Presentation on figure skating. Presentation: Figure Skating

Slide 1.

Figure skating

Slide 2.

Figure skating is a skating sport, refers to the complex form of sport. The main idea lies in the movement of an athlete or a pair of athletes at skates on ice with changes in the direction of sliding and performing additional elements (rotations, jumps, combinations of steps, support, etc.) to the music.

Slide 3.

Figured skating private view Sports was formed in the 1860s and in 1871 it was recognized at the I Congress of Skating. The first competitions took place in Vienna in 1882 among men figure skaters. Women's figure skater got the opportunity to participate in the world championships only after 10 years in 1908 and 1920, figure skating competitions were held on the Summer Olympic Games; Figure skating was the first of the winter sports fell into the Olympic program. Since 1924, figure skating has invariably included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games.

Slide 4.

5 disciplines are isolated in figure skating: men's single skating, women's single skating, pair figure skating, sports dancing and group synchronous skating. Group synchronous skating is not included in the program official CompetitionAccording to this type of figure skating, a separate world championship in synchronous skating is held. Since 2014, the program competitions in figure skating have been included in the program of the Winter Olympics.

Slide 5.

Figure skating in Russia
Figure skating in Russia was known since the times of Peter I. Russian king brought the first samples of skates from Europe. It was Petr I came up with a new way of fastening skates - right to boots - and thus created "protifted" today's equipment of skaters. In 1838, the first textbook for figure skaters came out in St. Petersburg - " Winter fun And the art of running on skates. " The author was G. M. Pauli - a gym teacher in military schools of St. Petersburg. Russian figure skating as a sport originated in 1865. Then a public rink was opened in the Yusupov Garden in Sadovaya Street. This skating rink was the most comfortable in Russia and from the first days became the center of the training of skaters. On March 5, 1878, the first competition of Russian skaters took place. In 1881, about 30 people were part of the Society of Lovers Skating. One of the most famous sports and public figures was the honorary member of this society Vyacheslav Izmailovich Susznevsky.

Slide 6.

Types of figure skating
Male and feminine solitary skating Figure in single skating must demonstrate the possession of all groups of elements - steps, spirals, rotations, jumps. The higher the quality and complexity of the executable items, the higher the level of the athlete. Important criteria are also: the connection of the movements of an athlete with music, plasticity, aesthetic and artistry. Competitions in single skating pass in 2 stages: the first stage is a short program, the second stage is an arbitrary program.

Slide 7.

Figure skating
The task of athletes in pair catania will demonstrate possession of elements so as to create the impression of the unity of action. In pair skating, along with traditional elements (steps, spirals, jumps), there are elements that are performed only in this type of figure skating: support, twists, emissions, todes, joint and parallel rotation. An important criterion for paired athletes is the synchronization of the execution of elements. In pair skating, as well as in single, competitions take place in two stages - short and arbitrary programs.

Slide 8.

Dance Sport
In sports dancing on ice, from a technical point of view, the focus is on the joint execution of dance steps in standard and non-standard dance positions, and long partner disconnection is not allowed. Unlike paired figure skating, in sports dancing there are no distinctive elements of pair figure skating. In sports dancing, an important component of success is the smoothness of movements and an attractive appearance of the pair, so much attention is paid to the musical accompaniment and a thorough selection of suits for each competition program. Thanks to this, sports dancing is one of the most spectacular directions in figure skating. The modern program of official competition includes 2 dance: short dance and arbitrary.

Slide 9.

Basic elements of figure skating
In figure skating you can select 4 basic, basic elements: steps, spirals, rotation and jumping. There are also a number of specific elements performed in one form of figure skating.

Slide 10.

Steps
Steps are combinations of jolts and basic riding elements - arcs, triples, drawers, brackets, hooks, dyroids and loops, with which the skater moves along the site. Steps serve to connect elements in the program. In addition, the tracks of the steps are a mandatory element of the program. According to the current refereeing system, there are 4 levels of track complexity.

Slide 11.

Spirals
The spiral is called a position with one skate on ice and a free foot (including knee and shoes) above the level of hip. The positions of the spirals differ from each other with a sliding foot (right, left), an edge (outer, internal), the direction of slip (forward, backward) and the position of the free foot (back, forward, to the side). In order for the helix to be counted, you need to be in position at least 7 seconds. They, as well as tracks of steps, are evaluated by four difficulty levels.

Slide 12.

Rotation
The curvature of the cauldron caused the appearance of a large number of a wide variety of rotations on the blades of one or two skates in figure skating. There are rotations standing, rotation in the critic and rotation in the "Swallow" position. Changing the leg when performing rotations and the position change allows you to perform a combination of rotations.

Slide 13.

Jumping
Jumping are divided into two groups - Riber and socks (teeth). Repulsion from ice in the Ribe jumps takes place from the rib of the skate, in the socks - the shock of the sock of the skate. Now the skaters are performed by 6 main types of jumps - Tulup, Salkhov, Rittberger, flip, Lutz and Axel. Salkhov, Rittberger and Axel belong to the Ribe Jump; Tulup, Flip and Lutz - to Zubtsov.

Winter sports

Figure skating

• Figure skating - Speed \u200b\u200bskating. The main idea of \u200b\u200bfigure skating is the movement of an athlete or a pair of athletes at ice skating on ice with changes in the direction of sliding and performing additional elements (rotation, jumps, combinations of steps, support, etc.) to the music.

YESTERDAY AND TODAY

Figurists of 1908.

Figures 2008.

• Figure skating as a separate sport was formed in the 60s of the 19th century. The first competitions took place in Vienna in 1882 among men-skaters.
• In 1908 and 1920, figure skating competitions were held at the Summer Olympic Games. It should be noted that figure skating is the first of winter sports that fell into the Olympic program. Since 1924, it is invariably included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games.

