1. Olympionists in Ancient Greece called:
a) the inhabitants of Olympia;
b) participants in the Olympic Games;
c) the winners of the Olympic Games;
d) judges of the Olympic Games.
2. The slogan of the Olympic Games:
a) "Sport, sport, sport!";
b) “Oh sport! You are the world! ”;
c) “Faster! Above! Stronger!";
3. One of the main means of physical education is:
b) exercise;
d) physical education lesson.
4. General physical fitness (GP) is understood as the training process, directed:
a) to form correct posture;
b) on harmonious development a person;
c) for the all-round development of physical qualities;
d) to achieve high sports results.
5. The indicators of physical fitness include:
a) strength, speed, endurance;
b) height, weight, chest circumference;
c) blood pressure, pulse;
d) heart rate, respiratory rate.
6. The indicators of physical development include:
a) strength and flexibility;
b) speed and endurance;
c) height and weight;
d) agility and jumping ability.
7. Physical inactivity is a consequence of:
a) lowering motor activity a person;
b) increasing human motor activity;
d) to football.
15. The stop for a hike is called:
a) parking;
b) overnight stay;
c) berth;
d) halt.
16. The Olympic Games (summer or winter) are held every:
17. Which country is the birthplace of the Olympic Games:
b - China;
c - Greece;
d - Egypt.
18. Where the Ancient Greek Olympics were held:
a - in Olympia;
b - in Sparta;
c - in Athens.
19. A healthy lifestyle (HLS) involves:
a - an orderly regime of work and rest, rejection of bad habits;
b - regular visits to a doctor;
c - physical and intellectual activity;
d - rational nutrition and hardening.
20. Name the incorrectly named physical qualities from the proposed list (several answers):
a - resistance;
b - flexibility;
c - dexterity;
g - cheerfulness;
d - endurance;
e - speed;
21. Long distance running refers to:
b - sports games;
22. When running on long distances according to the rules of the competition, the following applies:
a - low start;
b - high start;
c - type of start at the runner's request.
23. What are the ways a person moves (several answers):
a - crawling;
b - climbing;
c - jumping;
d - throwing
d - grouping;
24. Olympic symbol consists of five intertwined rings arranged from left to right in the following order:
a - above - red, blue, black, below - yellow and green;
b - above - green, black, red, below - blue and yellow;
c - above - blue, black and red, below - yellow and green;
d - above - blue, black, red, below - green and yellow.
25. The five Olympic rings symbolize:
a - five principles of the Olympic movement;
b - the main colors of the flags of the countries participating in the Games of the Olympiad;
c - the union of continents and the meeting of athletes at Olympic Games;
d - the widespread formation of sport at the service of harmonious human development.
Nearing the end academic year... Soon the last bell will ring, and the final exams will begin in schools. It has already been ten years since the physical culture exam was first included in the elective final exam program, which involves assessing not only physical, but also theoretical and methodological readiness of students. In addition, on the subject " physical Culture"The All-Russian School Olympiad, one of the tasks of which is to determine the level of knowledge of students in the field of physical culture.
One of the most popular forms of control in education today is testing, the basis of which - the test - is a standard task that meets the requirements of unambiguity, brevity and simplicity. Its implementation allows you to assess the level of knowledge of each student and determine the degree of assimilation of theoretical material.
To assess the knowledge of students, test assignments are usually used, which, according to the form of answers, are open and closed:
a) the open form has no answer options - to complete such a task, it is necessary to continue or insert the missing part of the statement. An arbitrary answer to the question posed is required from the subject;
b) the closed form assumes the presence of options with one or more correct answers, which the subject must choose. The varieties of the closed form include conformity tests and tests to establish the correct sequence in a certain way.
The logical basis of the form of the task with the choice of one correct answer out of several proposed is the law of the excluded third. Choosing the right answer gives true judgment, and choosing the wrong one gives false judgment. There is no third. From this follows a methodological rule: in each task with a choice of one answer, the correct answer must be, which gives unambiguity to the concept of the task itself and does not allow conflicting interpretations by the subjects.
Test tasks are constructed from tasks in a test form that meet the requirements of the task compliance with the purpose of its application, frequency, and adequacy of the form to the content of the tasks. Test assignments must also meet the following requirements: content-pedagogical correctness of assignments; logical accuracy and consistency of statements; the need for empirical verification of the statistical properties of tasks.
