Proportions of horsepower. How to learn to draw horse proportion

The main one should include the following five horses.

1. Height in knee. It is measured by a measuring stick from the highest point of the withers vertically to the ground. This Promper characterizes the total height - the growth of the horses. It is the main simulator to determine the horses size.

2. Depth of chest. It is measured by a measuring stick from the highest point of the withers vertically to the lower edge of the chest. It can be calculated by subtracting the height of the breast over the ground from the height in the withers.

3. Breast girth. It is measured with a ribbon through the highest point of the withers and the bottom edge of the breast vertically regarding the rear corner of the blade. The grumps of the breast characterizes the massiveness of the hull, the development of the chest and the convexity of the ribs.

4. Torch length. It is measured by a measuring stick from the extreme front point of the shoulder-blade joint articulation to the extreme rear point of the sedanistic bulb.

5. Girth Phasy. It is measured with a ribbon along the lower edge of the upper third of the fifaste (in the thinnest point of the foss). It characterizes the development and total bone power, as well as to some extent and tendons.

These promres are used to assess the exterior of an adult horse and the development of the development of young people. In relation to each other, they fully characterize the proportions of the horse's physique.

For a more in-depth study of the exterior of the horse, in addition to these main industries, additional are used.

1. Head Length. It is measured by a circulation from the middle of the occipital crest until the middle of the line connecting the lower corners of the nostrils. Promper characterizes the overall magnitude of the horse's head. In a ratio with a height of the withers and other industries, it can characterize the development of the horse and the proportion of its physique.

2. LBA length. It is measured by a circle from the middle of the occipital crest until the middle of the line connecting the internal corners of the eyes.

3. Head width. It is measured by a circulation in the extreme, most remote points from each other.

4. Depth of the head. It is measured by a circulation from the middle of the line connecting the internal corners of the eyes to the lower point of the rear angle of the lower jaw. The length and width of the forehead and the depth of the head in the ratio with the length of the head show the type of structure of the skull and to a certain extent characterize the development of the animal.

5. Length of neck. It is measured with a ribbon from the base of the ear to the middle of the spineral crest with a free, typical position of the head and neck for a given horse.

6. Breast width in front. It is measured by a circulation in the outdoor points of the shoulder bladed joints from each other.

7. Breast width for blades. It is measured by a stick at 6-8 cm at the back of the rear corners of the blade.

8. Chest length. It is measured with a ribbon from the front protrusion of the shoulder-bladder joint to the rearmost point of the last edge.

9. Width Crup. It is measured by a circulation in the points of wet removed from each other.

10. Length Crup. It is measured by a circulation from the extreme front protrusion of the mockerel to the extreme rear point of the sedanistic bulb.

11. Low-point height. It is measured by a stick behind the withers, from the lowest point of the back vertically to the ground. In a ratio with a height of the withers, the mix characterizes the height of the withers and to a certain extent the shape of the back of the horse.

12. Height in the sacred. It is measured by a stick from the highest point of the cereal vertically to the ground. Promper characterizes the harmony of the addition of a horse. A stabbing height in the cereal exceeds the height in the withers. The preservation of this ratio in an adult horse is one of its insufficient development.

13. Leg length. It is measured with a ribbon from the elbow bundle vertically to the ground.

14. Breast Height Over Earth. It is measured by a stick from the lower edge of the chest, directly behind the front legs, vertically to the ground. With accurate measurement of breast depth and blood height over the ground, both of these dimers in the amount must be equal to height in the withers. Breast height above the ground, as well as the previous proper, is an indicator of the length of the free front limb of a horse. In a ratio with a leg height in the elbow, the breast heights of the ground indicates the relative depth of hanging the body in the shoulder belt.

15. Length of the forearm. It is measured with a ribbon from the middle of the elbow joint to the pea-shaped (added) bone of the cranky joint.

16. Fox length. It is measured with a ribbon from the pea bone of the cranky joint until the middle of the canopy joint.

17. Length Puta. It is measured with a ribbon from the middle of the canopy joint to the whin.

All measurements are carried out on the left side and front of the horse. It should be bluish on a leveled wooden, concreted or global platform. If there is no specially equipped area, you need to use a flat place with solid soil.

You need to handle the horse during measurements calmly and persistently. It is recommended to pre-stroke it. The legs of the horse should not be widely placed or grown back or forward, and should be vertical and parallel. The head and neck must have a relaxed, typical position for this horse.

Fig. 20. Rules for measuring a horse: Ab - height in the withers; and 1 b 1 - height, at the lowest point of the back; and 2 b 2 - height in the sacrum; VG - oblique the length of the body; DG - the length of the cereal; Hedgehog - Head Length; s 1 s width of the forehead; AI 1 - the width of the cereal; AK - chest girth, breast depth; PB - the height of the chest above the ground; L - grumps of the Poss; MB - the length of the front leg; MN - forearm length; But - the length of the PAST; pr - head depth; ST - length of the neck

During the measurement of high-altitude industries, the measuring stick must be put completely vertically. To see the position of the stick, the measuring holds it is not in front of him, but it becomes somewhat on the side, closer to the horse's head. In no case should not press the horse to the horse with a measuring tool, since the rake and the middle rod can progress that it will give inaccurate measurement indicators.

Sometimes the incision of the latter occurs as a result of the improper choice of thickness Lushlik, among which subtle copies are used for heavy sensitivity of the mouth. This is a hindrance for a full horse feeding. In the process of its operation, the problem of the appearance and lowering of the upper heaven may also arise and, accordingly, the stratification of the indigenous teeth, which should be evenly.

The same degree of their erasure directly depends on the normal location of Ganash. Otherwise, sharp edges appear causeing damage to the sky and language. The toothless area of \u200b\u200bthe horses jaw is a place where Trenzel is fixed - a detail, a horse room. Depending on the reaction of the horse on it and the characteristics of the structure of the oral cavity, this element is lunned to choose varying degrees of rigidity. With an acute toreback, the region should choose the softest, sometimes even rubber, option, otherwise solid.

Type of teeth by year

How to determine the defects of the horse

How to identify violations that meet 20-25% of these animals? The eye of a healthy horse is widely open and has a convex form. Hypertrophies of the latter, however, may indicate problems with vision. To identify myopia - a very dangerous horse defect for a person, it is necessary to carry out an experiment to the reaction, putting any obstacle in an unlit stable.

The eyelo has a healthy active horse should be thin. If it is enlarged, swollen and in the open state closes a strong eye, then such an animal is not capable of a quick response, has non-zero health, and low capabilities. The color of the iris is usually dark, but there are also bright options.

