Most of you learned about toolless lie detection through Lie to Me, then someone read a book, or maybe Paul Ekman's, maybe read Joe Navarro or Allan Pisa and thought that with a little practice, you would “see right through people”. Most did not even assume the existence of graphology, operative psychodiagnostics, cold and hot reading, and craniofacial profile. If they knew, they did not assume that this was all used to detect lies. Someone knew the formula for non-behaviorism, but did not know that it is also used in profiling. Knowledge of facial expressions alone is not enough for a quick vision of the whole picture as a whole. Anyone heard of Schulte tables? But the skill they develop is fundamental for tracking mimic actions.
Schulte tables are tables in the cells of which certain information is randomly placed, often sequential numbers. The most standard version is a one-color square table of 25 cells with randomly scattered numbers. Task: find all the numbers in order for the maximum a short time... With competent and regular implementation, the pace of information perception develops and peripheral vision expands. On the development of which it depends: will you see the tension of the jaw (nodules) in your interlocutor or miss it because you look into his eyes?
But as in gym, if you are given a barbell, and you will roll it on the floor with your feet, you yourself understand that there will not be much sense. In order to correctly complete the exercise, and therefore, to find all the numbers faster, you need to focus on the central cell of the table so that you can see the entire table. You will achieve the greatest results if during training you will completely lack horizontal and vertical eye movements. It is difficult and, of course, at first you may have difficulties with the implementation, but with each training session, your skill will grow, and the difficulties disappear. The main thing is stable classes; it is enough to give tables 15-20 minutes a day. After two to three weeks of practice, you will probably feel that these tables are too simple for you. Then try the laid out options; two-color, multi-color, asymmetrical, etc.
Do not exaggerate your knowledge and skills. Yes, of course, in some simple moments of everyday life, the knowledge that you received from TV shows and popular science literature will help you, for example, to understand that your child was lying by saying that they did not ask anything. But in order to consider yourself at least a novice specialist, you need to devote more than one year to studying all aspects of science and more than one year to perfecting skills. It is not for nothing that they say - "Live forever, study forever, and you will die a fool."
You can learn more about how to develop your cognitive skills and increase your mental abilities from the materials on the site posted in.
It is also helpful to practice the same exercise without letters, especially if the eye is already accustomed to numbers. You can read more about this exercise in a separate article Finding Letters.
Schulte tables
Visual Geometry Game
"Visual geometry" - the exercise will help speed up the course of your thoughts, increase your retention and memory. The game gets harder with each level. Lovely brain development game... How many levels can you complete?
Game "Mathematical Comparisons"
I present an excellent game "Mathematical Comparisons", with which you can relax your body and tense your brain. The screenshot shows an example of this game, in which there will be a question associated with a picture, and you will need to answer. Time is limited. How many can you answer?
Find a Pair
In this game you will need such skills as the ability to search for the desired objects among others, the speed of thought, reaction, the skill of comparison, the skill of searching. And the game, in turn, will help develop these skills to a higher level. Excellent brain development gamelike all other exercises from this site. Register and develop with us!
Game "Guess the operation"
This is one of the best brain training exercises, because you need to insert the correct math signs to get the correct result. This exercise will help you develop verbal counting, logic and thought speed. With almost every correct answer, the difficulty increases.
Piggy bank game
I can not resist not to advise you the game "Piggy bank" from the same site on which you need to register, indicating only E-mail and password. This game will give you great fitness for the brain and relaxation for the body. The essence of the game is to indicate 1 out of 4 boxes, in which the amount of coins is the highest. Will you be able to show an excellent result? We are waiting for you!
Outcome
In this article, I talked about peripheral vision, how to train him, analyzed exercises for training peripheral vision and told how to train him most effectively. I wish you good luck in mastering the speed reading skill and development of peripheral vision!
Peripheral (peripheral) vision is very important for motorcyclists and can be improved by performing non difficult exercisesdescribed below.
Peripheral vision is the area of \u200b\u200bthe picture that we see thanks to our eyes, and which is located at the edges of the field of view. As a rule, visibility in this area is less clear, the further it is from the central point of focus of the gaze. And this is not a natural function of the eyes! We create and fix our functional point of view on our own, throughout our lives, and it is important not so much to constantly see everything that our eyes give us, but the ability to control this function.
Few people know that it is in this way that our consciousness delimits the sphere of priorities for itself. Take a look at an area and note how much information you have received per second about all the objects that you saw. Now imagine what the load on the subconscious and consciousness will be if all objects in the field of actual vision will be read. Thus, peripheral vision also plays the role of a defense mechanism.
