Under sports tactic It should be understood methods for combining and implementing motor actions, ensuring efficient competitive activities in a favorite sport, leading to achieving the goal in specific competitions.
Tactical training – the skill of the athlete competently build the course of the competitive control taking into account the characteristics of the elected sport, their individual abilities, the possibilities of rivals and the created external conditions.
The level of tactical preparedness of athletes depends on mastering them:
1) means of sports tactics (technical techniques and methods of their implementation); Specific funds and methods of tactical training are the tactical forms of implementation of special preparatory competitive exercises - these are the so-called tactical exercises. From others training exercises They are distinguished by: 1) Installation when performing these exercises is focused on the solution of tactical tasks; 2) In the exercises, individual tactical techniques and situations of the competitive struggle are practically modeled; 3) In some cases, external conditions of competition are simulated;
2) types of sports tactics (offensive, defensive, counterattacking);
3) forms of sports tactics (individual, group, command).
In the structure of tactical preparedness, such concepts such as tactical knowledge, skills, skills should be distinguished.
Tactical knowledge – represent a totality of ideas about the means, types and forms of sports tactics and the features of their use in training and competitive activities .
Tactical skills – the form of manifestation of an athlete consciousness, reflecting his actions based on tactical knowledge. The ability to solve the ideas of the opponent may be highlighted, to anticipate the development of the competitive struggle, modify its own tactics, etc.
Tactical skills – these learned tactical actions, combinations of individual and collective action. Tactical skills always perform in the form of a holistic action in a specific competitive or training situation.
Tactical thinking – this is the thinking of an athlete in the process of sports activities in a shortage of time and mental stress, directly aimed at solving specific tactical tasks.
Structure of tactical preparedness It follows from the nature of the strategic tasks that determine the main directions of the competitive struggle. These strategic tasks may be associated with the participation of an athlete in a series of competitions in order to prepare and successfully participate in the main competitions of the season and are thus promising. They can be local, associated with the participation of an athlete in individual competitions or in a particular duel, swim, game, etc.
The basis of the tactical preparedness of individual athletes and teams is:
Possession of modern means, forms and types of IVS tactics;
Compliance of tactics to the level of development of the IVS with an optimal structure of competitive activities for it;
Compliance with the tactical plan features of a particular competition (rivals, state of competition places, the nature of the refereeing, the behavior of fans, etc.);
Ensuring the relationship of tactics with the level of perfection of other parties to the preparedness - technical, psychological, physical.
The specificity of the sport is a decisive factor determining the structure of the tactical preparedness of an athlete.
So, B. cyclic species Sports to success can apply the use of a wide variety of options to overcome the competitive distance:
For example, in running on long distances, marathon RunFor long distances (800,1500 m), the most effective is the uniform passage of the distance, which ensures the greatest efficiency.
Tactics runners sprinters, sprint swimmers (50 and 100m), etc. is largely determined by the capacity, capacity and mobility of the alactate and lactate processes of energy supply. Athletes, characterized by high power and capacity of the alactate process, usually develop a very high speed in the first part of the distance. High power and capacity of the glycolithic process require the use of tactics associated with a high level of speed in the middle and end of the distance.
For athletes specializing in gaming species Sports and martial arts Adoption of tactical solutions has the following features:
1) activities in the conditions of an acute limit of time - no matter how correct there was no solution, it has tactical value only in operational implementation, in strict accordance with the competitive situation;
2) the uncertain-consistent nature of the solutions - after each solution, the situation changes and requires a new solution, often differing from the previous one;
3) perception big number the elements of the tactical situation, which are structured into a dynamic system in accordance with the prediction of the most likely development of the tactical situation;
4) the choice of tactical solutions from several options, quite close one to another, and the ability to make a jump through intermediate and insignificant options;
5) Holding in RAM and mental ranking of the elements of the tactical task, the change of its solution directly during the motor action.
The special problem of tactical training in sports games is the development of such technical and tactical and the construction of the construction of training under which would be used strengths Each player and smoothed his flaws. In this case, in the process of training and competitive activities, it is possible to satisfy both individual and collective needs, to ensure the high performance of the team, which will be strong as a collective game and using the strengths of each player. The practical implementation of this strategy requires the analysis of individual components characteristic of each athlete (physical and technical and tactical preparedness, the quality of the psyche, authority and position in the team, etc.) and group, reflecting the opportunities of the team, its position in the competition system, the goals and objectives et al. In accordance with this, a command structure is formed, including positions, role and status of each player.