Neck - one of the elements affecting the exterior and the structure of the horse. Several parameters that affect the functional characteristics of the animal are distinguished. Height of the head should be a quarter or a little more than the length of the neck. With a significant excess of this parameter, the animal becomes hard to keep his head. This leads to the development of the muscles of the shoulders and the head, an increase in the strength of the ligaments, as well as lower endurance, reducing the intensity of the ventilation of the lungs due to the long respiratory path.

However, such a horse is capable of performing a variety of curly movements due to efficient work, therefore it is not a hypertrophied version may be suitable for such a competition like dressage.

A horse with a relatively short neck is more worn, but she has less ability to make movements of high complexity, for example, Piaffe, passage, circular turns. Basically, the classic length is still selected for any functions.

Another parameter is the distance between the neck outlet from the housing and the horses belt. The length corresponding to the width of the palm shows the more developed motor capabilities of the horse.

The opposite option consisting in the absence of this gap is suitable for monotonous work, in particular arable, cargo transportation, running. The horses of this type include lyrics. The angle is normal equal to 4-45 degrees, the end of the neck from the body also plays a role in the locomotive features of the horse. The low position of this body element is characteristic of workers and cross-country rocks, slightly overestimated suitable for elegant sports (dressage, Cur, jumping), where the horse is taught by complex maneuvers.

The classic shape of the horse's neck is straight, with a barely noticeable cutting back. For some breeds (Akhaltech, in particular), a clear bending of the neck on the front side is characterized, and there must be a well-developed head. Such a horse will be quite functional in terms of the ability to move. The neck, curved on the rear, can cause the problem of light ventilation, there is also an unwanted spinal curvature.

Features of the neck of the neck in the horse affect the cross-country characteristics of the horse, the rocks of which on this feature are divided into lyriors, jumping and upper, differing in increasing severity of the nape.

Classic version of the neck

Breast and shoulder muscles

At a well-stacked exterior and structure of the horse's muscles of the shoulder belt and thoracic necessarily relief. It immediately rushes into the eyes, if at least once a person saw such an animal. On the neck, a horse can find a sign of sexual dimorphism (comb), a person has such an education is called Adamovo apple. The presence of anterior convexity is characteristic of males, and the mare is an indicator of a possible disruption of fertility, reduced reproductive potential.

From the height of the withers directly depends on the muscle abilities of the horse, allowing her to keep her head well and neck. This is due to a large gap between the occipital (out) ligament and spine, which provides a place for attaching the muscles. In this case, the blade is more efficiently associated with the rest of the housing. The withers have a normal horse surrounded by embossed muscles.

Muscle problems in this body area may occur when the horses is improperly called and maintaining the so-called head. It arises as a result of uneven pressing hardened on the withers. The reason for such a phenomenon is poorly taped by the subgracture saddle or selected (driven) in size for the horse's horses. Due to frequent head-free, even a tumor or a decrease in the size of the muscles on the withers may occur.

Inhibitance of this body element, even a small leakage, often ends with a purulent injection, as the place is very sensitive to infectious pathogens. Such damage may even lead to the death of an animal, or a significant accumulation of pus in the body, which can find a way out of a completely different body location.

Wrong bump

How does the shovel affect the exterior and the structure of the horse

Variation in the size of the horses shoulder affects its performance. First of all, this part affects the work of the shoulder belt and accordingly the forelimbs. The blade, which is characterized by a good length allows the horse to carry out a greater amplitude of the movement of the front legs due to the wider shoulder oscillation when removing it forward. This is a good sign regardless of the breed and the direction of the use of the horse.

In addition, the long blade contributes to the presence of well-developed muscles, since their size is associated with the bone tissue on which they are attached. The strong underdevelopment of musculatures can be determined by the protruding asset of the blade, which is usually not visible at normal condition. The best variant of the impact is its small slope than perpendicular position to the horizontal surface. Such a structure provides the best compactness of the skeleton, which increases the depreciation when lowering the front limbs to the surface.

Too long back reduces the coordination of the front and rear of the horse with each other. Violation of movement of motion is reflected in high-speed qualities. For dressage, it is not so important as for running or jumping. Slightly elongated back - a characteristic feature of the raised horses. It is better to embed into the push of rocks with a short back, but they are not able to actively perform side bending movements.

The optimal shape of the back of the horse is straight, characterized by the presence of a small bending. With the wrong operation of the animal, the back can arise, as well as injury to the lumbar department and the withers. To prevent such a process, it is necessary to correctly place the saddle. A horse with a carpox (convex) body shape can be suitable for harness, but not riding. In the latter case, there may be a spinal injury, since the flexibility is broken.

The horse's horse is located on the line coming from the end of the last edge to the brokes - the outer protrusions of the iliac (pelvic) bone, which is easy to grope. The waist width is approximately equal to the palm. The optimal length of the extension is average. This part of the body affects the horse's ability to repel the rear legs.

An increase in the length of the lower back leads to some loss of the efficiency when the joke, since it reaches it. In this zone, the horse makes flexible movements by the case. If there is too short loaf of the horse's ability to make such locomotive processes decreases.

The location of the waist relative to the horizontal surface varies. It can be a straight or developed muscular mass slightly lifts it, which is a normal phenomenon. The rebel form of the lower back implies the lowering of the top of the pelvic bones down and is a sign of the weakness of the animal and the loss of muscle mass. The lumbar horse requires increased attention.

Koneshods know how to check in place, everything is in order with their friend. One of the examples of the assessment of the condition in the animal is hand holding a hand to a lower back with some press. After such an inspection, the horse with pain in the muscles will attend. The characteristic feature of the animal training is the removal in the zone of the lumbar department passing into the croup.

Right back parameters

The crumple call a part of the body located between the lower back, inclusive, and the tail. Its size is very important for the optimal exterior and structure of the horse. The good length of this building zone is very important. By the ratio to the last croup should be 35%.

Horses with a shorter (up to 18%) of the length of this body element are poorly suitable for riding movements, but it may well be good for the harness. Also a slightly less long croup can be at horse breeds. The width must be greater than the rest of the case. This parameter is checked from the rear angle of the horse. The croup has a small slope behind, which is a normal sign.

For rocks, a more lowered form of this part of the body is characteristic. When considering such a horse, there is a feeling that the croup from the vertex leaves immediately sharply down, and not smoothly, as with a normal slope. These rocks are intended for movement in the mountains, so their task is to maximize the extent to bring the hind limbs below the case. The ability to make your feet as stronger forward is also necessary for race horses, which also have some lowering of the back of the cereal.