• Figure skating in Russia was known since the times of Peter I. Russian king brought the first samples of skates from Europe. It was Petr I came up with a new way of fastening skates - straight to boots and created, thus, "protifted" today's equipment of the skaters.
• Russian figure skating, like a separate sport, originated in 1865. Then a public rink was opened in the Yusupov Garden in Sadovaya Street. This skating rink was the most comfortable in Russia and from the first days became the center of the training of skaters. On March 5, 1878, the first competition of Russian skaters took place.

Figure skates

• The prototype of modern skate is the Konk D. Gates. This model is essentially preserved unchanged and up to now called "Snow Males". The sock of the skate with a thick blade is cool downward up and has no teeth, so that they can be rolled not only on ice, but also by firmly rolled, iced snow. Hence the Russian name of this common model occurred.

Vintage skates

• The blade of modern skate is made from high-quality, alloyed, most often chromovadium steel. The hardening and cementation are produced in such a way that the largest hardness of the skate and the lower part of the blade side surfaces occur, while the rest remains not so solid and the horse saves the necessary elasticity.
• The blade is welded to two plates with holes through which the bumps are attached to the sole and the heel of the shoe.

• Figure skating highlight 5 Disciplines: Male Single Skating, Women Single Skating, Steam Figure Skating, Sports Dancing and Group Synchronous Skating. Group synchronous skating is not yet included in the official competition program, in this type of figure skating there is a separate world championship in synchronous skating.

Single skating

Male single skating

Male single skating

• The figure skater in single skating should demonstrate the possession of all groups of elements - steps, spirals, rotations, jumps. The higher the quality and complexity of the executable items, the higher the level of the athlete. Important criteria are also: the connection of the movements of an athlete with music, plasticity, aesthetic and artistry.

• Competitions in single skating pass in 2 stages : first stage - short program , second phase - arbitrary program.

Figure skating

Paired skating

Dance Sport

Paired skating

• The task of athletes in pair skating is to demonstrate the possession of the elements so as to create the impression of the unity of action.
• In pair skating, along with traditional elements (steps, spirals, jumping), there are elements that are performed only in this type of figure skating: it is support, twists, emissions, todes, joint and parallel rotations. An important criterion for paired athletes is the synchronization of the execution of elements.

Dance Sport

• In sports dancing on ice, from a technical point of view, the focus is on the joint execution of dance steps in standard and non-standard dance positions, and long partner disconnection is not allowed. Unlike paired figure skating, in sports dancing there are no jumps, emissions, etc. Distinctive elements of pair figure skating.
• In sports dancing, an important component of success is the smoothness of movements and an attractive appearance of the pair, so much attention is paid to the musical accompaniment and a thorough selection of suits for each competition program. Thanks to this, sports dancing is one of the most spectacular directions in figure skating.

• The synchronous skating team has from 16 to 20 skaters. The team may include women and men. Neither the technique nor the sliding nor the execution of individual elements in synchronous riding from classic figure skating is not different. But there is a certain specificity of riding in a team, which makes its own adjustments to the elements. The goal is to perform a team as a whole.

Figure skating on the Olympic Games

Since 1924 -

single riding, men and women. Pair skating.

Since 1976 - sports dancing on ice, couples.

Insert pattern

Shaw shapes

Often skaters take part in various shows, on which their skills are not assessed by the judges, but the audience.

Presentation Discipline: "Physical Culture" Topic: "Figure skating".

Prepared a student of 7 "a" class

Nikanorova Ekaterina

• Figure skating. Basic information.
• Total story.
• History of disciplines.
• The story of figure skating in Russia.
• Figure skating types.
• Main elements.
• Figure skating as physical culture.

Figure skating. Basic information.

• Figure skating - Speeding sport, refers to the complex formation of sports. The main idea is the movement of an athlete or a pair of athletes at the ice skating on ice with changes in the direction of sliding and performing additional elements (rotation, jumps, combinations of steps, support, etc.) to the music.
• Figure skating as a separate sport was formed in the 1860s and in 1871 it was recognized on the I Congress of Skating. The first competitions took place in Vienna in 1882 among men figure skaters.
• In 1908 and 1920, figure skating competitions were held at the Summer Olympic Games. It should be noted that figure skating is the first of winter sports that fell into the Olympic program. Since 1924, figure skating has invariably included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games.
• Since 1986 and to the present, official international competitions in figure skating, such as the World Championship, the European Championship, the Championship of the Four Continents and others pass under the auspices International Union Skaters (ISU, from English. International Skating Union, ISU).
• 5 disciplines are isolated in figure skating: men's single skating, women's single skating, pair figure skating, sports dancing and group synchronous skating. Group synchronous skating is not yet included in the official competition program, in this type of figure skating there is a separate world championship in synchronous skating.
• Since 2014, the Olympic Games program includes

command competitions in figure skating.

General story

• The origins of figure skating lie in the distant past, and are rooted in the bronze age (the end of the 4th - the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Er), this is evidenced by the findings of archaeologists - bone skates made from the phalange of large animals. Such finds are found in many European countries, and the most ancient "skates" were found on the shore of South Bug near Odessa. ( Main article Figure skates)
• However, the birth of figure skating, as a sport, is associated with the moment when the skates began to produce from iron, and not from the bone. According to studies, for the first time this happened in Holland, in the XII-XIV century. Initially, figure skating was a contest on the skill to draw a variety of figures on the ice, while maintaining a beautiful pose.
• The first clubs of figure skating lovers appeared in the XVIII century in the British Empire in Edinburgh (1742). There also also developed a list of mandatory figures in competitions, and the first official rules of the competition. Lieutenant Artillery Robert Jones published "Treaty about skating" (1772), which described all the main figures that were then known.
• From Europe, figure skating fell into the United States and Canada, where he got a huge development. Numerous skating clubs were created here, new models of skates were developed, created their own school of technology. When in the 60s of the XIX century, a figure of Jackson Haynes came to Europe with tour, it turned out that even the most experienced European figure skaters had something to learn.