Execute following exercisesto assess your peripheral vision and do them often to improve it.
1. Walk down the sidewalk looking straight ahead and count the cracks in the asphalt. This exercise is important for all motorcyclists because it teaches how to gather information (count cracks) without taking your eyes off the
roads.
2. Looking at the crowd, focus on one point. Track people's movements without moving your eyes. This exercise is useful for those who often drive on busy streets because it teaches you to see other road users without taking your eyes off the road.
3. Try to watch the movie from the corner of the TV screen. This will teach you to ride better in a group. You can focus on the road in front of the leading bike by tracking its position
peripheral vision.
4. Take a book, open it sharply and close it instantly. What have you read? How many pictures have you seen? This exercise helps you learn to quickly assimilate information that
especially useful when driving into a busy street and checking the situation from behind using mirrors or looking over your shoulder. You must learn to see as much as possible in the shortest amount of time. Of course, if you turn around and slowly consider everything, you will see more, but do you have such an opportunity in dense traffic?
Do these four exercises more often and your peripheral vision will improve, and with it your driving skills will improve.
Advantages of peripheral vision:
Consider what you gain by developing your functional area of \u200b\u200bvision. First of all, you will have the ability to perceive information faster and to a greater extent. In addition, the ability to see the periphery can very often come in handy in your life in order to carefully observe something or someone interesting to you. And this is not to mention the fact that in an extreme situation it can save your life, because the ability to see the danger in time is the guarantee that you can successfully avoid it. You will discover these and many other advantages by developing and improving one of the most important data to you from the birth of the senses - the eyes.
When a person looks straight ahead, he still catches what is happening from the side. In common parlance, this is called "catching the corner of the eye." The scientific name is peripheral vision. All vertebrates, without exception, have it, it is an important aspect of vision. It is also called "lateral".
In the literature, you can often find the concept of "peripheral vision". Disputes arise, but what kind of vision do we have, peripheral or peripheral? Right and so, and so. This is a different name for the same phenomenon.
Peripheral vision is best perceived by white light, and then, in descending order, all the colors of the spectrum, starting from red. it also weakly perceives the shape of objects, but is sensitive to movement, flickering of objects. And the faster this flickering, the better the eye will perceive it.
There is also central vision - all objects fall into it when we look directly ahead. This means that most of what we see falls into the "zone of responsibility" of the peripheral. And how much we see depends on our field of vision. So when checking with an ophthalmologist, a study of peripheral vision will definitely be carried out.
line of sight
When we look forward in a relaxed state, then in addition to the objects there, we notice what is on the sides. Everything that captures the eye in this way is the field of view. The higher a person's visual acuity, the more he sees further, but peripheral vision practically does not depend on it.
By "field of view" is understood not only what a person sees horizontally, but also vertically.
The study of the state of this vision is very important in the diagnosis of diseases of the retina, optic nerves and visual acuity. In case of retinal diseases, the doctor examines the patient's field of vision in dynamics, for a long time. And it is the state of peripheral vision that can indicate the peculiarities of the course of the pathological process in the eye, helps to choose an effective treatment.
To a certain extent, the field of vision is narrowed because of the protruding parts of the face - nose, cheekbones, eyebrows. If a person wears glasses, then their frame can somewhat limit the view.
Examination of the visual field is the main method for diagnosing peripheral vision. And the simplest of all is the control method. With it, no devices are needed; a doctor with a healthy and full field of view compares that of the subject with his own.
For a more accurate determination, computer diagnostics are carried out - the patient looks into the eyepieces, the doctor demonstrates various objects that appear on the sides and approach the middle of the view. As soon as the patient notices them, he presses a button, the computer records.
The study of peripheral vision is carried out on each eye separately.
Why do we need peripheral vision
All vertebrates and birds have this type of vision. Only at different types living organisms, it covers a different radius. In a person with healthy vision, this angle is 120 degrees with each eye. vertically and horizontally. In some eye diseases, this angle narrows. Peripheral vision can also deteriorate in the event of an injury to the eye itself - its concussion, burns, bruises, or overexertion of the eye itself.
Narrowing of peripheral vision can also be a consequence of brain diseases.