The following stages are the command association, in the process of which technical and tactical interactions between players and game links are formed, and the team process in which the technical and tactical interaction of the players of the entire team is solved to effectively solve command and individual tasks. With the rational construction of the process, both command (performance and stability of performances) and individual purposes (satisfaction, effectiveness) are achieved (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Team preparation strategy
Tactical preparedness is the ability of the athlete to competently build a move of the struggle taking into account the peculiarities of the sport, their individual characteristics, the possibilities of rivals and the external conditions created.
The level of tactical preparedness of an athlete depends on the degree of ownership of them with the means, forms and types of tactics of sport.
Tactics are all tactical techniques and methods for their implementation.
In the form of tactics happens:
Individual (performing tactical techniques with one athlete);
Tactics of individual groups of athletes (group tactics);
Command tactics (performed by all athletes of one command).
Tactics:
Offensive (capture of the initiative of the opponent);
Deonted (giving the opponent's initiative, private tactical tasks are solved);
Flickering (rival errors are used to capture the initiative in the most important moment sports struggle).
Depending on the specifics of the sport, the qualifications of an athlete, situations arising in competitions, tactics in their content can be:
Algorithmic tactics (based on pre-planned actions and their intentional implementation);
Probabilistic tactics (assumes a deliberate-incomplete effect in which only a certain start is planned);
Heuristic tactics (based on the expressional response of athletes, depending on the situation, not prepare in advance).
The choice of tactics depends on the following factors:
1. From the specifics of the sport.
2. Individual features of an athlete.
3. From the level and significance of the competition.
4. Opportunities of rivals.
5. Impact of external conditions.
6. Unforeseen situations.
Of great importance is the quality of tactical training. For its improvement it is necessary:
a) possess a sufficient level of knowledge about the tactics of the competitive struggle and the volume of mastered athletes of skills and skills;
b) the presence of the ability of prediction (prediction) of possible options for tactical struggle in competitions.
c) psychological sustainability of an athlete in solving tactical tasks.
d) operational correction of tactics during the competition;
e) a sufficient motivation (interest) of an athlete and its volitional opportunities upon reaching the goal;
(e) Correct analysis of the results of the competition for further improvement of tactical preparedness.
Improving tactical preparedness involves the solution of the following tasks:
1. Expand the knowledge of the tactics of the competitive struggle in the chosen sport.
2. Increase the volume of the skills of the athlete and the skills of conducting competitive struggle.
3. To form the psychological stability of an athlete when solving tactical tasks.
4. Develop the ability to operational tactics during the competition.
5. Improve the level of motivation (capture) athlete in achieving a sporting result.
6. The formation of the ability to conduct anadis competition results.
To solve 1 tasks "to expand knowledge about the tactics of competitive struggle in a favorite sport, the following actions are needed:
Analysis of the competitive activity of outstanding athletes;
Study of scientific literature and information materials on competitive activities;
Expanding knowledge of the rules of competitions, tactical actions of rivals and conditions for holding major competitions.
With decisions of 2 tasks "to increase the volume of the athlete of the skills and skills of competitive struggle, it is necessary to use 4 groups of tactical preparations:
Training without an enemy, applies to mastering the main technical and tactical actions;
Training with a conditioned opponent involves the use of auxiliary shells and devices (mannequins, opponent models with a pre-developed program of action, gyms);
Training with a teamwork partner creates more accomplished conditions for the competition;
Training with an unknown opponent allows you to improve tactics in the conditions of informational and temporary deficit.
Decision 3 and 4 tasks, "form the psychological stability of an athlete in solving tactical problems", and "develop the ability to operate tactics during the competition", the following methodological techniques are applied:
Creation of lightweight conditions for performing technical and tactical actions (leading and information on the quality of the actions performed (data on speed, pace, developed efforts, etc.);
Creation of complicated conditions for performing technical and tactical actions;
Creation of contrasting conditions with a sharp change in the situation when performing technical and tactical actions;
Implementation of studied technical and tactical actions in a competitive environment.
Solution 5 tasks "Improve the level of motivation (interest) of an athlete in achieving a sporting result," suggests:
Identification of individual peculiarities of the athlete's psyche;
Determination of important sports motifs for athlete;
Creating an accurate "setting" on the result;
Provided to preserve the high level of motivation at the competition.