• 100 years later (from 1742) in figure skating almost all modern mandatory figures and basic technique For their execution, what the books "The Art of Skating Skating", D. Anderson, President of the Kinds of the city of Glasgow, and the work of X. Vanderwell, and T. Maxwell Whitman from London. These books contain descriptions of all eights, triples, hooks and other elements that underlie modern figure skating.
• At the I Congress of Skating In 1871, figure skating was recognized as a sport.

• In 1882, the official official competitions in figure skating were held in Vienna. True, initially, as Mishin A. N. notes, "these were a kind of hoodie competitions," since they took part in just a few athletes.
• But the approach to the competition has changed after in St. Petersburg in 1890, the best skaters from all over the world were invited to competitions dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the rink in the Yusupov Garden. Saint Petersburg came: US Champion L. Ruben-stein, German champion F. Kaiser, the best skaters of Austria, Finland, England, Holland, Sweden, Norway. Competitions acquired the status of the "informal world championship", the winner of these competitions in all types of the program was the honorary member of the St. Petersburg Society for Skating Lovers Alexey Pavlovich Lebedev.
• The following year in 1891 in Hamburg, took place first European Championship In male single skating (defeated the German figure skater Oscar Zap).
• But the demonstration of international scope and the potential of figure skating shown in competitions in St. Petersburg did not give rest. Therefore, in 1892, the International Sking Council (ISU) was established, which was supposed to lead the organization of international competitions.
• After 4 years, in 1896, in St. Petersburg took place first World Cup Figure skating (winner - Gilbert Fuchs, German Empire). In 1903, in honor of the 200th anniversary of St. Petersburg, the "Petersburg society of fans of running on skates" was given the right to hold the 8th World Cup (1st place - Swedes Ulrich Salkhov, 2nd - Nikolai Panin-Kolomenkin).

History of disciplines

• The first figure skating competitions were held only among male soloers, female figure skater got the opportunity to participate in the world championships only after 10 years. True, in 1901, under pressure from the public, the ISU in the form of an exception allowed to participate in male competitions to the woman - the Englishman Medzh Sayers.
• Officially, the first championship of the world among women-single-nights was held at the end of January 1906 in Davos (Switzerland). Mandatory figures in women and men were similar, but the arbitrary riding of women immediately paid attention to high art, plastics and musicality of movements.
• It can be said that pair figure skating appeared immediately after the popularization of this sport. But officially the first competitions were held only in 1908 in St. Petersburg. German figure skaters Anna Hubler and Heinrich Burger entered the story as the first Olympic champions in the pair skating.

• This kind of figure skating as sports dancing on ice arose in the late 1940s in the UK, and then got distribution all over the world. In 1952, sports dances were included in the World and Europe championships program. During the first 10 years, skatemen of Great Britain won all major international competitions. In the program of the Winter Olympic Games, the dances on ice were included since 1976. The first Olympic champions in the ice dance were Lyudmila Pakhomov and Alexander Gorshkov.
• Synchronous figure skating is the newest discipline of figure skating. In modern form, synchronous skating appeared in the 60s in the United States, but the idea of \u200b\u200bgroup skating has appeared much earlier. For example, in Russia, kidding competitions (pairs, four, eights) were held in the middle of 20x. last century, but then this species Received popularity. In the US, this species began to develop as visiting viewers in hockey matches breaks. It turned out that synchronous riding is very bright and interesting view Sports.
• The first official competition on synchronous figure skating was held in 1976 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. In 1994, the International Union of Skating (ISU) officially recognized the synchronous figure skating of fifth discipline of figure skating. In 1996, the first World Cup on synchronous figure skating was held in Boston in the United States. The first world championship under the auspices of the International Union of Kokcobets was held in 2000 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. From the basis of competitions, the leading positions hold the teams of Sweden and Finland. . This sport is most popular in Canada, USA, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain, France.

History of figure skating in Russia

• Figure skating in Russia was known since the times of Peter I. Russian king brought the first samples of skates from Europe. It was Petr I came up with a new way of fastening skates - right to boots - and thus created "protifted" today's equipment of skaters.
• In 1838, the first textbook for skaters came out in St. Petersburg - "Winter fun and skating skating". The author was G. M. Pauli - a gym teacher in military schools of St. Petersburg.
• Russian figure skating, as a sport, originated in 1865. Then a public rink was opened in the Yusupov Garden in Sadovaya Street. This skating rink was the most comfortable in Russia and from the first days became the center of the training of skaters. On March 5, 1878, the first competition of Russian skaters took place. In 1881, about 30 people were part of the Society of Lovers Skating. One of the most famous sports and public figures was the honorary member of this society Vyacheslav Izmailovich Susznevsky.

Types of figure skating

• Male and Female Single Skating
• Paired skating
• Dance Sport
• Synchronous skating

Basic elements of figure skating

Figure skating like physical education

• We used to see on TV "Sport higher achievements"In which children often include more preschoolers, and a 30-year-old athlete is considered veteran. However, skates are good physical culture and for older ages. As I wrote M. Tail in 1926, wearing ice skating, but not wanting aimlessly "wrapping circles", it remains not such a large selection: running at speed, hockey, and working out the techniques of figure skating. Running and hockey are not interesting - therefore there are many people who are fond of figure skating (often on hockey skates). Someone Dan Perceval Promotes Extreme Ice Skation - A variety of figure skating adapted precisely under men's plastic and hockey skates.

• There are unqualified competitions for former athletes And people who have mastered skates in adulthood. If the participants are few, men and women can have common credit (The separation goes in terms of riding - for example, the "pre-bronze" jumps are allowed to one turnover, except for the Lutz), if much - in addition to the level they are divided by age. Singlemen are usually divided into four or five groups, couples - two or three. Singles and couples roll back one shortened program, dancers - two dance. At such competitions there are unusual disciplines - for example, dancing alone, improvisation (participants liste music, after which they are half an hour to create a program) or mandatory figures.

