially unload the city center.
In the first five
Recall that within The project for the development of cycling infrastructure This year five cycling routes should be created.
In addition to the center and Petrograd Parties, cyclershruts should also appear in the north of the city. One of them will take place from the civil age before the Grenadier Bridge, and the second - on the Ave. Lunacharsky from the Vyborg highway to ul. Rustaveli.
In the city control center Parking reports that the design of these routes is also completed and the project documentation is now carried out.
To implement the project in 2017 it is planned to spend 130 million rubles, and within the framework of the project "Your budget" there is another 4.5 million rubles for the veloves on Nab. River Fontanka.
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