Assessment of the health status of an athlete.
1. Medical history.
2. Sports history.
Sports experience, number of competitions (games), the number of injuries, physical condition.
3. Questions asked by the athlete:
Family History, Athlete Complaints
4. Physical examination:
Cardiology
Respiratory
Gastrian
Urology
Orthopedic
Neurological
Laboratory
5. Examination of posture.
Purpose: Evaluation of the equilibrium or nonequilibrium muscles and posture in various plans and cuts.
6. Anthropometric examination.
Overall assessment of the physique - weight, growth,% fat,% muscular mass Assessment of the bone structure
7. Unterprise Survey:
- Muscular power and power.
Flexibility
Speed
Coordination
Speed \u200b\u200breaction
8. Metabolic examination:
Aerobic endurance - an assessment on a treadmill, an assessment in "field conditions" (3200 m.)
Anaerobic endurance - laboratory tests, tests on the playground.
9. Anaerobic threshold:
Lactate test - treadmill, "field conditions"
Running test (3200 m.)
10. Psychological testing.
Purpose: Identification of individual features of the athlete and modeling of promising behavior, including in extreme situations.
11. Testings aimed at identifying the parameters of the body, priority for this sport.
Additional tests
"Benks" - a flexibility test
Purpose: to achieve a maximum distance when flexing the housing ahead in the sitting position. This test estimates the muscle stretching and shows the flexibility of an athlete.
Tver.
Purpose: Determination of the volume of muscular mass limbs and its comparative analysis. If there is an imbalance, it is necessary to achieve equality.
Isokinetic examination of the limbs.
Purpose: Detection of imbalance of the limbs and comparative assessment eccentric and presenter power.
Jump test.
Purpose: Definition of blasting force, participation muscular fibers In the percentage, the use of the accumulated muscular elastic energy, intra and intermediate coordination.
Instrument tests.
Evaluation Parameters:
Comparative muscle parameter before and after work.
Linear and angular muscle acceleration.
Measurement of medium and maximum speed.
Measurement of medium and maximum power.
Measuring average work
Dynamic test:
Increasing weight.
Real speed with strength work.
Power test.
Test for the maximum weight.
Test for flexibility.
Test Chrono:
Determines the final time, time, distance, the speed of passing each circle. Determines the recovery time between each series. Determines the cumulative number of circles.
Globus system:
Biomechanical analysis of movements. Evaluation of isotonic, isometric and plyometric workout. The total control of the work performed.
WORK TEST devices.
The method of employee to determine the imbalance in the development of the limbs, with a graphical display of the degree of inequality.
Cumulative integral systems.
Summary: Analyze the speed, distance and the frequency of the heart cut during and at the end of the exercise.
Pulsometers.
Online transmission of data on heart rate with the definition of the contraction corridor during training. Report with graphs and analysis.
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The season starts after 10 days 683The functional state of the body of athletes is studied in the process of in-depth medical examination (UMO). For judgment on the functional condition of the body, all methods are used, including the instrumental adopted in modern medicine. At the same time, the functioning of various systems is studied and an integrated assessment of the functional state of the body as a whole is given.
The study of the functional state of the body of athletes is one of the most important tasks of sports medicine. Information about it is necessary to assess the state of health, identifying the peculiarities of the body associated with sports training, and for diagnosing the level of training.
The training is a comprehensive medical-pedagogy concept characterizing the readiness of an athlete to achieve high sports results. The training is developing under the influence of systematic and targeted sports. Its level depends on the effectiveness of the structural and functional restructuring of the body, which is combined with the high tactical and technical and psychological preparedness of an athlete. The leading role in the diagnosis of training belongs to the coach, which carries out a comprehensive analysis of medical and biological, pedagogical and psychological information about the athlete. It is obvious that the reliability of the diagnosis of training depends on the biological preparedness of the coach, who needs good knowledge of the basics of special functional diagnostics.
It should be noted that this reflects the leading role of the coach and teacher physical culture In the whole diverse complex of problems related to sports training. Even relatively recently, the diagnosis of the training was the prerogative of a sports physician. New, more specific tasks that are now in front of sports medicine (see ch. I), at all reduced its role in the diagnosis of training and in management training process.
Since the term "training" has acquired a more universal nature in modern sportIt took a new definition of the circle of issues that solves a sports doctor in the process of diagnosing training (assessment of the state of health, physical development, functional state of the body systems, etc.). Very convenient in this regard was the term "functional readiness". The level of functional readiness of the body of an athlete (in combination with data on its physical performance) can be really used by the coach for diagnosing the training.