The structure of the retina: rods and cones
The human eye is a complex optical instrument. It perceives, analyzes and transmits information to the retina, gives an idea of \u200b\u200bcolor, distance, etc. At different times of the day, different areas of the retina, its various receptors, are responsible for all this. These receptors transform light stimulation into a nervous one. In other words, light is converted into electrical impulses, and the optic nerve transmits them to the brain. Due to the similarity of shape, they were named
- sticks - those that are responsible for perception in the dark
- cones are responsible for visual acuity and
And it is the rods that are most involved in the work of peripheral vision.
There are about 120 million rods in the eye of a healthy person, and only 7 million cones.
Sticks are very light-sensitive, they only need 1 photon of light for them to react, but they cannot distinguish the color of the object. Since rods are immeasurably larger, they are located mainly "on the periphery" of the retina, while the cones are mainly in its center. Due to the large number of sticks on the periphery of the eye, a person notices the surrounding objects in the dark.
Peripheral vision works well in the dark when color perception is irrelevant, so it is black and white. The fact that we perceive color with peripheral vision during the daytime is due to the work of the cones.
Functions
We need it to better navigate in space. It is carried out for the most part by the rod apparatus, therefore it is also. Thanks to him, we can move in the dark, distinguish objects even in almost complete darkness, because the sticks react to the smallest light radiation.
In herbivorous mammals, the eyes are always located on the sides, and their angle of view is almost a full circle. But their central vision is not very good, its acuity is rather low.
Development of peripheral vision
The eyes of a human embryo begin to develop in the first month after conception, this is such a complex organ and so much time is needed for its formation. At the same time, the retina, rods and cones are laid.
In a newborn child, it is very poorly developed, the baby practically does not use it. It is limited at this time only by reacting to light. The child can turn his head towards the source, but not yet follow with his eyes.
With the age of the child, the visual function increases, by the age of three, the baby does not need to turn his head to the image that interests him, and by the age of 6, peripheral vision is almost completely formed. Now it is only developing and strengthening - until puberty. The teenager's angle of view is no different from that of an adult.
However, already formed peripheral vision can be improved and strengthened. This is facilitated by special exercises for the development of breadth of vision.
In order not to confuse which retinal receptors are responsible for what, you can remember - during the day, scientists work with cones, at night, in order not to fall, they use a stick.
Why develop
Side vision appeared in humans in prehistoric times, when a person was in danger at every step, it was necessary to identify it in time.
Peripheral vision is physiologically weaker than central vision, it tends to narrow with age. But it can be developed with a few fairly simple exercises.
It would be quite reasonable to ask the question - why develop it?
The fact of the matter is that it is necessary, in many cases, well-developed peripheral vision can save lives.
- Situations on the road. The most common situation in the city - a person crosses the road, a car appears because of a turn at high speed. With peripheral vision, a person notices it and has time to react, stop. The same is with the drivers - you have to change to the next lane, but another car appears, which is better to pass. They managed to catch her with a peripheral vision, to assess the situation. And just walking along the road to see other road users.
- In sports. In group sports, this vision helps to notice what is happening nearby, to better interact with the team, to see the opponent. During martial arts meetings, athletes also catch any movement of the opponent.
- Speed \u200b\u200breading. The main principle of speed reading is the ability to "capture" large volumes of text while expanding the angle of view. Thus, the skill of "reading diagonally" is trained.
And in so many life situations it is impossible to do without peripheral vision.
Peripheral vision disorders
Peripheral visual impairment is quite often temporary, for example, the field of vision narrows with severe alcohol intoxication. It is restored when a person returns to normal.
With severe blood loss, trauma, shock, stress, nitrogen poisoning - all this leads to a short-term impairment of peripheral vision.
There is organic damage to the retina, when the problem is practically insoluble, and the course of the disease can only be slowed down, it is impossible to cure, for example, as in glaucoma.
- There is a lack of peripheral vision when there is only central vision. In this case, a person sees all objects, as if through a pipe. Such a violation is called. If this condition is caused by glaucoma or retinal degeneration, treatment may be considered. The same condition often occurs in people in extreme situationswhen there is an overload of the optic nerve - in cosmonauts, military pilots, divers, climbers at high altitudes, in other cases of oxygen starvation. But in this case, tunnel vision does not last long and the eyes quickly return to normal without treatment. They just need to be given a rest.
- The opposite also happens - peripheral vision is present, but not central. This condition is called central scotoma. There are several types of them, often scotoma is caused by inhibition of the cerebral cortex. Then a person sees flicker in the central part of the eye, while the image is clear along the periphery.
In both cases, vision functions are impaired.