Absolutely horizontal location of the cereals is characteristic of steppe rocks. Horses data are capable of a lesser extent inserted into the push with rear legs and have a greater unbalance of the front and rear parts of the body. It is desirable that the form of the rear surface of the croup was oval. The generation of the body in this zone is typical for heavy trucks. The bad sign of the development of the muscles is a roof-like.

Characteristic oval croup

The state of the sacrum and broke

The grip of a sacrum, sometimes occurring in the fish and other breeds of horses, does not affect the horse's abilities, and spoils only its appearance. The distance between the McLocks is the widest part of the case. When hitting any obstacle, such a grow may be damaged and even break or happen to break, which will lead to the separation of the muscles from the bone. With this damage, the horse can no longer be used in active varieties of equestrian sports.

Chest and belly horse

The chest and belly are the main elements by which the housing of the horse is evaluated. Big depth is very important for the breast, thanks to which the horse has a large volumetric characteristics of the lungs and hearts, as well as a shovel of good length. The width of this body must be medium. Otherwise, there is a wide range between the limbs when they are supported onto the surface. Such a horse moves and pushes, swinging.

The strong rapprochement of the limbs in a narrow breast width leads to signables of them about each other, which can lead to fall and injury. The round shape of the ribs also means good breasts. The horse in the structure of the skeleton, as in humans, there are so-called false ribs, which are 8 pairs. They are not attached to the sternum, but each other. The optimal is their curved form suitable for macroks, which ensures an effective respiratory process.

The optimal morphology of the belly is estimated by the width of the ille - the gap between the ribs and the brokes. It is desirable that this size is small (3 or 4 fingers). If this part of the body is longer, it means that false ribs are not very well developed, and the loin is long.

A good horse should not have a tightened belly. The presence of such a defect is an indicator of poor intestinal development and horse disease. The volume (SEND) belly is characteristic of horses with a good appetite. The classic option is the normal form of the belly. At the same time, the latter is on the same line with the breast.

Criteria limbs

Front limbs

Evaluation of the correctness of the production of the forelimbs is made in the width between them. Determine the optimality of this parameter to the eye simply. You must virtually imagine another hoof. If it fits, therefore, the width is optimal. When analyzing the orientation of the anterior limb during the movement, pay attention to wake, that is, when the hooves are directed a little to the parties. This defect leads to the fact that when moving the horse makes legs forward sideways.

A small wake-up is important for lyric breeds so that the hind legs move in parallel and did not get to the front. During the closures of the limbs are the opposite inside. This position of the legs in the coupe with a wide range between them is a good compensation option that prevents the routine of the horse. This combination of signs occurs at riding horses and heavy trucks with a large chest.

If the chest is narrow, then the closet will lead to a constant stubbing of the horse limbs of each other. Violations of the vertical of the leg formation are two types. If the horse puts the limb under the body, then this may be a signal of the illness of the rear legs. Thus, the animal reduces the load on the latter. The legs exhibited forward are the indicator of their disease.

The forelimbs with different defects are not uncommon. Now in the light of modern technologies in the United States and European countries, a full X-ray examination is carried out before purchasing a horse.

Unlike the front, the gap between should be more, approximately 1.5 hooves. Their location should be parallel. About the presence of rickets The horse shows the layout of the legs of the letter "X", that is, when the interval is already in the knees than in the rest of the zones. There are also leg curves in the form of the letter "O".

Feet should be with a well-developed muscles, have so-called "pants", that is, distinctly distinguishable hips compared to the shin. Horses of fast rocks have a relief and tight muscles. It is important not the thickness, but the length of the muscles. While, heavy trucks have thicker and shortened muscles. They are also characterized by the most wide range of limbs.

When considering in a profile, as the front extremities, substitutes substituted under the housing. Such a horse has a rear side of a minor. At the same time, the joints there are a stronger load. A horse with protruding rear legs cannot effectively invest in a push.

The hind limbs, like the front, are subject to careful inspection when buying, as they are also rich in various kinds of defects.

Norm and deviations in the limbs

Figure: 1 - Proper formulation of limbs, 2 - incorrect

Video: Evaluation of the Arab Horse Exterior

Proportions and measure

Thanks to its peaceful horseradish, excellent simulators. They often retain relative immobility, creating an excellent opportunity for sketches. They are well observed for them when they face peacefully in the field or when they are brushing. There is no long hair cover on the housing, so the structure of its muscle system can be seen in all parts, it is easy to draw.

To create a good drawing, it is very important to properly lay it on the basis. Many novice artists have a proportion is one of the main problems, but, nevertheless, if you want your drawing to look convincingly, it is necessary to achieve its exact proportions. If the main structure of the elected image of the image - an animal, a person, the plants is transmitted with a distortion, you can then hide it - neither color nor blond stains or hatching.

Pencil method

So how to achieve this accuracy? Simple, according to an effective method is shown below. Select a part of your image object - in this case, this is a horse head - and use it as a unit of measurement. Keep a pencil at a distance of an elongated arm, aligning his tip with a horse's horse. Then move the thumb through the pencil so that your nail is at the level of the bottom of the head. Now you have a unit of measure - "Head", with the help of which you determine how much "goals" make up the length of the horse housing: holding a pencil horizontally, you can also say how much "goals" make up a horse width.

Performing similar dimensions, always remember that the hand needs to be elongated, the pencil is vertically, and the thumb is always on the same point of the pencil.

Eye score

You can check yourself and find out how good or badly you are able to determine the proportions without resorting to pencil measurements.

Choose an object: if you do not have a living horse, you can use the photo (in this case it can be more convenient, since the subject of the image will be fixed all the time until you check!). However, the photo should be of good quality, and the biggest, the better.

Now make a simple horse sketch. At the same time, do not bother with the details - in essence, you only need to apply a series of strokes that plan the magnitude of the head, the estimated size of the housing and what should be the bottom of the legs and other parts of the horse's body compared to her head.

Check drawing

To find out how accurately you managed to estimate the proportions to the eye, compare your drawing with a photo. First, check the proportions of the horse in the photo using the already mentioned pencil measurement (of course, in this case it is not necessary to keep a pencil in an elongated hand) and write down the results.

After that, check your drawing in the same way and compare how much the proportion is coincided with the photo.

Skill comes with practice

Always use the pencil measurement method when you plan the foundations of your new drawing. With practice, your eyes and the brain will type sufficient experience, and to help the pencil will have to be resorted only in cases where something in the figure will seem inaccurate. But until then, do not be lazy and check yourself at the very beginning. Do not forget that in the drawing it is necessary to lay the correct proportions and the angles at this initial stage later it will be too late.