The test task should be formulated from precise terms and not contain metaphors, unnecessary words. An incorrectly formulated task can produce both correct and incorrect answers, or even cause confusion.
An example of a terminologically incorrectly formulated task of the Olympiad of Moscow schoolchildren on the subject of "physical culture":
The hallmark of motor skills is:
a) automatism of motor action, stereotyped action parameters;
b) reduction of execution time;
c) conscious fulfillment of a motor action.
Or, for example, some tasks All-Russian Olympiad schoolchildren on the subject of "physical culture":
Physical fitness acquired in the process of physical training for labor or other activities is characterized by:
a) a margin of reliability, efficiency and economy of the body's systems;
b) the level of development of respiratory systems, blood circulation, energy supply;
c) the level of performance and versatility of motor experience.
Comments, as they say, are unnecessary.
The most important term healthy way life is:
a) hardening of the body;
b) rational nutrition;
c) motor mode;
d) personal and public hygiene.
All of these factors, without exception, are the basis of a healthy lifestyle. In this case, it will be very difficult for a poor student to choose the right option.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe validity of the content of the test is closely intertwined with the principle of the content correctness of the test item. Inaccurately or ambiguously formulated tasks that generate several correct or conditionally correct answers should not be included in the test at all.
In addition, test assignments should be presented in a language that is understandable for all students and correspond to the level of preparedness of the students. In this regard, let us once again return to the test task at the Moscow Olympiad on the subject of "physical culture":
Super-long distance running is referred to as work in a physiological background:
a) maximum power;
b) submaximal power;
c) high power;
d) moderate power
One gets the impression that the authors of this assignment have never looked at the school physical education curriculum at all. Some of these questions can cause difficulties even for students of a physical education institution, not to mention schoolchildren who hardly received such information at physical culture lessons.
The approximate number of tasks should be no more than 30 to ensure sufficient accuracy of pedagogical measurements, and the total testing time should be no more than 40 minutes. An increase in time, as well as a decrease in it, reduces the variance of test results, and, consequently, impairs the differentiating ability of the entire test.
One of the modern requirements for test tasks is manufacturability, which allows you to conduct the testing process using technical means and do it accurately, quickly, economically and objectively. Tests become technologically advanced if the subjects correctly and quickly understand their content and if the form of the tasks facilitates the process of computerization of testing.
It should be noted that, being a consequence of many pedagogical innovations, test tasks allow not only to obtain an objective assessment of the level of theoretical and methodological knowledge of students in physical culture, but also to reveal the problems that arise when mastering this academic subject.
Our subject test control of theoretical and methodological knowledge of students showed that testing can be successfully used in the current check of students' progress, preparation for an elective exam in graduation classes and for admission to physical education universities.
To control and assess the level of theoretical and methodological knowledge of graduating school students in the subject of "physical culture" we offer closed form test tasks. To do this, using the test designer in the Adobe Flash program, a test task accumulator was created, which is a database of a special structure used to store information about the form and content of test tasks, test generation parameters and methods for evaluating test results.
An example of setting a closed form (view on the monitor screen):
If your school does not have such a computer program or you have not yet had time to create it, you can use the paper version of the test. To do this, we offer sample test items and a sample form for answering questions.
At your discretion, depending on the level of preparedness of the students, you can complicate or simplify some tasks or create thematic tasks, for example, on the history of physical culture and the Olympic movement, sections of the school curriculum on physical culture, the basics of a healthy lifestyle, etc.
Testing of students can be organized in a physical education lesson by preparing answer sheets in advance.
Here is an example of test items.
The mark "5" is given for the correct execution of 25 or more tasks;
score "4" - for the correct performance of 20 or more tasks;
grade "3" - for correct performance of 15 or more tasks;
score "2" - for correct performance of less than 15 tasks.
Test tasks for monitoring and assessing the theoretical and methodological knowledge of students in the subject "physical culture"
You are asked to answer 30 questions. Each question has 4 possible answers. You need to choose one correct answer. Mark your chosen answers in the appropriate column of the form for answering the questions of the test task. To do this, you need to select the correct option (in your opinion) and circle the corresponding letter.
Be careful noting the correct answers on the form. Corrections and erasures are evaluated as an incorrect answer.
Fill in your last name, first name, and class in which you are studying on your answer sheet.
1. For the first time in human history, the Olympic Games were held:
a) in the V century. BC.;
b) in 776 BC;
c) in the 1st century. AD;
d) in 394 A.D.