Solution 6 tasks "The formation of the ability to analyze the results of the competition" requires the following approaches:
Collect the desired amount of information about the past competitions.
Evaluate the actions of the athlete and its rivals;
Develop new technical and tactical actions taking into account the analysis of the information received.
Tactical training - This is a process associated with the development and improvement of an athlete's ability to conduct sports fighting in the process of specific competitive activities.
Sports Tactic - This is a totality effective ways Sports of sports.
Tactical preparedness It is manifested in making certain decisions in the most responsible moments of the competition. From the correctness of these decisions, the sport result is largely dependent, especially where the number of options is large ( sport games, martial arts, fencing, etc.).
Tactical training divided For general and special.
Total tactical training - This is a process aimed at mastering the basic principles for building competitive activities.
Special tactical training - This process aimed at directly mastering the art to make the right decisions in the course of the competition.
High tactical skill athlete is based on a good level of technical, physical and psychological preparedness.
The structure of tactical preparedness depends on the nature of the strategic tasks that determine the main directions of sports struggle. These tasks are usually associated with the participation of an athlete in a series of starts with the aim of successful performance in the main competitions of the season and are perspective, but they can also have a local character, that is, they can be associated with the participation of an athlete in individual competitions or in a specific fight, run , fight, etc.
The specificity of the sport is a decisive factor determining the structure of tactical training. For example: for cyclic, speed-power sports, the main thing is the choice of a rational tactical scheme and its use regardless of the actions of the main competitors.
The correct tactic is to choose a sequence of such competitive situations in which the competitive potential is most superior to the potential of the opponent and other preventing factors. But it is not always useful to apply well mastered and convenient options. Sometimes it is necessary to artificially complicate the actions for the opponent, even if it is difficult for it. You can facilitate the task when you pass the initiative to the enemy, mask your actions, create false information.
Distinguish 3 types of sports tactics: offensive, defensive and counterattaking. Each of these species is expressed three forms: individual, group and team.
Individual tactic Used when tactical solutions are accepted for one athlete.
Group tactics It is used when a part of the team comes to accept tactical solutions to achieve the target.
Team tactic It is applied when tactical solutions are designed for the entire team.
The tactical skill is based on tactical knowledge, skills and skills, and the quality of tactical thinking.
Tactical Knowledge - This information about the principles and rational forms of tactics, which are developed in this form of tactical skills and skills.
At the same time develops tactical thinking, the main components whom are:
· The ability to perceive quickly, evaluate, allocate and process information;
· The ability to foresee the actions of the opponent and the initial competitive situations;
· Ability by the shortest way find such a decision that most likely led to success.
Main Specific method Improving tactical thinking is an training method with a real and conditional opponent On the stages between the main competitions and directly preceding the main competitions.
The highest practical form of tactical training are sports.
Specific means and tactical training methods are the tactical forms of performing special preparatory and competitive exercises, the so-called "tactical exercises", which differ from other exercises by:
1) Installation when performing these exercises is focused on solving tactical tasks;
2) there are separate tactical techniques and situations of sports struggle;
3) can be simulated and external conditions of competition.
At the stage of direct preparation for competitions, the main purpose of modeling – Testing the developed tactical plan in conditions of as many as possible coinciding with the terms of the upcoming contest.
The main way to acquire competitive experience – This is the way of systematic participation in competitions of various ranks.
The factors affecting the tactics of the competitive activities of athletes include: the rules of the competition, the provision of competitions, the conditions of the external environment, concomitant competitions.
Competition rules. Periodically, in some sports, they change that it also leads to a change in tactics in competitions (the introduction of 3-point throws in basketball; a decrease in the battles in freestyle fights; permission to transfer hands through the grid during a block when attacking volleyball).
Regulations on Competitionspecifies the choice of tactics, the arrangement of forces inside the command, the number of persons acting in each form of the program. Sometimes it is more profitable to lose the personal championship of individual team members, in order to win the team championship.
Conditions of the external environment, concomitant competitions. Changing the places of competition, lighting, meteo conditions and other factors affect the choice of equipment and tactics.
Tactical training Athlete is aimed at mastering sports tactics and achieving tactical skill in favorite sport. Tactics are a combination of forms and ways to conduct sports struggle in the conditions of competition.
Distinguish individual, group and team tactics. Tactics may also be passive, active and combined (mixed).