• Thus, it can be said that the charm of this sport is that it is not necessary to know all the rules for getting pleasure. You can talk about figure skating for a long time, but it is better to look and enjoy!

Slide 1.

Clade 2.

Slide 3.

Slide 4.

Slide 5.

Slide 6.

Slide 7.

Slide 8.

Slide 1.

Slide 2.

Slide 3.

Slide 4.

Slide 5.

Slide 6.

Slide 7.

Slide 8.

Slide 9.

Slide 10.

Slide 11.

Slide 12.

Slide 13.

Slide 14.

Slide 15.

Slide 16.

Slide 17.

Slide 18.

Slide 19.

Slide 20.

Slide 21.

Slide 22.

Slide 23.

Slide 24.

Slide 25.

Slide 26.

Slide 27.

Slide 28.

Slide 29.

Slide 30.

Slide 31.

Slide 32.

Slide 33.

Slide 34.

Slide 35.

Slide 36.

Slide 37.

Slide 38.

Slide 39.

Slide 40.

Slide 41.

Slide 42.

Slide 43.

Slide 44.

Slide 45.

Slide 46.

Slide 47.

Slide 48.

Presentation on the topic "Figure Skating" (Grade 9) can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project: Physical Culture. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you interest your classmates or audience. Use the player to view the contents, or if you want to download the report - click on the appropriate text below the player. The presentation contains 48 slides (s).

Slides presentation

Slide 1.

Figure skating

Presentations Figure skating

Slide 2.

Figure skating is one of the most entertainment species Winter Sports. The skaters move on ice ice and at the same time perform complex elements to the music. As a rule, four sets of awards are played in competitions: in men's and women's skating, in sports dancing on ice and in pair skating. There is another discipline in figure skating - group synchronous skating, but it is not turned on to the program of official competition. Only men took part in the first competitions, women's skating were included in the World Cup program only 10 years. Sports dances on ice appeared late 40s of the twentieth century in the UK. The youngest discipline is synchronous figure skating, which appeared in the US in the 60s.

Slide 3.

Competitions in single riding are divided into 2 stages. First, the skater performs a short program, and then arbitrary. In the paired figure skating, the athletes must demonstrate the possession of traditional elements (spirals, jumping, steps), and elements that are found only in this type of riding (support, emissions, parallel rotations, todes). Unlike paired skating, in sports dancing there are no jumps, todes, emissions.

Slide 4.

Figure Skating Competitions last years Pass on the same fairly simple scheme. In solitary and pair skating, all participants perform a short program, and the 24 best programs then execute arbitrary. If the participants are gaining a lot (as it usually happens in single skating at the European and World Championships), then for the execution of a short program they are divided into two large groups. The west athletes (having the least rating of ISU) fall into the Morning Group (having the least rating of ISU) and the order of their speeches is determined by a simple draw. In the "Evening" (in fact, the break between the groups is rarely more than 40 minutes, but the first warm-up of the weaker group can start riding at 9 am, and the last workout of the strongest group ends in the region of 6 pm) participants will fall with a higher rating, and the last two Workouts necessarily make up the 12 highesting athletes. Total result The tournament is obtained by simply adding scores received by participants in short and arbitrary programs.

Slide 5.

The difference between the short and arbitrary program for adult participants is not very high. There are eight prescribed elements in a short program (three jumping elements, three rotated and either two tracks, or one track and combination of spirals for solids; jump, support, twist, emission, todes, two rotations or either track, or spirals for couples) But adult athletes have the opportunity to choose the most convenient elements for themselves. For juniors, the requirements for the short program are tougher: for example, in the 2008-2009 season, all juniors are required to perform a double or triple Lutz as a jump from the tracks of the steps, as well as a jump in Libel. The most stringent requirements for par: besides the type of jump, there is still stipulated and the type of emission, as well as an option to support support, while adult pairs can choose any support related to a specific group.

Slide 6.

The choice of elements for an arbitrary program is formally organic only "top": no more than 8 (men and boys) or 7 (women and girls) jumping elements, no more than 4 (adults) or 3 (juniors) of rotations, etc., but on Practice Everything, of course, is trying to perform the most allowed set of elements, because for each of them points are charged. It is not always obvious to decide which jumps. It often happens that at first glance a more complex set of jumps can cost less than simple. Therefore, each figure (or coach) has to "optimize" the choice of elements, based on its own strong and weak Parties. It turns out that, as practice shows, far from everyone, therefore, the maximum amounts of the scores for the technique can have at all of the not those participants who will be called the strongests with experience "intuitively".

Slide 7.

In the dance on ice competitions are currently held in three stages. First, the dancers are performed by the mandatory dance - a clearly prescribed sequence of steps that you need to perform as close as possible to the ideal description. The importance of this part of the tournament is gradually trying to reduce it, motivating this by the fact that the execution of 30 pairs of absolutely identical dances does not represent any interest for the audience, but the dancers themselves are mostly against, because it is obligatory dancing the foundation that all other programs are being built. . Be that as it may, in the season 2008-2009 we will find a new mandatory dance: "Finnstep". The Finnish Duet Susanna Rakhkamo-Petri Cockko, which was provided on the basis of Quixstope 1995 - Petri Kokko, it consists of many small steps and requires the dancers of virtuoso ownership of the skate and a sense of rhythm.

Slide 8.

The second part of the tournament is the original dance. At the moment, dancers are not as many prescribed rhythm, which must be portrayed on ice, how much dance style. In the 2008-2009 season, the theme of the original dance will be "roaring the 1920s, 30s and 40s", and skaters can choose any of the rhythms belonging to this era, except Tango. In the Olympic season 2009-2010, folk motives are again waiting for us in the original dance.

Slide 9.

Completes the dance tournament of arbitrary dance, in which the athletes must perform a certain set of prescribed elements, but the topic, style and musical accompaniment they can choose. Dancing on ice is the only discipline, where it is allowed to use music with vocals, but it still needs to ride anyway, but under the rhythmic pattern of the selected melody.

Slide 10.