Train in assessing the proportion, constantly comparing when working on a picture of different elements of the image object. For example, on what leg a horse is a segment from the grandmother to the knee longer, on the front or rear? How does it relate to the head of the horse's head?

Middle Plan

Having encountered a stranded horse, you get the opportunity to make a detailed drawing. First, close the shape of the head with the simplest lines.

Then take a measure of the distance between the two points: for example, from the top of the head to the point where the head goes into the neck, the line A in the picture on the left.

Use this value as a measure when constructing other proportions of the head.

Checking corners

In addition to checking ratios between individual parts of the picture, you must follow the correctness of the corners. This can be done, holding a pencil vertically in front of yourself and moving it in this position along the housing of the horse.

I look down the pencil, noting, under what a duty to vertical. Then there are different parts of the horse's body.

- These are different parts of its bodies that perform certain functions. The beginning office is necessary if you do not know by heart, then at least to have a common idea of \u200b\u200bthe arts of the horse, otherwise you can not understand some of the coach teams.

So, traditionally allocate the following horses status:

Exterior Call the physical proportions of the horse's body. When evaluating the horse, the focus on the various parts of the exterior is due to the type of work for which the horse is intended, and the requirements for individual rocks. However, in the evaluation of the exterior, certain general criteria are allocated for the proportionality of the horse's articles: in a proportionally folded horse, the body is better balanced, it is less susceptible to diseases and is more suitable for performing tasks that are placed on it than a horse with less harmonious proportions. Practice shows that in many cases, the exterior defects are not allowed the horse to perform the teams of the owner, thereby forming the "difficult" character of the horse.

Head Must harmonize with a torso, be dry and easy. The big head ulodes the horse, adds it overweight, increases the load on the front legs and thereby disrupts the balance of the horse. The disadvantage is also a small head, as it also reduces balance.

Of great importance is the wide distance between the branches of the lower jaw - the pagain (in use - Ganash). Her breath depends on it, ideally - deep and clean. The advantage for the horse is also large and wide nostrils that contribute to a deeper breathing. The ears should be symmetrical, sufficient magnitude, based on the standard of the breed (they have long, straight, the Arab horses are small, often lilacped inside, etc.). The eyes of a healthy horse are clean, without specks (cigrons), clouds or white education - Luma. Of course, big, widely open eyes are very decorated with a horse. Small, deeply sparkled eyes call "pork". With the so-called "skelet", the eye is very distinguished by proteins. The usual color of the horse eye is brown or blue. Albinos have reddish eyes.

Inspection oral cavity Horses - a necessary procedure that allows you to make sure the age of the animal. The stallions are usually 40 teeth, at the mares - 36, as there are no fangs, although it happens that the fangs grow and they have. Ahead of the upper and lower jaws grow the cutters - on 6 top and bottom. They are called paints, medium and hooks. Following the cutters in front of indigenous teeth there is a so-called toothless edge - the clean space of the jaws, which turned out to be very by the way for the lunches, invented to control horses.

The age is determined by length, shape and color of the teeth, their shift with dairy to constant. In young horses, the cutters are located a wide semicircle, the old tooth arcade narrows, the teeth are lengthened and tilted forward. Milk teeth are whiter constant and almost twice as shorter than them. The most accurate method of determining the age of the horse under 11 years - to erasure on the toothpowers of the dental cups - funnel-shaped grooves on the enamel layer.

The hooks appear in the foals immediately after birth, the average cutters - aged two to four weeks, the paint - from 6 to 9 months. The cups on the milk teeth are erased on the hooks by 1 year, in the middle cutters - by one and a half years, and on the edges - by 2 years. And then there is a change of dairy hooks - by 2.5 years, dairy averages - by 3.5 years, dairy paintings - by 4.5 years. In stallions, the fangs grow after 6 months, and change the age of 3 to 5 years. The dental cups of constant lower cutters are erased before the upper: by 6 years begin to change the lower hooks, to 7 - medium, to 8 - color, and on the upper jaw, respectively, to 9, 10 and 11 years. In horses from 6 to 12 years old, the cutters have a cross-oval form, which from 12 to 18 years old turns into a rounded one. And from 18 to 24 years old, teeth from round become triangular. With age, the teeth are increasingly lengthened and inverse.

Neck - This is a balancer influencing the speed, jumping qualities, the beauty of the horse. It is estimated along with a horse's head, as the regulation of the center of gravity of the animal and its balance depends on these two articles. Usually the length of the head is proportional to the length of the neck in the ratio of 1: 1. The riding horses neck can be 20% longer than the head. The long neck is a good indicator that the horse has free wide movements, and the short limits the removal of the front legs. Long movable heads when connecting a head with a neck provides a good "collection" of a horse (her balancing under the rider to give such a position of the horse, from which it easily performs movements to any side), free heads of the head. And the horses with a short ("stupid") population are often difficult in dressage, poorly managed, pull, resist.

The neck of the horse goes to the withers, which, together with the back, lower back, is the so-called top line.

Withers - The fixed protruding part of the horse's hull between the neck and the back is part of the shoulder belt. Horses of riding rocks usually have a high and long withers, heavy trucks - low and fleshy. Height in the withers are judged by the growth of the horse.

Shoulder As one of the articles of the horse includes a shovel and shoulder bone. These are "engines" of the forelimbs. For free wide movements, the blade is desirable, or "oblique" (located approximately at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizon), and the shoulder bone is long and connected to a spatula under an acute angle, and the sharper angle, the better. Long oblique shoulder is typical for horse riding horses and fries; Short - for heavy trucks, it does not allow them to freely endure their legs, and the steps are short. With a straight (steep) blade, when the angle between the shoulder and the spatula is formed stupid, usually there are end (steep) grandmas and hoofs. Too inclined (oblique) blade can be combined with a "soft" grandmother, and this is a clear sign of the weakness of the tendon-ligament apparatus, the predisposition to the chromotype at high loads.

Elbow Must be well developed and pressed against the chest. The reputable elbow is a sign of a poorly developed musculature of the shoulder, which leads to the markup, flowing the legs (when moving, the hind limbs injure the front), as well as to the development of elbow bursites when lying a horse.

Forearm (puzzle) determines the nature of the horse's stroke: with a short puzzle, high, graceful, and with a long - swallowed, and if there is a short, then low.

Wrist (Captive joint) is the place of attaching many ligaments and tendons, so it is desirable that it is wide and long. The wrists on both legs should be well pronounced, symmetrical, without swelling and bulbs (pouring - liquid in the joints between tendons and bone), that is dry.