To study the functional state of the system of the body athlete, it is investigated in peace and in conditions of various functional samples. The data is compared with the normal standards obtained by examining large contingents of healthy people who are not engaged in sports. In the process of such a comparison, it is set or compliance with normal standards, or deviation from them. Deviation is most often due to the functional changes that develop in the process sports training (for example, slowing down heart rate from well-trained athletes). However, in some cases it may be due to fatigue, overtraining or disease.
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To study the functional state of the nervous system, as well as visceral systems of the body of the athlete (cardiovascular, respiratory, blood, digestive systems, isolation, endocrine), a wide range of medical methods is applied. First of all, medical and sports history is going. The doctor then examines the inspection of the skin and mucous membranes in the athlete, performs the procedures for the study of reflexes, palpation, percussion and auscultation. The information obtained at the same time allows you to constitute a judgment about the state of health of the athlete and the presence of pre -theological and pathological symptoms. Materials such a clinical examination can be used to evaluate the features of the functional state of a particular system. However, the greatest amount of useful information can be obtained using instrumental research methods (in peace) and tests, i.e., in the process of functional diagnostics.
F.unnical diagnosis is one of the fundamental sections of medicine designed to study the activities of various human body systems using complex medical equipment. Scientific and technical progress continuously enriches the functional diagnosis, making it a mandatory component of any industry of medicine, including sports.
4.1. Functional state of the body athlete and diagnostics of training
F.the unnical state of the body of athletes is studied in the process of in-depth medical examination (UMO). For judgment on the functional condition of the body, all methods are used, including the instrumental adopted in modern medicine. At the same time, the functioning of various systems is studied and an integrated assessment of the functional state of the body as a whole is given.
ANDthe illness of the functional state of the body of athletes is one of the most important tasks of sports medicine. Information about it is necessary to assess the state of health, identifying the peculiarities of the body associated with sports training, and for diagnosing the level of training.
T.recreation is a complex medical-pedagogy concept characterizing the readiness of an athlete to achieve high sports results. The training is developing under the influence of systematic and targeted sports. Its level depends on the effectiveness of the structural and functional restructuring of the body, which is combined with the high tactical and technical and psychological preparedness of an athlete. The leading role in the diagnosis of training belongs to the coach, which carries out a comprehensive analysis of medical and biological, pedagogical and psychological information about the athlete. It is obvious that the reliability of the diagnosis of training depends on the biological preparedness of the coach, who needs good knowledge of the basics of special functional diagnostics.
N.aDO note that this reflects the leading role of the coach and physical culture teacher throughout the diverse complex of problems related to sports training. Even relatively recently, the diagnosis of the training was the prerogative of a sports physician. New, more specific tasks that are now in front of sports medicine (see Chapter I), did not significantly reduce its role in the diagnosis of training and in the management of the training process.
Postrchka The term "training" acquired a more universal nature in modern sport, it took a new definition of the circle of issues that solves a sports doctor in the process of diagnosing training (assessment of the health, physical development, the functional state of the body systems, etc.). Very convenient in this regard was the term "functional readiness". The level of functional readiness of the body of an athlete (in combination with data on its physical performance) can be really used by the coach for diagnosing the training.
Forthe study of the functional state of the system of the body of the athlete is investigated in peace and in conditions of various functional samples. The data is compared with the normal standards obtained by examining large contingents of healthy people who are not engaged in sports. In the process of such a comparison, it is set or compliance with normal standards, or deviation from them. Deviation is most often due to the functional changes that develop in the process of sports training (for example, slowing the frequency of heartbeats from well-trained athletes). However, in some cases it may be due to fatigue, overtraining or disease.