In the past, the competition format was different from the current one. So in singles for a long time There was a qualifying round, during which the athletes performed an arbitrary program, after which the 30 best went into a short program and then 24 the strongest once again performed arbitrary. At first, this round was exclusively qualifying, then its results began to take into account when counting the outcome of the tournament and despite the fact that its share in the final assessment was not large, several times it was the performance in qualifications and solved the outcome of the fight for the medal.

Slide 11.

Until 1990, rone competitions began with the execution of mandatory figures - "Schools". All participants should have drawn circles on ice, including certain types of turns, after each execution, the judges went on ice and except that only not under the microscope was studied the following participants. Initially, an assessment for the "school" was a lion's share of the final result of the tournament, but gradually under pressure of television, which considered this part of the program completely "non-genetic" their share decreased until they were noted at all.

Slide 12.

Dancers have a long time performed two mandatory dance (and also three, and four). The original dance in the 2000-2006 seasons should consist of two or three rhythms, which were chosen from four-five similar rhythms given for this season. In the 2006-2007 season, this part of the tournament briefly returned to the "classic" format of one rhythm (then it was tango, but in this form the original dance existed from 1990 to 1999). Until 1990, this stage of the tournament was called Original Set Pattern Dance and meant that the dancers should not only express the character of a given rhythm, but also to create a clear drawing on ice, which it was necessary to completely repeat on the "second round". The most successful OSPs were reworked later to the mandatory dances.

Slide 13.

Elements

Before talking about the elements of figure skating, it should be said that the concept of "ripe" is often based on their description: the blade of the skate has two ribs: exterior and internal. Since you can move forward and backward, on the right and on my left leg, it turns out a set of eight possible ribs or arcs. To describe the elements (especially steps and jumps to jumps), use the reductions of the RFI or LBO type, which describe the movement of the ice skate. The origin of these cuts is very simple: R (right) means "right", L (left) - "left", F (forward) - "Forward", B (Backward) - "Back", I (Inside) - "Inside" , and O (Outside) - "outward". Thus, RFI means movement on the right foot forward on the inner edge, and LBO - movement on the left foot backward. From the point of view of the viewer, the main complexity is the difference between the movement on the exterior and on the inner edge, since not always the skaters are performed by clear arcs. However, if you carefully monitor the movement of the skate, you can see that it is not strictly perpendicular to the ice, but deviates either outside or inside.

Slide 14.

Figure skating elements can be divided into several groups. The very basic one is steps. It is this group that is most difficult for identification. In the programs, steps are present in the form of steps tracks and simply connecting elements (Connecting Steps). And in that, in another case, it is above all the clarity and smoothness of execution. Ideally, it should be clearly seen from what and what a rider goes a skater, and the transition must be made without jerks and visible efforts. In addition, naturally, the complexity of the steps themselves are taken into account, as well as how much these steps are consistent with the music.

Slide 15.

Next group of elements - spirals. With this concept there is some confusion because english language The word spiral means a completely definite element called with our swallow, and what we call the spirals we are in English will be either spiral sequence, or Moves in the field. When the spiral is performed, first of all, all the same ribs and smoothness are appreciated: how clearly the edge is (how deeply "it is (Deep)), how confidently stands on it a skater, how good" holds "the position and how long he is in it. Disputes about how important it is to perform swallows good stretch, have been conducted for a long time: some say that any swallow at which a free foot does not rise above the head should not be counted at all, others indicate that stretching as such does not apply to figure * riding *, and that much more should appreciate the athlete's ability Slip on a well-pronounced rib. Anyway, a formal requirement for swallows is to raise the free foot above the thigh level of the reference. When assessing a combination of spirals, the complexity of the transition from one swallow to the other is also taken into account.

Slide 16.

Rotations are divided into simple (just forward or simply back), with a change of legs, combined (with shift legs and positions), parallers (parallel and joint) and dance. But for all possible options for rotation, the evaluation criteria are almost the same: a centering (the figure should rotate in one place), the number of revolutions (usually the minimum required number is always negotiated), the speed of rotation (the faster, the better) and the clarity / correct position. For dance rotations, a mandatory requirement is the rotation in the dance pose (in dancehold).

Slide 17.

Rotation jumps are a mandatory element for single beds and steam. They are evaluated in two ways: on the one hand, like rotation (that is, according to the same centering / number of revolutions, etc.), and on the other side of the jump. In the "jump" part of the main height and the fact that the skater should take the desired position in flight. Rotation should begin immediately by landing. Jumping, of course, are the most spectacular and most risky elements of figure skating. Currently, the "Standard" for women is the fulfillment of all triple jumps and double accelers, as well as cascades from triple and double or two triple jumps. For Muzhin "Standard" - all triples, plowing axel, quadruple, as well as a cascade of a quadruple jump (or triple axel) and triple. For jumping, definitely, the most important is the most important landing. The figure should land on one leg, should not touch the ice with hand or free foot, it should "leave" from the jump, and not stop immediately by landing. But no less important to jump on the jump: all jumps should be executed from one foot and from the right rib (most frequent error The execution of the Lutz from the inner edge, and not with the outer). The amplitude of the performance of the jump is also important.

Slide 18.

DEATH SPIRAL, which differ in the edge on which the partner is sliding, emissions (Throws), which differ in the appropriate jump, for example, the thrown Salchow (Throw Triple Salchow), twists (twists), in which Throw Triple Salchow) The partner throws a partner to the air, catches it and puts on ice and support. For dance duets, a list of mandatory elements appeared only in 1999. At the moment, the dancers perform the tracks of the steps (in the dance position in a circle and in direct or in parallel), a series of twisters, support and dance rotations.

Slide 19.

Support (Lifts)

Supports in pair catania are divided into five groups, depending on grip (the way to which the partner holds the partner in the air). The international competition competitions use support 3, 4 and 5 groups. Group 1: Grope for the armpit Group 2: Vrashat for the waist Group 3: Grope for the thigh group 4: grip Hand-in-hand (Support type "Press") Group 5: Grappa Hand-in-hand (Lasso Support)

Slide 20.