Passive tactic -this is a predetermined enemy initiative for the provision of initiative in order to take active actions at the right time. For example, the finishing "throw" from behind the back in the race, cycling, counterattack in boxing, fencing, football, etc.
Active tactics -this is an imposition of an opponent of actions that are beneficial for themselves. For example, running with irregularly changing speed, the so-called torn jogging, sharp transitions from active offensive battle in boxing to slow motion. Frequent shift technical techniques and combinations in football, handball; Achieving high results immediately in the first attempt, arrival, swim - in length jumps and height, throwing, cycling, swimming, etc.
Mixed tacticincludes active and passive forms of competing competition.
The tactics of an athlete in competitions is determined primarily by the task that they put in front of it. All variety of such tasks can ultimately be reduced to four:
Show maximum, record result.
To defeat the opponent, no matter what the result will be shown.
Win the competition and at the same time show the highest result.
Show results sufficient to access the next round of the competition - quarterfinal, semi-finals and finals.
From solving any one of these tasks in the competition and will depend on what tactics an athlete or team chooses. You can allocate 4 tactical forms of competitive struggle:
1. Tactics of records. In cyclic sports, the tactics of leading during the competition is most often used. The athlete takes on the leader's leader long before the finish line and tries to keep the advantage to the end of the competition. This tactic can derive from the equilibrium of the main competitors, make them nervous, change their tactical plans.
Two options of leading tactics are distinguished:
Lidening with a uniform speed when passing a distance - in running, swimming, rowing;
Leading with a change in speed, tempo at the distance. Tactics of records with a uniform tempo successfully demonstrated such well-known runners for long distances, like P. Bolotnikov, N. Sviridov (USSR), R. Clark (Australia). A brilliant example of the use of tactics of "torn run" are victories on Olympic Games 1956 The wonderful runner V. Kutza over such famous Finish masters, as the British of Piri and K. Chataui.
Most global records in sports requiring endurance, installed with a uniform passage of the distance. This is explained by the fact that from a physiological point of view, uneven operation of operation, compared with uniform, causes an increased energy consumption. Therefore, it is applied only enough well-prepared athletes.
2. Tactics winning competitions regardless of the result shown. This tactic is usually used in final competitions, as well as when the sports result shown cannot affect the final distribution of places between the main rivals. Any of tactical techniques must be carefully prepared during the training process.
When solving this complex task, as a rule, an athlete:
it seeks to achieve maximum performance and tear away from rivals at the beginning of the competition ("Tactics of Oterval") - develop maximum speed in the first half of the distance; jump at maximum length or height in the first credit attempt; It is good for the most difficult exercise in the first part of mandatory or arbitrary programs in gymnastics;
keeps strength for the decisive finish jerk ("Finish Spurt Tactics"). After the start immediately takes place behind the leader and closely monitors all the competitors or keeps in the leading group, preparing at any time to take maneuver;
intentionally changes the speed, the rate of movements, individual tactical techniques and their combinations during the competition ("tactics of spraying an opponent" - dramatically changes the speed at the distance in running, swimming, in ski races, Multiple episodic explosive attacks in boxing, in fencing), often changes technical techniques, thereby putting the opponent in a predicary position, etc.
3. Tactics Winning Competitions with High Results. This is a rather rare tactic. It meets when places in competitions are determined without finals, i.e. According to the results shown in various races, attempts, swims - in speed skating, weightlifting, swimming.
When solving this task, two situations are possible:
when the main rivals have already started and the athlete is known for their result;
when the main competitors start in subsequent races, swims.
In the first case, the athlete must show the result higher than its main rival ("Tactics bending the result of the opponent"):
a) pass the distance on the schedule of rivals with a slight margin - in running, swimming, rowing, etc.;
b) raise the bar larger weightthan a competitor;
c) to reject the projectile for a longer distance;
d) score more goals, score more points - in football, handball, wrestling, etc.
In the second case, the athlete seeks to show a high result in the first attempts ("Tactics of the first strike", "tactics of separation").
4. Release tactics in the next tour of the competition. Some athletes show high results In preliminary competitions, spending a lot of strength, and in the final, without having time to relax, significantly reduce their achievements and lose. Other athletes are too saving forces in the preliminary part of the competition and in the end do not fall into the final. To avoid these errors, it is necessary:
Know how many athletes (teams) falls into the final.
Have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe strength of rivals.
Be able to show the result sufficient to exit the semifinals, the final.