INmedicine adopted a number of indicators of the active state of the body not to compare not with normal standards, but with the so-called values \u200b\u200bdue to these conditions that are determined by those or other substantial variables. These include, for example, age, growth or weight of the subject, sports specialization, qualifications, etc. However, simple comparison is not enough for reliable judgment on the level of functional readiness athlete. We illustrate this by an example in which the ratios of real and proper values \u200b\u200bare considered for such parameters independent from each other, as the amount of hemoglobin (not) and the magnitude of the lungs (jerking). In two-dimensional space ( X and y in fig. 13) The vertical line (not) characterizes the minimum permissible hemoglobin value (left of this line is not low), the horizontal line (jerking) is the minimum allowable value for the athletes of this age and the sport (below this system low). Then only an athlete A. can be considered satisfying the requirements of normality on these two indicators. The athlete V. has been reduced, and at the athlete S. is not reduced. Obviously, this conclusion is incorrect. The fact is that the diagnosis of functional readiness is made on the basis of many parameters that often depend on each other. In this case, the high level of functional readiness will be determined not shaded in fig. 13 zone, and some curve y \u003d f (x), reflecting the hyperplane in / M-dimensional space (P - the number of parameters studied). Then it turns out that sufficient functional readiness will be at the athlete V., who has a good training can be achieved by the weakening of the requirements for other indicators, and in particular the value of not, reduced compared to the norm. Only at the athlete C. Functional readiness is not sufficient that it is necessary to take into account the coach when determining the condition of the training. The characteristic of the functional state of the body systems can be considered fairly fully, if, along with data registered alone, the results of functional samples are taken into account. Functional samples used in sports medicine can be divided into two large groups. The first group includes samples used to study the functional state of individual systems of the body (for example, nervous system), to the second - samples that evaluate the functional state of the body as a whole, taking into account the reactions of the complex of various organism systems on disturbing actions (see ch. V) .The lack of information about the readiness of the player or disregard to it makes the preparation process uncontrollable. In addition, ignoring the monitoring of the individual state of the athlete significantly increases the likelihood of training against the background of notopheses, which can cause undesirable results and serious negative consequences.
The main risks of workouts against the background of the unaware of an athlete are:
- Development of chronic stress;
- Overwork and overtraining;
- Reducing performance and results;
- Diseases and injuries.
Accordingly, the task of the coach is to determine the state of the athlete and select the most optimal training load specifically for this particular moment. However, how to do it, is the most big problem Sports. No wonder most athletes even on Olympic GamesTo which the bulk is purposefully preparing for four years, can not show your best result of the season! In such sports as hockey, where we are dealing with a whole team of two dozen athletes, and without the supervisory task becomes even more difficult. However, the situation is not entirely hopeless. In all over the world, experts are searching effective tools Management of the body of athletes. There are already methods that are partially solving the task.
Classical techniques for assessing the state of the athlete
Subjective Exchange of Load Portability
The easiest and most accessible absolutely every option is a subjective assessment of training loads with hockey players.
For this, each athlete describes its perception of training load on a 5-point scale (5 - extreme fatigue, 1 - very easy), after which the results of the results are analyzed (Table 1).
In practice, sports was successfully applied (in particular, a football specialist G.M. Gadzhiev) An even more simplified three-level questionnaire version:
Table 1. Dynamics of fatigue indicators from players in the training microcycle
Obviously, subjectivism is the main disadvantages of this method. As shown personal experience The author when applying this technique, most players deliberately underestimate to impress the coach as a more prepared hockey player.
Ortostatic test
Another simple and very common method is an ortostatic sample. There is a large number of its varieties.
The simplest and most convenient for use in the field variant of the orthostatic sample is the calculation of the pulse of the lying and after the slow upset.
The methodology of the study: after a 3-minute recreation, the heart rate is calculated in 10 seconds three times, the average value is taken into account. Then the task of the subject calmly get up and calculate the pulse standing in 10 seconds. Assessment of the condition of the cardiovascular system (CSS) is carried out by finding the point of intersection of the pulse values \u200b\u200bsitting and standing on a special score scale (Table 2). The print font indicates quantitative (14.5; 14.0; 11.5; 10.0, etc.), and the color of the CCC state estimate (1, 2, 3, 4).
Scale of estimating the state of the cardiovascular system according to the orthostatic sample
There is something more simplified option Estimates. So, E. G. Milner assesses the results in the following way : CSS difference less than 16 UD / min - good recoveryThe difference of 16-18 shots is satisfactory, increasing the pulse at 18 and more blows - incomplete recovery and overwork.
Methods of current monitoring of the state of athletes PA Anokhina and ld GISSEN
The current state of the athlete can be judged by the dynamics of the compression force of the manual dynamometer. Many studies have been established (Keller V.S., 1977, Ozoline N.G., 2003) that fatigue immediately affects the level of the maximum power of the person exhibited by it with one-time compression of the manual dynamometer (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Dynamometry control in a weekly microcycle
Blood urea level
Figure 2. Urea content control in a weekly microcycle
Indicator of the total impact on the body of the hockey player physical LoadsAlso, the degree of restoration after them can be the level of urea in the blood (Figure 2). Its concentration increases significantly with an increase in the duration of training, and its elevated level the next morning is an indicator of incomplete recovery.
Systematic integrated monitoring of the status and readiness of an athlete using OmegaWave technology
OmegaWave technology is designed to improve the efficiency of managing the system for training athletes and includes an integrated approach to an assessment of an athlete's functional readiness. The basis of the approach is modern scientifically based ideas about the adaptation of an athlete's body as a holistic, systemic process.