2. Olympionists in Ancient Greece were called:
a) the inhabitants of Olympia;
b) participants in the Olympic Games;
c) the winners of the Olympic Games;
d) judges of the Olympic Games.
3. The first Olympic Games of our time were held:
a) in 1894;
b) in 1896;
c) in 1900;
d) in 1904
4. The founder of the modern Olympic Games is:
a) Demetrius Vikelas;
b) A.D. Butovsky;
c) Pierre de Coubertin;
d) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
5. The slogan of the Olympic Games:
a) "Sport, sport, sport!";
b) “Oh sport! You are the world! ”;
c) “Faster! Above! Stronger!";
d) “Faster! Above! Farther!"
6. The Olympic Charter is:
a) regulations on the Olympic Games;
b) the program of the Olympic Games;
c) the code of laws on the Olympic Movement;
d) competition rules for olympic sports sports.
7. For the first time, Soviet athletes took part in the Olympic Games:
a) in 1948;
b) in 1952;
c) in 1956;
d) in 1960
8. The founder of the domestic system of physical education is:
a) M.V. Lomonosov;
b) K. D. Ushinsky;
c) P.F. Lesgaft;
d) N.A. Semashko.
9. One of the main means of physical education is:
a) physical activity;
b) exercise;
c) physical training
d) physical education lesson.
10. General physical fitness (GP) is understood as a training process aimed at:
a) on the formation of correct posture;
b) the harmonious development of a person;
c) for the all-round development of physical qualities;
d) to achieve high sports results.
11. The indicators of physical fitness include:
a) strength, speed, endurance;
b) height, weight, chest circumference;
c) blood pressure, pulse;
d) heart rate, respiratory rate.
12. The individual development of the human body throughout his life is called:
a) genesis;
b) histogenesis;
c) ontogenesis;
d) phylogenesis.
13. The indicators of physical development include:
a) strength and flexibility;
b) speed and endurance;
c) height and weight;
d) agility and jumping ability.
14. Physical inactivity is a consequence of:
a) decrease in human motor activity;
b) increasing human motor activity;
c) lack of vitamins in the body;
d) excessive nutrition.
15. Lack of vitamins in the human body is called:
a) vitamin deficiency;
b) hypovitaminosis;
c) hypervitaminosis;
d) bacteriosis.
16. The resting pulse of an adult untrained person is:
a) 60–90 bpm;
b) 90–150 bpm;
c) 150-170 beats / min .;
d) 170-200 beats / min.
17. Dynamometer serves to measure indicators:
a) growth;
b) the vital capacity of the lungs;
c) willpower;
d) hand strength.
18. Exercises that combine speed and strength are called:
a) general developmental;
b) self-power;
c) speed-power;
d) group.
19. Learning a complex motor action should begin with mastering:
a) starting position;
b) the basics of technology;
c) lead exercises;
d) preparatory exercises.
20. Run from a low start:
a) for short distances;
b) for medium distances;
c) for long distances;
d) crosses.
21. Long-distance running develops:
a) flexibility;
b) agility;
c) speed;
d) endurance.
22. Cross-country running is called:
a) steeple-chaz;
b) march;
c) cross;
d) show jumping.
23. Running shoes are called:
a) sneakers;
b) pointe shoes;
c) Czech women;
d) spikes.
24. One of the methods of high jump is called:
a) stepping over;
b) rolling;
c) overstepping;
d) flipping.
25. The dimensions of the volleyball court are:
a) 6x9 m;
b) 9x12 m;
c) 8x16 m;
d) 9x18 m.
26. Duration of one quarter in basketball:
a) 10 minutes;
b) 15 minutes;
c) 20 minutes;
d) 25 min.
27. It is prohibited in basketball:
a) playing with hands;
b) playing with feet;
c) playing under the ring;
d) throws into the ring.
28. Pioneerball - an approaching game:
a) basketball;
b) volleyball;
VC table tennis;
d) to football.
29. The main way of skiing is:
a) alternating non-step motion;
b) alternating one-step stroke;
c) alternating two-step stroke;
d) simultaneous alternating course.
30. The stop for rest on the hike is called:
a) parking;
b) overnight stay;
c) berth;
d) halt.