In the practice of sports, when solving this tactical task, the athlete (team) seeks:
Show results sufficient to exit the next stage of the competition ("Tactics of the rational distribution of forces on the contest").
Show high results at each stage of the competition ("Tactics of maintaining a psychological advantage and invincibility").
Types, tasks and means of tactical training athlete
Total tactical training aims to teach an athlete with a variety of tactical techniques. Special tactical training directed on mastering and improving sports tactics in a favorite sport.
The following main tasks are solved in the process of tactical training:
Acquisition of knowledge athlete in sports tactics (about its effective forms, development trends in favorites and related sports).
Collection of information about rivals, conditions of forthcoming competitions, on the regime of the competition, the socio-psychological atmosphere in this country and the development of the tactical plan of the athlete's speech at the competition.
Mastering and improving tactical techniques for conducting competitive struggle.
The formation of tactical thinking and directly related abilities - observation, integrity, creative initiative, prediction of tactical intentions of the enemy, the results of it and their actions, the speed of switching from some tactical actions to others, depending on the specific situation of the compets and actions of the enemy.
Mastering techniques psychological impact On the opponent and masking their own intentions.
Specific means of tactical training are exercise, i.e. Motor actions used to solve certain tactical tasks.
Three main phases are distinguished in tactical action:
perception and analysis of the competitive situation;
mental solution of the tactical problem;
motor solution tactical task.
They can simulate separate tactical techniques or holistic forms of contests. Depending on the preparation phase, these exercises apply:
a) in lightweight conditions;
b) in complicated conditions;
c) under conditions as close as possible to competitions.
Knowledge of tactics is the basis of creative thinking when solving individual and collective tasks.
The athlete must know:
rules of competitions, features of their judging and conduct; conditions of competitions and their opponents;
the basics of tactical actions in sports, their dependence on physical, technical and volitional preparedness; The main features of the tactics of their sport and others.
All means, methods and forms of competing competitive struggle are posted in the tactical plan.
Tactical plan - This is a program of the main actions of individual athletes or teams. It is drawn up in the process of preparation for competitions and is finalized by the time of the competition.
The tactical plan has the following sections:
The main task that is placed in front of an athlete or team in these competitions.
The total shape of the tactical struggle is active, passive, combined.
Distribution of forces throughout the competition, taking into account the competition regime.
Distribution of forces in the course of each performance (chart of the speed of the distance, the pace of the game, the battle, the duration and character of the warm-up).
Possible switches from one type of tactics to another, directly in the competition process due to possible changes in tasks.
Ways to mask your own intentions (actions).
Data on opponents, weak and strengths in their preparation.
Data on the fields of competition, about the weather, about the judging of the upcoming competitions and the audience.
The tactical plan has the main sections: a) the main task; b) the general shape of the tactical struggle (offensive, active-defensive, protective) and its option in relation to the conditions of these competitions. In sports games, in addition, it is necessary to provide a game system, combinations, private techniques in the interaction of players. In other sports - the possibility of applying group tactics and individual combinations and receptions; c) the distribution of forces taking into account the intensity, duration and nature of loads and recreation - the competition regime; d) the distribution of forces in the course of each individual performance (speed schedule, conditional graph, the pace of the game, the duration and nature of the workout); e) possible switching from one tactic (or system) to another tactic (system) in the process of competition in connection with the possible changes in the tasks and the setting of the tactical struggle; e) methods and methods of masking their own intentions; g) data on the adversary, weak and strengths in its preparation (physical, tactical, technical and volitional) and appropriate attacks (individual and group) and counteraction (active and defensive); h) data on places of competition, weather, refereeing, viewers, etc.
In sports games, in addition to the general tactical game plan, the team can be drawn up a tactical plan for individual players. The basis of such a plan may be the analysis of the ratio of forces, the martial pair (attack and protection).
The plan for the upcoming competition is compiled by an athlete and coach jointly, since the growth of tactical skill athlete is impossible without its active participation in the preparation of tactical competition plans.
Sports and tactical training- This is a pedagogical process aimed at mastering rational forms of conducting sports struggle in the process of specific competitive activities. It includes: study general provisions tactics of a selected sport, refugeery and the provisions on competitions, tactical experience of the strongest athletes. Mastering the abilities of building their tactics in the upcoming competitions; modeling required conditions In training and control competitions for practical mastering tactical constructions. Its result is to provide a certain level of tactical preparedness athlete or team. Tactical preparedness is closely related to the use of various technical techniques, with the methods of their execution, the choice of offensive, defensive, counterattack tactics and its forms (individual, group or team).