When creating OmegaWave, developers relied on the fundamental work of outstanding scientists:
According to modern ideas, "an athlete's training system is an adaptive process, the physiological essence of which is the continuous functional improvement of the organism on the basis of artificially complicated interactions with the environment. It is for this reason that the coach for effective management of the training process must have information about the dynamics of adaptation rebuilding in the ward organism under the influence of transferred loads.
The reflection of the occurrence of changes in the body is the functional state of the athlete, which is required to constantly control. However, the heterochrony of deploying adaptation processes in the body, the complexity of their interaction, significantly complicates the task of the coach and often does not allow objectively to estimate the functional state of the holistic athlete's integrity.
With this task, the operational and dynamic assessment of the athlete's functional readiness to loads can cope, reflecting the completed adaptation changes, the current functional state and the ability to implement the possibilities subsequent training lesson Or Competition.
Figure 3. Concept of readiness in the management of athletes
Readiness can also be described as an athlete's ability at this particular point to fully implement the existing preparedness potential (including physical, technical, tactical, mental and intellectual components).
"Based on the concept of readiness and with the involvement of physiology, medicine, cognitive neurobiology, sports sciences and computer simulation Omega-Wave has developed portable non-invasive technology that allows you to carry out an operational and dynamic integrated express assessment of the functional readiness of the athlete's body." Feedback received during its use, gives the coach an objective information about the current state of the athlete and allows you to individualize and optimize the preparation process.
Practical implementation of the concept of readiness in OmegaWave technology
Figure 4. An assessment of the readiness of an athlete, reflected in the survey protocol
Thanks to the use of special scientific methods, OmegaWave allows you to evaluate the readiness of the following physiological systems of the body:
- central nervous system;
- cardiac system and autonomous nervous system;
- energy supply systems;
- sensit system;
- neuromuscular system;
- the general readiness of the body.
Readiness of the central nervous system
OmegaWave technology analyzes the constant potentials (PP 1) of the athlete's brain, which is a specific, reliable and reproducible method for estimating the functional state of the human nervous system and its readiness for loads. This method has been used in fundamental physiology and medicine for more than 70 years, and in sports it was used for the first time when preparing the USSR athletes.
PP of the brain is an integral indicator that allows you to control the stability of the body of the athlete to stress, and evaluate the reserves of compensatory-eyed capabilities of the body's regulatory systems.
Figure 5. CNS Readiness Evaluation Protocol
The methodology for analyzing the brain, produced at rest for about 4 minutes, makes it possible to evaluate the level of active wakefulness or activation of the following athlete's body systems:
- central nervous system;
- respiratory systems and blood circulation;
- excretory system;
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system.
The result of the survey is displayed as a general conclusion about the quality of adaptation reactions, stability and availability of the estimated systems to the upcoming loads.
The readiness of the cardiac system and the autonomous nervous system
Evaluation of the functional state and the readiness of the cardiac system, as well as the regulatory effects of the autonomous nervous system, is carried out by analyzing the heart rate variability (WRC). Over the past 50 years, the WRC analysis method is constantly used in clinical and space medicine, labor and sports physiology, which has proven its effectiveness in assessing the adaptive reactions of the human cardiovascular system for load.
Using the WRC control methodology, OmegaWave measures ten indicators according to the registration standards, physiological interpretation and clinical application of the WRC of the European Society of Cardiologists and the North American society of electrophysiology.
In addition, OmegaWave registers five additional indicators in accordance with the advanced guidelines for the practical application of the WRC method published in Russian Federation.
Figure 6. Cardiac Readiness Evaluation Protocol
Taking as the basis of the development of Russian scientists, OmegaWave effectively uses not only statistical and spectral methods of analyzing VRS, but also geometric (variation pulsometry), non-linear and integral methods as valuable additional sources Information about the readiness of the athlete cardiac system to loads. In addition, having a fifteen years of experience in the use of WRC analysis for more than ten thousand high-class athletes, OmegaWave has developed its own models and algorithms for evaluating the cardiac system based on this method.
Figure 7. ECG Monitoring Protocol
Based on the comprehensive HRP analysis, the OmegaWave technology generates a protocol of the survey results, where information is reflected on the level of stress, fatigue and affordable adaptation reserves of the body, which serves as an objective consistency of the readiness of the athlete's cardiac system.
For a more in-depth analysis of the readiness of the athlete cardiovascular system, in accordance with international standards, six- and twelvechnical ECGs are also applied.
Preparedness of energy supply systems
When monitoring the readiness of energy supply systems of athletes to the upcoming loads, OmegaWave uses the complex amplitude-frequency analysis of the ECG, proven scientifically and tested in sports medicine.
OmegaWave monitors the following indicators