Right answers
1 - b; 2 - c; 3 - b; 4 - c; 5 - c; 6 - c; 7 - b; 8 - c; 9 - c; 10 - c; 11 - a; 12 - c; 13 - c; 14 - a; 15 - a; 16 - a; 17 - g; 18 - c; 19 - c; 20 - a; 21 - g; 22 - c; 23 - g; 24 - a; 25 - g; 26 - a; 27 - b; 28 - b; 29 - in; 30 - g
Form for answering the questions of the test task on the subject "physical culture"
Last name, first name ___________________________________ Class ____
Question number |
Answer |
Question number |
Answer |
Question number |
Answer |
Number of correct answers: ____ Score: _______________
Ildar LATYPOV,
Ph.D.,
Associate Professor of the Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture,
Moscow
As noted above, physical fitness in basketball is one of the most important parts. sports training and is a process aimed at developing to the required level of physical qualities. Physical training is divided into general and special. General physical fitness is understood as the process of harmonious development of motor qualities, which have a positive effect on achievements in sports activities basketball player and efficiency training process... It focuses on the creation of the special framework required for effective implementation large volumes of work aimed at the development of special motor qualities, technical and tactical training. A high level of functional readiness allows a basketball player to perform training work of large volume and intensity, to recover faster after training loads, and a variety of means improves coordination abilities and facilitates the process of building, improving technical and tactical mastery through the acquisition of new motor skills. The corrective value of general physical fitness is to correct the deficiencies in the physique that impede the mastery of the rational technique of game actions.
The main means of general physical training include non-specialized exercises, among which the main place is given to general developmental exercises and exercises from other sports - cross-country running, exercises with weights, sports and outdoor games, swimming, etc. Exercises from other sports are used for general physical development according to the specifics of basketball (Lvova Yu.I., 1973, Zatsiorsky V.M., 1970).
To develop general endurance and improve health, crosses, swimming, skiing, etc. are used, to strengthen the muscular system - exercises with weights of various weights, to gain speed - sprint running, and to develop dexterity and coordination of movements - various sports and outdoor games and exercises on gymnastic apparatus. General developmental preparatory exercises with various objects (sticks, jump ropes, dumbbells, etc.) and without them, as well as on apparatus and simulators, are intended for all-round physical development, primarily for beginners and poorly trained basketball players. With their help, the mobility in the joints increases and the athlete's ability to coordinate their movements improves. These exercises are also used to correct defects in constitution and physical development. All these exercises are performed in a wide variety of conditions - in the forest, at the stadium, in specialized gymnastics halls, barbells, etc.
However, non-specialized (general physical) training means are not rational for the special training of a basketball player. Their use in unreasonable volumes leads to the expenditure of the body's adaptive resources due to the involvement of non-specialized functional systems in the work, which do not participate or are secondary in the basketball player's playing activity and do not require significant development, as a result of which the balance of the content of training influences is disturbed. These inappropriate waste of the adaptive resource of the body, as well as the training time, occur due to a corresponding decrease in the amount of means of special physical training, specialized exercises, in connection with which the growth of a basketball player's sportsmanship slows down and its actually achieved indicators will be lower than potentially possible.
At the higher stages of sportsmanship, as a rule, a situation arises when the level of development of both specialized (special) and non-specialized (general) qualities of an athlete reaches very high rates. Their further retention at the achieved level, and even more their increase, is associated with the maximum mobilization of the body's resources. In this regard, in the training of highly qualified basketball players, non-specialized exercises should make up a relatively small part of the general training program, ensuring their maintenance at the required level. However, the same cannot be said about the training of low-skill basketball players. For them, the increased volume of non-specialized exercises serves as the foundation on which the improvement of technical and tactical skills and special physical qualities is possible (Zatsiorsky V.M., 1970).
In the practice of training highly qualified basketball players, one can often come across facts when in non-specialized (general physical training exercises) exercises they strive to achieve very high results, which significantly exceed the requirements. Such facts reduce the effectiveness of the training process due to the inappropriate waste of the body's adaptive resources. At the same time, the complete exclusion of the means of general physical training from the training of highly qualified basketball players is inappropriate due to the fact that non-specialized exercises involve all components of the body in active activity, which, in turn, stimulates the strengthening of these components and, consequently, the vitality of the whole organism in the whole. The latter is a necessary condition for the effectiveness of the training process. Consequently, a variety of non-specialized exercises are necessary for every basketball player, but at the stages of higher sports mastery, they should mainly act as healing, rehabilitating means and provide motor training at the level of a non-specialized goal.