Groups are three and four have the same level of complexity. In the group five allocate so-called. AXEL LASSO (parallel lasso), which is considered the most difficult. For any group, use during support only one hand can raise its level of complexity. The use of grip by one hand for from 0.5 to 1 turns will be considered one of the complications to obtain levels 2 and 3. The use of grip by one hand for more than 1 turnover will be taken into account as "complex variation of the position" as many times as revolutions were performed.

Slide 21.

When executing support, the partner must fulfill the minimum of two turns, and the partner from one to three and a half. It is allowed to keep the partner by the arm, the housing or the top of the leg (above the knee). During the execution of support, a change in the partnership is permitted. If the partner changes grip less than one turn, then this change will not be taken into account. Change of grip by one hand with the right hand to the left will be taken into account as a change of grip if the partner execute more than one turn in each of the grips. In order to change the position of the partner raised the level of complexity of support, a significant change of equilibrium is needed.

Slide 22.

Jumps (Jumps)

Tulup (TOE LOOP) (RBO / RBO) is considered the easiest of the jumps, among the strongest skaters, is most often used as a second jump in the cascade. Teeth jump (i.e., before the jump, the skater is repelled from ice to the free foot tooth). Options for entering: either Troika forth inside on the right foot (slip forward, turn, shock with a teeth, jump), or three ahead outward on my left foot with a shift of the leg (slip forward, rotation, leg change, shock, jump). The most characteristic error: at the moment of repulsion, the figure skater, as it were, "turns" on the cluster of the left leg, instead of jumping immediately. Americans call this option toe-waltz. Women perform a triple Tulup (double only as the second jump in the cascade), the men quit and triple.

Slide 23.

Salchow (Salchow) (LBI / RBO) is named after the Swedish figure of Ulrich Salchow (Ulrich Salchow). This jump is easy to distinguish from the rest, because only in him the jump precedes the mums with a free foot (the figure skater "picks up the" free leg, pushing himself into the air). The most common option is: Troika forward out on the left foot (sometimes multiple), max, jump. The most characteristic error: "cutting" revolutions at the time of repulsion (the figure joining the air does not immediately, but only turning to half a turn, it turns out like as Axel). Women perform a triple salum, men - quadruple and triple. Sometimes it is performed by combinations of jumps, where it turns out the third (after the initial jump (usually Tulup or Flip) and the ieler necessary for the "transition" to the desired edge). Such a bundle often falls into arbitrary programs Maria Butyrskaya, and in the 2001-02 season, a cascade of Triple Axel-Oil-Triple Salkhov jumped in an arbitrary program Alexei Yagudin.

Slide 24.

Rittberger (LOOP) (RBO / RBO) is used as a second jump in the cascade or separately. From the other jumps is distinguished by the lack of both fly movement and the impact of the ice of the ice. The figure skater simply "jumps out" with a bent support foot. Options Options: Troika forward inside on the right foot (often multiple), less often uses the approach just from the back to the right. The most common mistake: before repulsion, the skater puts his free leg on the ice and jumps out from two legs.

Slide 25.

Flip (FLIP) (LBI / RBO) The name comes from the English word Flip - click. Teeth jump. Options for entering: Troika forward out on the left foot, turn, blow by teeth, jump or mumows, punch with a journey. The most common mistake: figure skaters often enter the jump with a long slip forward on the left foot and turn and turn to the desired edge only before the jump, as a result, the jump is sometimes not performed from the inner edge, but from both edges or from the outside. Such an option Americans call lip.

Slide 26.

Lutz (LUTZ) (LBO / RBO) Teeth jump. It is pretty easy to identify since most skaters enter it with a long slip back on his left leg. Other options are occurring much less. Before the jump, the figure skater usually leans forward, raises the right leg, then hesitates the teeth over the ice and jumps into the air. This jump is very often performed with a mistake, which even got its own name Flutz: because there is quite uncomfortable skaters with the outer edge (or rather to say the figure skater, because this error is characteristic primarily for women) go to the inner edge. Sometimes this transition is barely noticeable and occurs right in front of the jump, but sometimes it turns out that the figure skater does not even happen to the outer edge throughout the jump on the jump.

Slide 27.

Axel (Axel) (LFO / RBO) The only jump is performed from the movement forward, by virtue of which in it "not a whole" number of revolutions. Singard Axel is a half turn, triple - three and a half. On the jump usually come from back to the right, some time slide on the right foot back, then the figure turns turns, it comes to the left foot and jump into the air. Oil (RBO / LBI) is used only as a bunch in combinations of jumps in front of Salkhov or Flip. Looks like a rittberger in the absence of Mach or a blow to the tooth, but it differs from him landing on another leg. It looks at approximately how to "apply" one leg instead of another.

Slide 28.

Rotation jumps (Flying Spins) Libel (Flying Camel) Flying Camel or Bedouinsky in Libel back. The figure skater slides on his left leg, jumping, lands on the right foot and starts to rotate back. CHINANY (Flying Sit Spins) jump in the top of the thumbnails. The skater jumps on his left leg, in the air "folds" in the top of the top, lands and rotates forward. Jump in the top (Death Drop) is a very spectacular element: Bedouinsky in a top of a top. The figure skater slides forward on his left leg, jumps high, and then the "stone" falls down and starts to perform a top of his back.

Slide 29.

SPINS

Rotation Standing (Upright Spins) How to understand from the name during the execution of the rotations of this type, the skater "spins" standing. The most common version of this rotation is the screw (Scratch Spin): At the beginning, the free foot is bent before the support, and the hands are connected in front of the breast, then the skater begins to gradually omit (and straighten) the free leg and raise (and straighten) hands. At the same time, the speed of rotation, as a rule, increases and it turns out a very spectacular element. There are other varieties of this rotation, for example, a free foot bends in the knee and is entered for (and not before, as in the screw), the supporting leg.