Pyat It is good and unintended, since it is precisely along the bones of the penny pass and fasten the powerful flexors and extensors of the limbs (tendons). According to the grip, the foys measured in its upper third, judge the bone of the horse, that is, the development of bones, its massiveness. The tendons on the back surface of the Psyche must be smooth, relief - well "repulsed", as the contesions say.

Canopy joints They carry a very high burden, from which they often swell, especially in the horses of the so-called raw constitution or those prone to it. The swelling of the joints, the nanice is noticeable and when inspection, but even more - when taking the joints.

Grandma, or emuto, makes up with a stupid angle and is a shock absorber, softens the load on the hoof and the leg when moving. Poor, if the grandmothers are straight (end) and soft (especially "bearish" - completely stolen): at the first horse is very shaking, and the seconds are in the horses of weak, "broken to feet". Short grandmas are characteristic of heavy trucks, and long - for horses.

Hoof Normally has a brilliant surface without cracks, rings or chances. The sole of the hoof must be clean, without stains and Namoches (inflammation in hooves); The arrow is embossed, elastic, odorless.

Chest (Breast) Indicates the development of the horse. In it, as you know, such essential organs like heart and lungs are placed. Wide and deep breasts are desirable for all horses. The parameters of this section are judged by breast girth - a meter, measured by a measurable ribbon on the rear line of the blades, chest bone and the upper point of the withers. The width (volume) of the chest give rounded ribs and wide breasts, and the depth of the chest depends on the arrangement of the chest: if it is lowered, then the chest is deep ("deep litter", "extensive feed"). Nursing is a consequence of the inherdraw for foals as in the womb, and under the age of three. How well the chest has a horse, you can determine the position of the hoofs when inspecting the horse in front. If you can put another hoof horse between the hooves of exact forelimbs, then the chest is developed normally.

Back and lower back Usually viewed together as one integer called the top line. Ideally, it should be straight, smooth, well-voluminous. A horse with a short straight back is usually strong and frisky, however, with a short back and lower back, it is possible to "curse" on the go (hiding the rear hooves of the heels of the front legs). Horse or lynged horse will have a free move if the length of the back along with the lower back is a little more head.

Illegum (Packs) - the space from the last false rib to the McLock - estimated immediately after the line of the top, as this area is associated with the length of the loin. With a long lower back and the illegone long (a fascular horse), which is undesirable, as it reduces performance.

Croup - Part of the housing, on top, limited by a sacred (five surrounding vertebrae), and from the bottom and from the sides - the pelvic bones: the lane, sedlicatical, iliac. The stroke and force of the hind limbs are dependent on the construction of the croup. A short croup does not give an expanser movement, and a long wide church contributes to them. Sweet croup (not a rounded, angular from the thin or constitution) ugly, but will assert how the onions stretched, and therefore inherent in many riser and lynist horses.

Tail Must be on the same line with a crumple, to be moving, have a good department - the horse should keep it on the decelet. The thick heavy tail is rather atavism, and too liquid indicates constitutional fragility.

Stomach (belly) is a compatibility of the gastrointestinal tract. In horses in the training contained on strict feeding standards, it is pulled up. But if the horse is long depleted, then a fried belly is not a testimony of her good form. Thunderous, disgusting belly, called the "Sennounced belly" connants, often happens with a concave back and flat rhizes from horses, having lost rickets, as well as a lot of ragged mares.

The stallions need to pay attention to sender organs. The absence of one or both seeds in the scrotum is the so-called cryptorchism is a significant vice, although one-sided cryptors are fruitless. Tsemenniki descend into the scrotum aged 0.5 - 1 year. The mare should have two nipples on the udder.

The name of the articles of the pelvic belt only in its upper part differs from the shoulder belt: it is the thigh, the shin, knee, the riquant joint and plus. The names and purpose of the lower sections of the rear and forehead limbs are the same: canopy joints, grandmothers (way), hoofs.

Hip and buttock - The area formed by the femoral bone, from above, connected under an acute angle with the iliac bone, and below - with a knee joint and filled with extensive muscles. The thigh is longer, the smack of the amplitude of the hind limbs when moving.

Knee It is a place to attach powerful tendons and knee ligaments, should be wide and mobile.

Shin Located between the knee and the hopping joints. It's longer than heavy horses in rapid horses.

Skinking joint It consists of four rows of stones and serves as a support of the upper pelvic belt departments and the place of attachment of many tendons and the main shock absorber of the limbs. No wonder from large loads in the jumping joints, swelling appears, naile, develops such diseases as Psapat, Kurba. An important function in the drunk joint is performed by the heel bone, rejected back: This joint area is called the heel.

Plus (Similar to the fifasms of the front legs) is desirable wide, unnecessary, and tendons passing along it - well-defined and clean, that is, "disbound".

Promed horses

On the structure of the horse, its proportionality and the ratio of various articles, it can be judged not only visually, but also for industrial (they are measured in centimeters). The main of them are four:

1. Height in the withers - is measured by a measuring stick from the base (sole) of the front hoofs to the highest point of the withers, evenly resting on all four limbs of a horse, put on a flat site.

2. Kosy the length of the body - is measured by a measuring stick from the extreme point of the shoulder articulation to the end of the protrusion of the sedation bug.

3. Breast girth - measured by a measurable tape around the circumference of the body of the blades.

4. The grumps of the late - is measured by a measuring tape in the middle of the upper third of the fifth.

For example, when measuring it turned out that the height in the withers - 165 cm, slanting length - 167 cm, the gripping of the chest - 192.5 cm, and the grumps of the penny - 21 cm. The data obtained recorded in the following manner into a tribal certificate or a horse passport: 165- 167-192,5-21. Often in the documents of the horses there are records not four, but three precursors - without displays the oblique length of the body.

Horse weight

Horses, in addition to exterior, industrial, suit, characterize their weight. Live weight of the horse, that is, its weight (x, kg) can be determined by the formula where a - chest girth in centimeters.

X \u003d 6a - 620

The second way of determining the weight of the horse in kilograms: breast girth (in centimeters) multiplied by the coefficient of 3.5 - for heavy horses, 3.2 - for medium, 2.7 - for the lungs.

The most common animal in a military historical miniature is a horse. Our site has existed a gap with information about horses. Now we hope to fill this gap of the series of articles about horses. This article is written on materials of the remarkable book by A. Laptev "How to draw a horse." Separately, I would like to thank Verra Kalinovskaya for the material provided, as well as her husband Alexei Rybakova for wonderful photos.