Using non-specialized warm-up exercises. The specificity of the exercises used in the warm-up should correspond to the specificity of the upcoming main motor activity. This applies both to training and especially to competitions. The warm-up should help to concentrate the body's reserves exactly where the most intense work is ahead. The inclusion in the warm-up of sufficiently strenuous non-specialized exercises (for example, a long run) activates to a greater extent the functions and muscle groups, which in the main part of the training session will not function at a high and extreme level. In this case, the body is tuned to the wrong address. The body becomes disoriented. However, this does not mean that it is necessary to completely exclude non-specialized exercises from the warm-up. They should be included in it, but only in the initial part and necessarily in unstressed (in terms of volume and intensity) modes of their implementation - a variety of exercises under such conditions will increase the functional readiness of the body, prepare the athlete's musculo-ligamentous apparatus, and will not even create a temporarily unnecessary "maximum favored "for non-specific basketball motor functional systems. Reaching varied and simple exercises General physical training activation of the organism, subsequent specialized exercises with their ever-increasing intensity, this general background is transformed into a directed activation of specialized functional systems, which will have to perform hard work in the main part of training or competition.
Some terms, definitions and formulas
Gymnastics.This word appeared almost three thousand years ago in Ancient Greece. It comes from the Greek word "hymnos", which means "naked". This is because athletes in those days competed naked.
Motor experience. Motor experience is understood as the volume of motor actions mastered by a person and the ways of their use. The more of these actions and methods a person possesses, the more versatile his motor experience.
Dynamics physical exercise. One of the main sections of the biomechanics of physical exercises, which studies the patterns of movements of individual parts of the body and the entire human body in space and time.
Individual control over the state of the body. Such control can be carried out using ruthier Dixon's samples at least once a month at the same time of day. This test is carried out in the following way... You need to lie on your back and stay in this position for 5 minutes, after which you need to measure your heart rate in 15 seconds. (P1). Then within 45 sec. you need to perform 30 squats, lie on your back again and measure the heart rate for the first (P2) and last (P3) 15 seconds. first minute of recovery. Performance is calculated using the formula:
At values \u200b\u200bfrom 0 to 2.9, the performance is considered good; from 3.0 to 6.0 - average; from 6.0 to 8.0 - satisfactory; over 8.0 - bad.
Ruthier Dixon's samples help to objectively judge functional state organism.
Individual daily routine. The daily routine is understood as the distribution of the main affairs and activities carried out by a person relatively constantly during each day. The main purpose of the regime is to ensure the optimal activity of the human body, its main functions and systems. The basis for regulating the daily routine is the alternation of activities.
Coordination of movements - the ability to coordinate movements of various parts of the body when performing elements and connections.
Locomotion (from Latin - place + movement) - a set of movements that provide animals and humans with the ability to actively move in space.
General and special endurance. Endurance is subdivided into general and special. General endurance characterizes the ability of a person to carry out work regardless of its specifics and conditions of performance. Special endurance, on the contrary, characterizes the ability to perform specific specific work for a long time, moreover, under relatively certain conditions.
General physical preparation. General physical fitness is understood as a training process aimed at the all-round development of a person's physical qualities.
Warm up - performing a set of physical exercises shortly before training or competitions in order to mobilize the functions of the athlete's body in advance, prepare for the performance of the upcoming exercises at a high level.
Sports uniform- this is the state of optimal readiness of an athlete to compete. (3, p. 474.)
Physical exercise technique. Technique is understood as a way of performing a movement that allows you to most effectively solve the task. In the technique of any motor action, the basis, the leading link and the details of the technique are distinguished. The basis of the technique means the composition and sequence of movements and elements that make up a motor action. The leading link of technology is understood as such an element of a motor action, without which this action cannot be performed. The details of the technique are individual elements and features of the implementation of a holistic motor action, which depend on individual characteristics.
Physical education lesson subdivided into three parts: preparatory, main and final. The purpose of the preparatory part is to prepare the body for physical work. In the main part of the lesson, its main tasks are solved, which can be associated either with teaching motor actions and improving them, or with the development of physical qualities. The final part of the lesson has the task of ensuring the recovery of the body after physical exertion of the main part.
Morning gymnastics promotes the transition of the body from a passive state after sleep to an active one, necessary for the upcoming activity.
Physical education - an organic part of general education; socio-pedagogical process aimed at strengthening health, harmonious development of forms and functions of the human body. This is teaching various motor skills and abilities, transfer of knowledge about physical culture (educational side); targeted improvement of the physical health of students.