Ischemic neuropathy of the optic nerve
This is a lesion of the optic nerve that occurs with a sudden deterioration in its blood supply. Then the field and visual acuity suddenly and sharply narrows, peripheral vision suffers. It is mainly affected by men after 40 years of age, and this is not an independent eye disease - it is concomitant with other systemic diseases. This is a very serious condition that, if left untreated, most often leads to complete, irreversible blindness.
Most often, an attack occurs in one eye only, but a third of patients also have bilateral disorders. Usually the second eye is attacked after a few days, but it happens that it takes from two to five years. The attack develops suddenly and rapidly - after sleep, physical exertion, sauna, hot bath, stress. Immediately there is a deterioration in vision, up to tenths. There may be a complete loss of light perception, total blindness. Moreover, the disease can develop within a few minutes, so that when contacting a doctor, the patient will indicate the time of the onset of the attack with an accuracy of several minutes.
The so-called precursor symptoms often occur - short-term blurred eyes, pain "behind the eye", sharp headaches. With such signs, you can not postpone a consultation with a doctor.
At the first symptoms, treatment of peripheral neuropathy is immediately started - decongestants, anticoagulants, vitamins are immediately prescribed, thrombolytic, antispasmodic therapy, magnetotherapy, electro- and laser stimulation of the optic nerve are performed.
The prognosis is most often unfavorable, since there is a rapid atrophy of the optic nerve. In rare cases, it is possible to raise vision by 0.1 unit.
To prevent this disease, general vascular therapy is carried out, and other systemic diseases of the body are treated. Patients who have had this disease in one eye are registered with an ophthalmologist, they are on a lifelong dispensary, and appropriate preventive therapy is prescribed for them.
Exercises to develop peripheral vision
The good thing about these exercises is that many of them can be performed without attracting anyone's attention, even walking down the street or sitting in transport. Others will need a calm environment, a little more space. But in any case, their implementation does not require a lot of time from you, and you can learn how to do them correctly in one day. What these exercises have in common is that they must be performed without tension, being in a relaxed state.
- Focus on one point in front of you. Try not to move your pupils. At the same time, record everything that you see around, outside the field of direct gaze - on the sides, above, below. First, do this exercise while sitting and at home, after a while you can practice it in nature. It doesn't matter if some objects move, for example, an airplane.
- Pick up pencils. Look straight ahead. Extend your arms forward, start spreading them apart until you no longer see them. At first it will be a very short distance, then the angle of view will increase significantly. In the future, move your hands with pencils in different planes, it is only important not to move the pupils.
- Draw a square with numbers from 1 to 9 on sheet A3, put a large dot in the center. Read the numbers by looking only at the point. In the future, the numbers can be made smaller, and their number can be increased.
This table is used to expand your field of vision.
The rules of training on Schulte tables: you need to find numbers by silent counting, that is, to yourself, in ascending order from 1 to 25 (without a gap).
Found numbers are indicated only by glance. As a result of such training, the time for reading one table should be no more than 25 seconds. Before starting work with the table, the gaze is fixed in its center in order to see the whole table. When searching for consecutive digits, it is allowed to fix the eyes only in the center of the table. Horizontal eye movements are prohibited.
The distance from the table to the eyes is the same as when reading a regular text, that is, about 25-30 cm. The time and frequency of training should be chosen so as not to overwork.
When working with Schulte tables, you should always remember that training is not an end in itself. The main thing is to expand the field of vision, which can be achieved only with careful implementation of the rules for working with tables, systematic and conscious training.
"Good day. My name is Dr. Schulte.
Several years ago I came up with one developmental exercise. To my delight, this exercise has become a very exciting game. The rules are very simple - all cells from one to nine are mixed in the table. Our task is to temporarily click all cells in ascending order: 1, 2,… 9.
I admit, I myself did not expect such a good return from this exercise, but the fact is the fact: most of the students who liked this exercise increased their reading speed literally in front of my eyes during the semester. This, in principle, was to be expected, since the reading speed is highly dependent on the so-called "peripheral" vision.
Then I got the idea to arrange in the cells not numbers, but colors - here it is already necessary to sort out all the colors from red to purple. I still cannot draw a final conclusion about the benefits of this exercise (statistical material has not been collected yet), but I can say one thing - this exercise contributes to the development of spatial thinking and fantasy. Alexander, one of my talented students, could not imagine objects of different colors at trainings. As he argued, he could imagine the objects themselves, but giving them color was an overwhelming task for him. A few days of training - and he could already imagine colored objects. His case is far from the only one.