Skeleton

1. Grocery bone. 2. Dark bone. 3. Lobal bone. 4 zhilagogo process. temporal bone 5. Eye orbit. 6. Skulent bone. 7. Nasal bone. 8. Topper bone. 9. Intermitory or cutting, bone, 10. Lower jaw. 10'. The angle of the lower jaw. 11. I cervical vertebra (Atlant). 12. VII The last cervical vertebra. 13. I chest vertebra. 14. XVII chest vertebra. 15. I Lumbar vertebra. 16. VI Lumbar (last) vertebra, 17. I sacral vertebra. 18. V Sressy vertebra. 19. I tail vertebra. 20. XVI tail vertebra. 21. I edge. 22. VI edge. 23. XVIII edge. 24 and 24 ". The blade and cartilage of the blade. 25. Shopping comb. 26. Shoulder bone. 27. Large borehore shoulder bone. 27" Front Buds of Shoulder Bone. 28. Raewy bone (puzzle). 29. Lock bone. 30. Luxury process. 31. The bones of the wrist. 31 ". Additional (semovoid) wrist bone. 32. Metal bone. 33. Outdoor (stylistic) bone. 34. Sesamovoid bone. 35. I phalanx (ponda bone). 36. II Falanga (Vernigi). 37. III Falang (Unlock bone). 38. iliac bone. 39. Buds of the pelvic bone (mobility). 39 " Sleepy borgorm pelvic bone. 40. Sedal bone bud. 41 and 42 femoral bones. 43. The third spit. 44. Big Spit. 45. The knee cup. 46. \u200b\u200bLarge bertovoy bone. 46 ". Knee joint. 47. Small bertovoy bone of the leg. 48. bones of oxide (jumping joint). 49. Through the processed bone. 50. Tweet bone. 51. Sesame bone (outdoor). 52. Sesamovoid bone. 53. Powder (first phalanx). 54. Vernial bone (second phalanx). 55. Uncoat bone.

Surface Musculature Horse Body

1. Facial muscles. 2. Rift upper lips. 2 ". Large chewing muscle. 3. The cervical and thoracic part of the trapezoid muscle. 4. Rhombid muscle. 5. Plock (belt) muscle. 6. Breast and 6". The neck of the gear muscle (corresponds to the front gear muscle of man). 7 and 7 '. Muscle's shoulder. 8. Bead-head muscle. 9. Skin muscle. 10. The shoulder part of the surface breast muscle (corresponds to the large breast muscle of man). 11. Preposable part of the deep breast muscle (corresponds to a small breast muscle of man). 11 ". Shoulder part. 12. Time muscle. 13 and 13". Deltoid-shaped muscle. 14. Long head and 14 ". The outdoor head of the three-chapted muscle. 15. Shoulder muscle. 16 and 16". Wide muscle spins. 17. Spinal toothed muscles. 18. Outdoor abdominal muscle. 18 "Aponeurosis of the outdoor oblique muscle. 19. Outdoor intercostal muscles. 20. Buttock fascia. 21. Muscles, straining wide fascia of the thigh. 21 '. Wide fascia of the thigh. 22. Surface buttock muscles. 23, 23", 23 ". Double-headed Muscles of the thigh. 24. Semi-lubricant muscle. 25. The dorsal and 25 ". Side Sleep-Copchik Muscles. 26. Copchik muscles. 27. Beam wrist extension. 28. Common finger extensor. 28 ". Trembo of the total finger extensor. 29. The elbow head of the deep finger extensor. 30 and 30". Local wrist extension. 31. Skit wrist extension. 32. Ilicor muscle (outer head). 32 ". The tendon of the calf muscle. 33. Deep finger flexor. 33" Tender deep finger flexor. 34 and 34. "Surface flip-flexor tendon. 35. Long finger extensor. 35". Tonox long finger extensor. 36. Side finger extensor. 36 ". The tendon of the side finger extensor. 37. Bunch.

Horse exterior

Koshevoda has long been trying to resolve the question if the horse's appearance can be judged by its internal qualities. This is what the famous Russian zootechnology is written about this. Professor M. I. Podorochin: "The doctrine of the external forms of farm animals, or on their exterior, is based on the situation as an axiom that there is a certain connection between the external structure of the animal and one or another performance of the latter For which it is cultivated by a person. The doctrine of the exterior seeks to figure out this connection ... "In the practice of horse breeding, an idea of \u200b\u200bsome regularity in the horse's physique was established. It is not interesting to note that the so-called "beauty" in the horse's physique is not an abstract concept reflecting the refined taste of experts and horse lovers. The harmony of the proportion and beauty of the forms of the horse often corresponds to high working qualities, although this compliance is by no means a constant phenomenon.

For an artist starting to draw a horse, knowledge and idea about this common harmonic whole are the necessary beginning, without which a detailed study of the horse will be difficult.

However, the knowledge of common harmony and the proportion of the horse's body is far from enough, since each type of horse, each breed has its own characteristic features, and each individual individual has its own personality, at least not always pronounced. To understand these features, understand them and notice in kind, the artist must have some minimum zootechnical knowledge.

Horses status

those parts of the horse's body in the exterior are called articles. When studying an exterior of the horse's horse for the artist, they acquire a special meaning. There is already a question of the portrait characteristic of the horse, as well as the capture of individual features of appearance. Each one thing becomes the different horses has its own features. A variety of appearance of articles is determined primarily by the type and rock of the horse. But inside each breed in their articles, the horses can strongly shy away from the average norm.

1-2 forehead. one'. Supervised pits. 3. Bang. 4. Heat. 5. Ears. 6. Temple. 7. Abrasion arc. 8. Eye. 9. Nose (snoring). 10. Nostril. 11. Roth. 12. Upper lip. 13. Lower lip. 14. Chin. 15. Ganash. 16, 17. Neck. 18. throat. 19. The ridge of the neck. 20. Holve. 21. Chest (bed). 22. Shovel. 23. Shoulder. 24. Elbow. 25. Yarem chute. 26. Burnt. 27. Chestnut. 28. The wrist (in the hostel is incorrectly called the knee). 29. Pyh. 30. Pitch joint. 31. Grandma. 32. Went. 33. hoof. 33 ". Hook of hooves. 34. Heel. 35. Spin. 36. Ledasnik (kidney). 37. Cresan. 37" Croup 37 ". Tail spout. 38. Tail. 39. Rib. 40. Belly (belly). 41. Packs. 42. Moklock. 43. Buttock. 43" Sedal Bud. 44. Hip. 45. The shin. 46. \u200b\u200bKnee. 47. The jumping joint. 48. Extreme flesh. 49. Plus. 50. Brushes.

Neck

Straight - characteristic of riding purebred (a).

Deer, or reverse - It is found in steppe horses and Akhaltegin (D).