Slide 30.

Sitting Sitting (Sit Spins) The most common option is the top: the support leg bent, the free leg is stretched forward parallel to the ice, the hands are stretched forward parallel ice. Options: Hands are hooked at the back, the free leg is not stretched forward, but lies on the knee of the supporting at the same time the figure skater will be fightered, the hands will bring back (sometimes such a rotation is called "damn". It looks pretty funny, however it is difficult to fulfill it Hold equilibrium), the housing is "turned out" to the side. Libela (Camel Spin) Rotation in the "Swallow" position. Classic option Performed on a straight back leg with hands, stretched along the body. There is still a swinging libel (Illusion Spin) at which the skater is leaked forward during rotation and rises back. In addition, there are numerous variations with a bending of a free or supporting leg and change the position of the hands or turning the housing not in the side, and up.

Slide 31.

Podlon (Layback) Mandatory element of a short program for women. In the execution of this rotation, the figure skater is strifted back, the free foot "turned" outward and rendered back. In common variants of rotation, the free foot can be located next to the support or attracting the blade of the skate to the head. Billman (Biellemann) is named after Denis Billman, who first performed this rotation at international competitions. It requires good flexibility and stretch marks - figure skater (from men this element only Evgeny Plushenko and a few more juniors) catches the blade of the ice skate with both hands and pulls upstairs. With perfect up

Slide 32.

Spirals (spirals) The spiral is considered a relatively simple element of figure skating. But it is in the spirals that all flaws appear. physical training athletes. Hence the inesttic postures, the inability to gain a move in the harshs, squeezing from the knee of the support leg, the loss of speed. In pair skating, in addition to other things, the synchronicity of the movements and the parallelism of the partners' positions is necessary. The name of the element has been preserved from the beginning of the twentieth century. If you slide on one leg, the speed gradually decreases and a trail is left on the ice, similar to a spiral. After a hundred years, the requirements for skaters have changed, but the essence remains the same: the slip must be carried out on one edge. Even the most difficult position, made in a slide on two rabers in a straight line, will not be evaluated by the judges. Spiral, made at high speed, with a good tilt into the center of the circle, with beautiful, well-fixed slip positions becomes decorating the program. In combination of spirals, the change of the rib, the change of the support leg and shift the slide direction is to change.

Slide 33.

As in the rotations, in the spirals of the change of ribs, it is estimated above if it occurs in position with the capture - Billman or semi-winman (the capture is carried out by one hand, the same name or fragrant). Positions, in the korea free leg is drawn forward or sideways, are considered uncomplicated if they are performed without capturing, or if the position of the body does not affect the pillar's OLT. The most complex is considered inverted Spiral - "\u003e Y-shaped spiral requires a good stretching. Few people can keep this position without hand support. Many viewers note that in rhythmic gymnastics Vertical twine is considered a mandatory element, and it is not clear why figure skaters cannot cope with it. At the same time, they forget about the specifics of the execution of elements on the edge and on the features of the formation of a muscular corset in the skaters. The opposite of this helix is \u200b\u200ba spiral into a twine, made with a slope of the housing down, with the gripping of the support leg below the knee, for the shin or for the shoe. A special type of spirals - spirals with a touch of ice with hand (performed on a deep edge with a strong tilt into the center of the circle in the position of "swallow", "pistoletic") or brutal into the center of the circle of a free foot.

Slide 34.

Swallow (Spiral) in ballet The same element is called arabesque. At one leg, the figure skater raises the free leg as high as much as it allows it or her stretching. Depending on which the ribe glides the skater, the swallows come back and forth, as well as outside and inside. Traditionally, it is believed that swallows on the inner edge are harder than on the outdoor, and backwards more difficult than ahead. The ship (Spreadeagle) is a sliding on two legs on the outer or inner rides. Most often used as a "ligament". For example, the "outer" boat often includes Victoria Volchkov in its programs, and the combination of "internal" ship / swallow has become a corporate bunch of Elena Celebration and Anton Siharulidze. It is believed to purely fulfill the inner boat harder than the outer. Ina Bauer A variant of a ship, different from Spreadeagle, the legs are not on the "one line", but in parallel to each other. The "rear" leg is always on the inner edge, and the second can be either on the inner or exterior. Depending on this, the figure skater will move either in a circle or in a straight line. This element with the deflection of the back became a calling card of Szyzuki Arakawa. Half-loop (lunge) When performing a half-spa, the support foot is bent, and the free "lies" from behind on the ice. Most often performs a halfpath forward, but quite spectacularly looks like a bunch of half ahead, a threefold turn (without getting up) and half-sleep back.

Slide 35.

Corner (~ HyrDoblading) is a "extended" execution of the backbone back or forward. For example, a gliding back on the inner edge of the left leg, the skater begins to "sit down" pulling out the right foot and lowering the body (up to touching ice of one of the palms). Steps (steps) Christmas tree (Basic Stroking) Christmas tree resembles a skiing step on skis and is called so due to the fact that when moving on ice, a trace of the christmas tree remains. As can be seen from the English name - this is the main step. Figurestones use it to gain a speed or move from one element to another, but its excessive use shows (according to the existing rules) about not good athlete's technique, so the strongest figure skaters are trying to minimize its use. Crowded (Crossovers) Another "basic" step. Unlike the Christmas tree, which allows you to move in a straight line, the cutting is designed for movement in a circle. There are back and forth and back and inside. Most of the skaters use the back cover when they move along the fifth roller and they need to turn in the corner. Back hooking is used when entering jumping and rotation. Like a Christmas tree, the cutting is considered a simple step and is used only "in official" purposes. Three troika, Troika (Three Turn) Rotate on one leg with replacing edges and movement directions. It is called because remaining on ice the track has the form of a figure 3. One of the most common triples looks like this: the figure skater slides forward on the outer edge of the left leg, then rotates 180 degrees through the left shoulder ("in the center of the circle") and continues to slide on Left leg, but back and on the inner edge. This troika is used when sungoes on Salkhov and Flip. The rest of the options look approximately, for example, one of the kits to Rittberger begins with the top three "forward inside": the skater slides on the right leg forward inward, turns and moves back on the outer edge. When the top three is used as visiting the second part ("after rotation") is often cut, the skater simply jumps into the air from the required edge, but sometimes use the so-called "multiple" troops (when turns are executed one after another without stopping), for example, Irina Slutskaya often use multiple troops to approach the triple rittberger.