The practical implementation of tactical preparedness implies the solution of the following tasks: creating a holistic idea of \u200b\u200bthe duel; Formation of an individual style of competing combat; Determined and timely
embodiment decisions taken Thanks to rational techniques and actions, taking into account the peculiarities of the enemy, the conditions of the external environment, refereeing, a competitive situation, their own state, etc.
High tactical skill athlete is based on a good level of technical, physical, mental parties. The basis of sports and tactical skills make up tactical knowledge, skills, skills and quality of tactical thinking.
Under the tactical knowledge of the athlete implies information about the principles and rational forms of tactics developed in favorite sport. Tactical knowledge find practical use in the form of tactical skills and skills. In unity with the formation of tactical knowledge, skills and skills, tactical thinking is developing. It is characterized by an athlete's ability to quickly perceive, evaluate, allocate and recycle information, substantial to solve tactical tasks in the competition, anticipate the action of the opponent and the outcome of the competitive situations, and most importantly - the shortest way to find among several possible solutions, which is the most likely to whore Success.
There are two types of tactical training: publicly and special. Total tactical preparation is aimed at mastering knowledge and tactical skills necessary for success in sports competitions in a favorite sport; Special tactical training - to master knowledge and tactical actions necessary for a successful performance in specific competitions and against a specific opponent.
Tactical forms of fulfillment of special preparatory and competitive exercises, so-called tactical exercises serve specific means and methods of tactical training. From other training exercises, they are distinguished by the fact that:
Installation when performing these exercises is oriented primarily on the solution of tactical tasks;
In the exercises, individual tactical techniques and situations of sports struggle are practically simulated;
In the necessary cases, external conditions of competition are also modeled.
Depending on the preparation stages, tactical exercises are used in lightweight conditions; in complicated conditions; In the conditions as close as possible to the competitive.
It is usually necessary to facilitate the conditions for performing tactical exercises in training. It is usually necessary when forming new complex skills and skills or converting previously formed. This is achieved by simplifying the learned forms of tactics, if it is disclosed to less complex operations (with excretion, for example, an actions of an attacking, defensive, contracting tactics in sports games and martial arts, a positional struggle at the distance, etc.). The purpose of using tactical exercises of increased difficulty is to ensure the reliability of the incredible forms of tactics and stylizing the development of tactical abilities. Regarding the general methodological approaches incarnate in such exercises include: a) approaches related to the introduction of additional tactical opposition from the enemy. The athlete (team) is in time to be needed to solve tactical tasks, overcome a more significant opposition, in the conditions of competition. For example: to realize the intended tactical design in the training fight with several rivals, alternately changing in the course of the bout; in the game exercises and training games "one against two", three against five ", etc.; overcome the resistance of the opponent to the predetermined technical and tactical techniques, which is allowed to enjoy the wider arsenal of techniques; b) approaches associated with the restriction of spatial and time conditions; c) approaches associated with the obligatory expansion of the tactical options used; d) approaches associated with the limitation of the number of attempts provided to achieve a competitive purpose.
In the process of improving tactical thinking, the athlete needs to develop the following abilities: to quickly perceive, adequately realize, analyze, evaluate the competitive situation and make a decision in accordance with the situation created and the level of preparedness and its operational state; anticipate the actions of the enemy; Build your actions in accordance with the objectives of the competition and the task of a specific contenesis.
The main specific method of improving tactical thinking is the training method of both real and a conditional opponent.
Along with learning and improving the foundations of sports tactics, it is necessary:
Constant replenishment and deepening knowledge about the patterns of sports tactics, its effective forms;
Systematic "intelligence" (collection of information) on sports rivals, the development of tactical intentions;
Update and deepening sports and tactical skills and skills, schemes, etc.;
Education of tactical thinking.
As a practical section of the content of sports training, tactical preparation is most fully represented at the stages directly preceding the main competitions, and on the stages between the main competitions.
At the stage of direct preparation for the responsible competition, the tactical training technique should ensure primarily the most complete modeling of those holistic forms of tactics, which will be used in this contest. The purpose of the simulation at the same time - to test the developed tactical idea and the plan in conditions, as much as possible coinciding with the terms of the upcoming contest.