Swan - Beautiful, characteristic of Orlovsky Rysakov (now rarely encountered) (B).

Short - the so-called ham neck. It usually happens at heavy trucks (b).

Walca, back, croup, belly and tail

Withers It is of great importance for the working qualities of the horse. Horse horse is valued high and long withers (Fig. And).

BackHashing a vertebral pillar connecting the front and hind limbs, of course, are an important horses article. The stronger the back, the better the work qualities of the horse. The shorter and the back of the back, the time it is less progressing, that is. It will be the most durable. The best shape of the back is straight (A and G.). A saddled soft back, flashed in the middle down, is a vice (Fig. B). Humpback (carpowded) back is valuable for pack horses (B)

Croup Good, it happens long, wide and slightly lowered to the tail (s). The longer the croup, the free of the horse movement; What he is wider, the horse is stronger. Sweet croup is shown in Fig. The dusted wide cereal is shown in Fig. e, straight croup is shown in Fig. G.

Stomach It can be rounded and smooth (rz. G.) Pierced belly is considered a disadvantage (Fig. And). A savory belly, the so-called "Sennaya Belubo", a sign of abundant feeding by the volume of the total feed (rice in.) - also lack.

Tail. Horses of southern rocks have a small tail, highly attached, with a beautiful department (rice list). Northern horses have a tail low-todded with thick thick hair.

Chest

For lyric and race horses, deep and long breasts are preferable; Wide - for heavy trucks and workers. Breast shape happens: wide (Fig. D) and narrow (Fig. G). Spindle and narrow chest is considered vice.

Front limbs

It is quite clear that this one to become for the horse is of great importance. On the front leg distinguished: the shovel, shoulder, the puzzle with the elbow, the wrist, the pyss, grandmother, whitewash and hoof.

Shopper It happens long, osic, full and muscular. With such a blade, the horse has a long step and free movement (Fig. And). On the contrary, a straight and short blade for riding horses is considered a shortage, and for horses of stepper (b) - ordinary phenomenon.

Shovel Must be located below the scene of the breasts with the neck. In the drawing of the front of the horse (shoulder belt), it is especially noticeable and is a constant reference place for the artist's eye.

Shoulder. Its foundation is the shoulder bone. In the movement of the horse, this lever is of great importance. Purely externally, under cover of severe musculature, the shoulder bone is not enough. Therefore, the artist must carefully trace its direction and proportions towards the blade.

Elbow Externally noticeable. Artists are often making an error, depicting it wrong or forgetting to show. It is located slightly above the breast line.

Burnt. For horses, fast is better when the puzzle approximately 1/3 is larger than the length.

Wrist (In colloquial speech is often called the knee), besides normal, it is an outstanding forward - Kozinets (rice 8B) or a concave veal - (rice b), and more internally.

Pyat - The most subtle part of the front leg. The artist is important to establish the ratio of the thickness of the fossa to the thickness of the puzzle.

Grandma With respect to the grandmother (feed bone), the normal tilt is distinguished (Fig. Oh), the straight grandmother (Fig. B) and oblique, or soft (fig. In). Highly checked grandmother on the back leg gives a "bear lamp."

Staging a foot It happens as follows: Normal or legs, tightened under the belly (Fig. And); Legs put forward (Fig. B). When viewed in front, the leggings happens: normal (Fig. Sleva), closest, with hooves, placed outwards (Fig. M.) (Warm); Wide with hooves, rotated inside (closure) (Fig.); Legs, close-bound at the bottom (Fig.).

Rear limbs

This part of the horse's motor apparatus gives the impetus to the entire case. Here the bones in their compound form the most sharp corners. This contributes to the elasticity of the whole limb. The muscles of the hind limbs giving main motor power, relief and are strongly developed. In the exterior of the horse is one of the most expressive artist's artists.

In fig. The so-called sabotability of the feet is shown. In fig. And given settling legs, in Fig. B - substituted setting, in Fig. E - Cow Power (Frusticity in the Pacifics).

Normal leg formation is considered direct

Some malforms of horses

How to sculpt is not needed.

The study of the vices of horses in horse breeding is of great importance. In this case, the task is to show only the most noticeable eyes of the vices of horses.

Such the most essential and noticeable vices are predominantly limb definitions, such as Kozinets and Sablism. With great severity, they are vices marrying a horse.

Consider the following vices of the legs:

Brockedown- breaking and inflammation of the tendons and the appearance of tumors of the surface finger flexor. With a profile leg position, this tumor is very noticeable on the rear surface of the foss.

Pipgak - Plug of the back limb. This tumor is on the fifth bone buffer and is very noticeable in the profile position of the leg (Fig. B).

Kurba - appears after inflammation of the surge ligament and from other reasons. During the Kourba, the straight line, going down from the heating bones, is disturbed and gives some bulge. (Fig .g)

Spar - severe punishment shutter. These are chronic inflammation and bone joint breaking from its inner side. Easily seen from behind (Fig. A)

Nali - Soft tumors in the field of automated and leaky joints. Especially happened for the eyes through through, strong nails of the lescape joints (Fig.B)

Masty

Hair coloring and leather in horses

The artist is important to explore not only the shape of the horse's body, but also the color of her hair, as well as their location on the body; When drawing it is necessary to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe seasonal and age changes of the table. The suit is created by a colorful lining hair (on the head, housing and legs) with the color of the hair chips, the mane and tail and the color of the horse's skin. In winter, the horse has a thick and longer, summer is smooth, short, less thick, soft and shiny.

At birth, it is often not that hair painting, which they are acquired with age. Born with black wool foal often becomes gray, and then it is done completely white. For old age, the horse is gray, i.e. Among the dark mostly hair appear white. Gray (white) horses to old age appear red hair, the so-called "gray to buckth".

The game of light and glare on the horse's wool, especially having a good care, in a summer period for drawing and painting are of great interest. This glitter emphasizes the silkiness of the wool and modeling the relief of the form. Recall the picture V. Serov "Bathing Horse" or A. Plastov "Bathing of Horses".

The glossy wool game can be extremely diverse not only by the main color of the hair. But also the combination of the color of the hair of the mane, tail, and sometimes an admixture of hair hair, as well as the painting on the horse's body.

The masses of horses are based on five colors: white, black, yellow, red and brown. Maste can be monochrome and mixed. Each suites has shades: so, for example, redhead can be darker and lighter. White master does not happen. The foals, as a rule, do not occur white. White horse is called Light Light. For the tasks of the artist, the white horse is often simply necessary due to the corresponding pictorial requirements. A black horse is called a raven. In some masters, the covering hair is not monochrome, but for example, white and black. Such suit is called mixed.