Slide 36.

Bracket (BRACKET) Like Troika, this is a turn on one leg with the change of ribs and movement directions. The difference between the direction of rotation: "In the circle" or "from the circle". If you mentally continue the arc, according to which the figure skater begins to perform the turn, then the circle will turn out and with the triple the movement "left side to the center of the circle - face to the center of the circle - right sidel" (Troika LFO), and with the same (LFO) bracket will be " Left sideways to the center of the circle - back to the center of the circle - right side. " The bracket is a more complex turn than a triple, because it requires more skill and the ability to own your body. In some way, Troika turn "natural", in the direction of movement, it turns out to be almost his own, and the bracket is "anti-abstract." The brackets are used mainly in the tracks of the steps and looks like a quick change of the direction of movement: first the blade "rides the teeth forward, then on a short time It turns out to be a teeth back, and then again forward. Twizzle is used mainly in ice dancing, where he became (became? Was it?) Mandatory element. In some way, it is something mean between a multiple triple and rotation: a quick turn on one leg almost in one place. The faster the turn and the less the skater is shifted when it is executed, the better. The so-called Series of Sinchronizied Twizzles are mandatory for dancing, when both partners simultaneously perform one quick turn, then another, and there should be more than three small steps between them. Hook and drew (Rocker and Counter) Another pair of turns on one leg, distinguishing the direction of rotation. This is a change in the direction of movement without changing the legs and ribs, but with the change of "arc": if the top three "fit" in the circle, then the hooks "pass" from one circle to another. For example, an athlete first moves on his right foot forward, then turns into moving on the right foot back outward. Depending on the direction of rotation, it will be either Rocker (in the direction of the incoming arc), or Counter (in the direction of the exiting arc). This step is used almost only in ice dancing, and it is not very often.

Slide 37.

Muhawk (Mawhawk) is already a step "using" both legs. When it is executed, the legs change, direction of movement, but the edge remains unchanged. The most common option begins with movement on the right leg forward, then the figure skater as it were "substitute" the other leg and leaves on his left leg backwards. It is sometimes used to enter the flip, but more often to quickly shift the direction of movement or in the tracks of steps. Dancers distinguish "Open" (Open) and "closed" (close) Mujok: In the first case, the free foot is placed in front, and in the second - behind the support. Choktau (ChocTaw) is also a step "using" both legs. Unlike Muzhoka, this is a change of foot, movement directions and ribs. Those. It turns out RFO / LBI. It is used in the main dancers, less common to single rooms in the tracks of steps. Tables of value of the elements of the value table of elements are the fundamental documents of the modern system of refereeing. These tables indicate how many points an athlete will receive for the execution of each particular element, and how many points will be removed from it or will be allowed if it fulfits this element with an error or, on the contrary, very good. From time to time the value table is revised, sometimes new sections appear in them (for example, the twists first differed only by the number of revolutions, later the levels of complexity appeared, and then another division into types according to the option of the navigation), but in general it is perhaps the most conservative Part of the system. In arbitrary liaison programs and couples, jumping and emissions are considered the most risky elements, therefore, in order for the athletes to do not execute all the jumping elements in the first minutes of the program, while they have a lot of strength forces, the basic value of jumps and emissions performed after 2 minutes 10 Seconds, multiplied by 1.1. In the protocols, this is indicated by the "X" icon.

Slide 38.

Recent Changes (ISU Communications # 1494, 04/28/2008)

Increased the basic cost of triple axel and jumps in four turns. At the same time, the punishment for the disruption of these elements was increased. If you used to be broken, but the twined quadper Tulup cost 6.0 (9.0-3.0), now only 5.0 (9.8-4.8). The basic cost of simple rotations now depends on the type of rotation. The most difficult and "expensive" position is a bone, the libel, the top and rotation standing behind it. Similarly, the cost of jumping in rotation and rotations with the change of foot is changed, but without changing the position. The difference in the base value is about 0.2 for fourth-level rotations. The basic value of the tracks of the steps 3 and the 4th levels of complexity is now higher than the basic cost of the spirals of the same levels of complexity. In pair skating increased punishment for the breakdown of throne accel emissions and above. If earlier, 4C "cost" 6.0 (8.0-2.0), then only 5.0 (8.0-3.0). In pair skating for support, the punishment for errors in supporting groups 3, 4 and 5 is increased.

1. Try to involve the audience in the story, configure interaction with the audience with the help of leading questions, the game part, do not be afraid to joke and sincerely smile (where it is appropriate).
2. Try to explain the slide in your own words, add extra interesting FactsYou do not need to just read information from the slides, its audience can read and itself.
3. You do not need to overload the slides of your project with text blocks, more illustrations and a minimum of text will allow you to better convey information and attract attention. On only key information should be on the slide, the rest is better to tell the listeners orally.
4. The text should be well readable, otherwise the audience will not be able to see the applied information, will be very distracted from the story, trying to at least disassemble something, or will lose all interest. To do this, it is necessary to correctly pick up the font, given where and how the presentation will be broadcast, as well as correctly select the combination of background and text.
5. It is important to rehears to the rehearsal of your report, think about how you say hello to the audience, what to say first, how to finish the presentation. All comes with experience.
6. Correct the outfit correctly, because The speaker's clothes also plays a big role in the perception of his speech.
7. Try to talk confidently, smoothly and connected.
8. Try to enjoy the speech, then you can be more relaxed and you will worry about.