Physical training
Physical preparation is a pedagogical process aimed at raising the physical qualities and the development of functionality creating favorable conditions for improving all parties to preparation. It is divided into common and special.
general physical preparationinvolves the versatile development of physical qualities, the functionality and systems of the body of an athlete, the coherence of their manifestation in the process muscular activity. In modern sports training General physical fitness binds not to versatile physical perfection in general, but with the level of development of qualities and abilities that have an indirect influence on sports achievements and the effectiveness of the training process in concrete Sports. Funds of general physical training are exercises that have the overall impact on the body and the personality of an athlete. These include various movements - running, skiing, swimming, mobile and sports games, exercises with burdens, etc.
General physical training should be carried out throughout the annual training cycle.
Special physical trainingit is characterized by the level of development of physical abilities, the possibilities of organs and functional systems that directly determine the achievements in the chosen sport. Basic means of special physical training are competitive exercises and specially preparatory exercises.
Physical preparedness athlete is closely related to his sports specialization. In some sports and their individual disciplines, sports result is determined primarily by high-speed-power capabilities, level of development of anaerobic performance; in other - aerobic performance, endurance to long work; in third - high-speed-power coordination abilities; In the fourth - uniform development of various physical qualities.
Methods of education of physical qualities are detailed in chapter 7 "Theoretical and practical foundations of physical qualities."
Mental preparation
Mental preparation - This is a system of psychological and pedagogical impacts used to form and improve the properties of the individuals and mental qualities necessary for the successful implementation of training activities, prepare for competitions and a reliable performance in them.
Mental training helps to create such a mental state, which contributes, on the one hand, the greatest use of physical and technical preparedness, and on the other, it allows you to withstand before competitive and competitive factors (uncertainty in their forces, fear of possible damage, stiffness, overexcitation, and t .d.).
It is customary to allocate general mental training and mental training for a specific competition.
General trainingresolved in two ways:
1) training athlete universal techniques providing mental readiness for activities in extreme conditions: methods of self-regulation of emotional states, the level of activation, concentration and allocation of attention; methods of self-organization and mobilization on maximum volitional and physical efforts;
2) teaching modeling techniques in the training activities of the conditions for the competitive struggle through verbal and inventive models. Preparations for a specific competition involves the formation of an installation on achieving a planned result against the background of certain emotional arousal, depending on the motivation, the magnitude of the athlete's need to achieve the goal and subjective assessment probability of its achievement. By changing emotional excitement, regulating the value of the need, public and personal value of the target, as well as the subjective probability of success, one can form the necessary state of mental readiness athlete to the upcoming competition.
In everyday training process Mental preparation is included in other types of training (physical, technical, tactical), although it has its own goals and objectives. If the goal of mental training is the realization of the potential opportunities of this athlete, providing effective activities, the variety of private tasks (the formation of motivational installations, upbringing volitional qualities, improving motor skills, development of intelligence, achieving mental stability to training and competitive loads), leads to the fact that any training facility in one way or another contributes to the solution of mental training problems.
By goalapplications
1) mobilizing;
2) corrective (correct);
3) relaxing (relaxing).
1) psychological-pedagogical (convincing guides, motor, behavioral-organizing, socio-organizing, combined);
2) predominantly psychological (suggestive, i.e. inspiring; mental, combining the impact in Word and way; socio-gaming, combined);
3) mainly psychophysiological (instrumental, psychopharmacological, respiratory, combined).
By impact area funds and methods of mental training are divided into:
1) funds aimed at the correction of a perceptive psychomotor sphere (i.e., on the qualities associated with the perception of the situation and motor actions);
2) means of impact on the intellectual sphere;
3) means of impact on the volitional sphere;
4) means of impact on the emotional sphere;
5) means of impact on the moral sphere.
By addressing funds and methods of mental training are divided into:
1) funds aimed at mental training coach;
2) Controls directly athlete or team.
By application time these funds and methods are divided into:
1) warning;
2) preservers;
3) competitive;
4) post-review.
By character of application they are divided into self-regulation (auto-motions) and heterororegulation (the impact of other participants in the pedagogical process - coach, psychologist, doctor, masseur, etc.).
The timing of the time, the place of competition, the social and psychological climate in the team, the individual features of the athlete have significant impact on the choice of specific funds and methods.