Mixed masses are diverse. Purely picturesque horse color gradics cannot be covered by zootechnical classifications, although there are various classification systems in the hippology. It is notleed with white spots (white hair), which are mainly found on the head (star, protochin, bald) and on the legs, below the wrist and the gurneating joint. It should be paid to the fact that many horses have some texts, all limbs are lighter or darker of the hull, as well as the hair of the tail and the mane.

The horses of local rocks meet the bands, or "zebroid", coloring on the legs and dark hair on the shoulders, the so-called shoulder pattern.

On places of damage from the harness and the saddle, white hair usually grows, which is not considered a rising horse. Skin color is usually dark, swing, but sometimes sometimes pink. Pink skin is often on the lips of the horse, the so-called "body spot".

Close men's classifications. All of them more or less fully cover the existing coloring of horses. They describe all the excuses and shades of color.

Table masters

Masty	Shades of masters	Description
Redhead	Dark light	Redhead the same coloring of the body and legs, mane and tail of the same color or somewhat lighter, in yellowness.
Burai		Coloring from dirty red to chestnut. The tail and mane often darker housings with some black hair.
Šrenivaya	Dark-	Chocolate, often in apples. Tail and mane white or smoky (white with black hair, but not yellow).
Šrenivaya	Light	Coloring approaches light brown. White tail and mane or smoky, but not yellow.
Voronaya		Black painting case, mane, tail and legs. When burning out on the sun, the ends of the hair are made lighter, why the case becomes dirty-drier painting with a dark head and limbs (born in the tan)
Caracaova		Black coloring of the entire case, head and legs. Fallen on the face and in pahs.
Ground	Dark light	Brown different shades of body painting and head. Legs below the wrist and the leaf joints black, mane and tail also black
Solove	Dark-	The same shades of bully suit, but with light (or white) mane, tail. Head and legs are the same with the torso coloring.
Solove	Light	Milk, yellowish-white coloring (from birth). Horses such a suit sometimes there are white-eyed (Borozor, with a south eye)
Bulana	Dark light	The yellowish-golden or sandy-earthy, with various shades, coloring of the entire body and head (from close to light-ozno to almost white, dairy). Mane, tail and bottoms of black. The belt on the back is not a mandatory sign of the Master.
Mouse		The ash coloring of the case, the head is often black, the mane, the tail and the bottom of the legs are also black. The belt is a mandatory sign of mice. On the blades and on the legs, above the wrist and the jumping joint, often dark transverse stripes - "zebroid".
Savrasaya		The housing is yellowish-golden to sandy. Bangs, mane and tail are dark brown; on blue and cereal dark strap; The limbs are dark, often "zebroid"
Kauralya		The color of the corps of the reddish opens. Bangs, mane, tail red-redhead; The same color and belt.
Gray	Dark light	For horses at a young age, it is advisable to indicate: dark gray, croven gray, red-gray. Belayed with age: gray in apples, light gray (white), gray in buckwheat
Chula	Red-oven-crow	In the hair of the main suit (redhead, the junction, Voronene N, etc.) throughout the housing, a uniform admixture of white hair; There are fewer heads and legs.
Pegaya	Red-boron- and dr.	Basic white spots are placed on the main color of the body. Legs usually partially or very white
Chubaraya.		On the white case - small dark (black or red) spots or on a dark body - small white spots.

Horse measurement

In the exterior of the horse's exterior, a large place is given to measurements of various parts of the body and the ratio of the produced industries. Promers help the zootechnic to get the right idea of \u200b\u200bthe type, breed, the development of the horse and its individual features. The artist who studies the horse drawing techniques in the initial stage of work is suitable for measuring parts of its body, setting out other tasks. Measurements of the parts of the horse's body are interested in it, as they give a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe proportions of the horse's body, and are perceived by them as a mean, characterizing the harmonicity of the horse's physique at all.

Such a task exists and when studying the artist of the proportions of the human body. The classic canons of measuring the proportions of the human body, reaching from the Greek classics, are not outdated until now, and the idea-based idea of \u200b\u200bthe general type of ideal physique helps the artist understand the proportion of body proportions in general in order to prime further to the individual image of a person from nature.

So, the measurements below the horses obtained by hipnows as a result of a large number of measurements of horses, predominantly rigging, and we only take as auxiliary. The fact that in these dimensions is taken over the comparison unit of the length of the head, convenient for learning practice drawing. The equality of the height of the horse in the withers of its oblique body length (from the shoulder-shovel joint to a sedanistic bulb) is also convenient for visual testing of the horse's proportions. Let not all horses of the upper and the more hardened type can be inscribed in the square. This artist should always keep in mind to make the necessary amendment. You need to use these measurements only in the initial period of studying the horse drawing.

Horse Body Measurement

The length of the head AB (Fig. 12) is almost exactly equal to distances:

1. From the back and to the lower abdominal wall de (body depth).

2. From the highest point of the withers to the shoulder BUG (blade).

3. From the top end of the knee fold to the PZH's heel.

4. From the heel beast to the Earth Zhz.

Two and a half head length are almost equal.

1. Height of the withers over the EN Earth.

2. Height of the highest point of the cereal over the ground LM.

3. Very often, the length of the body from the shoulder willch to the sedellastic buff (oblique body length).

The length of the cereals (measured from the front spection of the wet to the sedlicate bell) is approximately equal to distances:

1. From the top of the buttock to the lower end of the knee pleate of the IP.

2. From the junction of the neck with breasts before the start of the withers, it (the width of the neck at the bottom end of it).

Scald measurements

Head in profile (Fig. A). With the length of the head - AB, measured by the distance from the occipital crest to the end of the lips:

1. The depth of VG from the front surface (head) to the angle of the lower jaw is equal to half an ab.

2. The width of the neck in the narrow it is also half an ab.

3. The distance Zhz is equal to half an ab.

4. The distance from the nape to the inner corner of the eye AH is equal to the depth of the IR head, taken perpendicular to the profile.

Head at, inspection in front (Fig. B). The greatest width of the AB head (between two extreme wheel arc points) approximately equals:

1. Distance AB from the entrance arc to the occipital crest, V

2. Distance AG from the entrance arc to the middle of the back of the nose.

3. GD - from the middle of the back of the nose to the end of the lips.

4. The distance between the encoder ridges is equal to the distance between the inner corners of the eyes.

Applying a horse measuring in its practice, the artist should in no case forget that they can only be used as some help in special cases. It is necessary to try the proportion of the horse to study and assimilate a purely visually, eye, by long-term drawing practices from nature.