In mnemonics, with which you can memorize a large amount of data, the ability to manipulate color in your imagination is a very powerful tool. Not to mention the ability to distinguish colors by their small signs. And about the high value of this skill in real life do not even say - we all know this very well.
I am sure that the game will bring you pleasure from the process, and joy from the results achieved. You, like my students, will feel the power that this simple fun toy gives you. Good luck to you, going to perfection. "
Doctor of Psychology David Schulte.
Shultz tables - randomly located numbers for training their high-speed finding in turn. Usually used for training, research development, mental rate of perception, including the speed of visual search movements. Orientation eye movements are the basis quick reading... They will also increase the reader's field of view. A wide field of view reduces the time it takes to detect informative text fragments.
Test purpose: determination of stability of attention and dynamics of performance. Used to examine individuals of different ages
Test description: the subject is alternately offered five tables on which the numbers from 1 to 25 are in random order. The subject finds, shows and names the numbers in ascending order. The trial is repeated with five different tables.
Test instructions: the subject is presented with the first table: "On this table, the numbers from 1 to 25 are not arranged in order." Then the table is closed and continues: "Show and name all the numbers in order from 1 to 25. Try to do this as quickly as possible and without mistakes." The table is opened and simultaneously with the start of the task, the stopwatch is turned on. The second, third and subsequent tables are presented without any instructions.
How to make a Schulte table with your own hands?
The Schulte table is a piece of paper with a square with sides of 20 cm. The square is divided into 25 cells, into which numbers or other objects are inscribed in random order.
Some additional information
The reader's maximum field of vision is 30 degrees. The clear-vision zone is 14 degrees. The area of \u200b\u200bone hundred percent vision is 1.4 degrees.
When a person's gaze moves, the greatest visual acuity occurs in the central zone of the retina, the so-called zone of clear vision. Everything that is outside the zone of clear vision, on the periphery, is not clear to a person. A wide field of view reduces the search time for important text fragments. The field from which the information is retrieved, as studies have shown, can be significantly expanded, for example, using Schulte tables.
Working with the Schulte table develops attention. It is important not to scour your eyes, the main thing is that when looking at the center of the Schulte table, it is clear to see simultaneously with the central number the upper left and right numbers, as well as the lower left and right numbers.
Improper exercise
with Schulte table
Correct exercise
with Schulte table
With regular use by Tables, peripheral vision expands and this allows you to increase the reading speed both by covering a larger space of the readable text, and by using the parallel mode of analysis of printed characters.
Practice mode. Good peripheral vision, as well as visual search skills can be achieved not only with correct execution search for numbers, but also with a constant systematic training program. Therefore, it is important to work with Schulte tables at least 3-4 times a week for 20-30 minutes for 2-3 weeks. If your eyes start to get tired during class, then it is better to take a short break or repeat the exercise the next day.
Rules for using Schulte tables
- Finding numbers is required by silent counting in ascending order. Found numbers are indicated only by glance. As a result of such training, the time for reading one table should be no more than 30 seconds.
- Before starting to work with the table, the gaze is fixed in its center of the Schulte table in order to cover the entire table.
- The time of classes should be chosen so as not to get tired.
- When searching for consecutive digits, fixing the eyes in the center of the table is allowed. Horizontal eye movements are not allowed. Distance from table to eyes as usual.
- When working with tables, remember that training is not an end in itself. The main thing is to expand the field of view.
Stimulus material
To train your peripheral vision, as well as the ability to quickly find information in the text, Schulte tables of various levels of complexity are used.
First level contains Schulte tables for children and beginners to practice speed reading. These tables are in 3x3 and 5x3 dimensions. If these tables are given simply - it's time to move on to the second level.
Second level Schulte tables contains traditional tables with twenty-five 5x5 cells.
Third level contains special Schulte tables for those who found the previous levels easy. First, they have multi-colored matrices, including red-black tables (Gorbov's method). Secondly, large Schulte tables are presented here.
1. Multi-colored tables
2. Red-black tables Gorbov-Schulte
The Gorbov-Schulte table is most often used to assess the speed of attention switching. Gorbov-Schulte tables are a modification of the usual Schulte tables. They represent a 7x7 square, in which black numbers from 1 to 25 and red numbers from 1 to 24 are in a mess. The colors in the table can be set in two ways: the background color of the cells or the color of the numbers themselves
The student's task is to find black numbers in ascending order, and red numbers in descending order. In this case, the numbers from each color group must be found in turn - 1 black 24 red, then 2 black, 23 red, etc.