Mobilizing agents and methods are aimed at increasing the mental tone, the formation of an active intellectual and motor activity of an athlete. These include such verbal means like self-like, beliefs; such psychoregulating exercises as "psychoregulating training" (option "Mobilization"), concentration exercises; Physiological influences such as an exciting acupuncture option, exciting massage.
Correcting agents usually relate to the category of verbal and carry the form of heterogeneity. There may be various options for sublimation (the athlete's thoughts on the possible outcome of the competition are displaced in the direction of assessing their own technical and tactical actions), ways to change goaling, receiving "rationalization" (when an athlete explains the mechanism of stress that makes it less dangerous), "Sleepy gymnastics" According to K. S. Stanislavsky (when an athlete is intentionally offered to portray anger, rage, joy, doubt, etc.).
Relaxing agents are directed and decrease in the level of excitation and facilitate the process of mental and physical recovery. As examples, it is possible to name the Options for Sootling, "progressive relaxation" (consistent voltage and muscle relaxation), "Pause of psychoregulation", soothing massage.
Psychological and pedagogical agents are competence of not only a psychologist, but also coaches are based on the verbal (verbal) effects and are directed mainly to the moral and moral scope of an athlete. The skillful use of the word is the most important means of mental training.
Psychophysiological conventionally referred to the funds of physiological technologies, but the mental impact, mainly indirectly. Such means are acupuncture, massage, warm-up, especially if it is psychologically competently built and pursues the purpose of the formation from the athlete of the necessary mood.
A significant section of mental preparations make up acceptance of arbitrary self-regulation. According to the method of use with such techniques there may be conviction, self-sustainment (self-propelled), motor and breathing exercises, the use of mechanisms of representation and imagination (for example, using the means of an ideomotor workout),
Mental preparation is carried out throughout perennial training In training activities, training campaigns, competitions.
18.6. Training and Competitive Loads
- This is the impact of physical exercises on the body of an athlete, causing an active response of its functional systems (V.N. Platonov, 1987). - It is intense, often the maximum burden associated with the performance of competitive activities.Training load does not exist in itself. It is a function of muscle work inherent in training and competitive activities. It is muscle work that contains the training potential, which causes the corresponding functional restructuring from the body.
In their way characterloads used in sports are divided into training and competitive, specific and nonspecific; by magnitude- on small, medium, significant (occasional) and large (limit); by directions -on contributing to the improvement of individual motor qualities (high-speed, power, coordination, endurance, flexibility) or their components (for example, anlactate or lactate anaerobic capabilities, aerobic capabilities), which improve the coordination structure of movements, components of mental preparedness or tactical skills, etc.; by coordination complexity
- on stereotypical conditions that do not require significant mobilization of coordination abilities, and associated with the implementation of the movements of high coordination complexity; by mental tension- on more intense and less tense depending on the requirements for mental capabilities of athletes.
All loads on the magnitude of the impact on the body of the athlete can be divided into developing supporting (stabilizing) and recovery.
Developing loads include large and significant loads that are characterized by high impacts on the basic functional systems of the body and cause a significant level of fatigue. Such loads on the integral effect on the body can be expressed after 100 and 80%. After such loads, a recovery period is required for the most involved functional systems, respectively, 48-96 and 24--48 h.
Supporting (stabilizing) loads include average loads affecting the athlete's body at 50-60% in relation to large loads and requiring the restoration of the most tired systems from 12 to 24 hours.
Recovery loads include small loads on an athlete's body at 25-30% in relation to large and requiring recovery not more than 6 hours.
The choice of one or another load should be justified, first of all, from the performance of efficiency. The most significant features of the efficiency of training loads can be attributed (M. A. Godik, 1980):
1) specialized, i.e. measure of similarity with competitive exercise;
2) tension, which manifests itself in preferential impact on this or that motor quality, when using certain energy supply mechanisms;
3) the value as a quantitative measure of exposure to the exercise on the body of an athlete.
The load specialism implies their distribution to groups, depending on the degree of their similarity with competitive. On this basis, all training loads are divided into specific and nonspecific. Specific references are significantly similar to competitive in the nature of the exhibitivity and responses of functional systems.
In the modern classification of training and competitive loads, five zones that have certain physiological borders and pedagogical criteria are widespread in workout practices. In addition, in some cases, the third zone is divided into two subzones, and the fourth is three in accordance with the duration of competitive activities and the capacity of work (Table 30). For qualified athletes, these zones have the following characteristics.