Physical quality is quickness. Speed \u200b\u200bis understood as the properties of a person that allow him to make movements for a minimum a short time... The speed is manifested in the speed of reaction and the speed of movement of the body or its links in space.
Physical quality endurance... Endurance is understood as the properties of a person that provide him with the ability to resist fatigue and perform physical work for a long time without reducing its power. Human endurance depends on the capabilities of the respiratory and circulatory systems, energy supply of working muscles. The main criterion for the selection of exercises is not the magnitude of the load, but the execution time.
Physical quality flexibility. Flexibility is understood as the anatomical and morphological properties of the human locomotor system, allowing it to perform movements with a greater amplitude. The main requirement in the development of flexibility is the preliminary "warming up" of the muscles, achieved by an intense warm-up.
Physical quality is strength. Strength is understood as the properties of a person that allow him to influence external forces or actively counteract them due to muscle tension. Basic application rule strength exercises - compulsory execution of them before the first signs of fatigue.
Physical culture of personality the achieved level of physical perfection of a person and the degree of use of acquired qualities, skills and special knowledge in everyday life is understood.
Physical Culture - a part of the general culture of society, one of the spheres of social activity aimed at strengthening health, developing the physical abilities of a person.
Under physical activity understand the extent of the impact of physical exercise on the human body, which consists of the alternation of physical work and rest. During physical training, the amount of load on the body is provided by the speed of the exercise; the size of the burden on the working muscles: the duration of the exercise, the number of repetitions, the rest interval between repetitions of the exercise.Physical fitness - the result of physical training, that is, a purposefully organized pedagogical process. Physical fitness is assessed using special standards (standards, requirements, test control).
Physical performance of a person.This is the ability of a person to perform a large amount of physical work in a given period of time. A person with a high working capacity gets tired more slowly and recovers faster.
Physical development- the process of morphological and functional development of the human body, its physical qualities, due to internal factors and living conditions.
Physical perfection is characterized by full health, highly developed qualities, possession of many applied and sports skills, harmonious development of body shapes and other indicators.
Physical abilities- capabilities inherent in a person, realized in life, especially in motor activity, the basis of which is his physical qualities.
Physical exerciseare used to improve the forms and functions of the body, strengthen health, develop physical abilities, form and improve the motor skills and abilities necessary in life.
The functions of the respiratory system during exercise... In athletes, the volume of the chest increases, the inhalation and exhalation become deeper, the hemoglobin content in the blood increases. All this contributes to a better supply of the nervous system, and especially the brain, with oxygen. With systematic physical exercises, the strength of the intercostal respiratory muscles and diaphragm increases, the mobility of the chest increases and the motor volume of the lungs increases. An important indicator of breathing efficiency is the vital capacity of the lungs (VC), which is measured by the maximum amount of exhaled air after a full inhalation.
Based on the article by Tatiana Byasharova, Larisa Karpashevich
Introduction
1. The basics of physical fitness
2. Physical fitness of the athlete
3. The structure of physical fitness
4. General physical fitness
5. Special physical training
Bibliography
Introduction.
Modern physical training should be considered as a multilevel system. Each level of which has its own structure and its own specific features.
The lowest level is characterized by a health-improving orientation and is built on the basis of general (conditioned) physical fitness. As the level of physical fitness increases, its difficulty increases and sports orientation, and the highest level is built on the basis of the principles of sports training in order to increase the functional reserves of the body necessary for professional activity. One of the most important conditions for the implementation of physical training is its rational construction over sufficiently long periods of time. Because it is impossible to prepare for work in a day, not a week, a month, and sometimes even a year. This is a long-term process of motor skills and abilities formation, systematic improvement of physical (motor) qualities, mental preparation, maintenance of the level of working capacity, preservation and strengthening of health. The construction of physical training classes is based on the laws of physical education and sports training.
General physical training creates the basis for mastering exercises, contributes to the development of motor abilities, an increase in overall performance. For representatives of many sports, it is the same and contributes to the development of the qualities necessary for an athlete to perform successfully in competitions.
1. The basics of physical fitness.
Basic sport is characterized by relatively low sports results and significant mass participation. At this level of achievement, athletes are trained in their free time from the main activity. It is conducted under the guidance of trainers of various qualifications, including trainers-instructors working on a voluntary basis. The loads are small.
Sport highest achievements associated with the desire to achieve the highest results (world records, victories at the Olympic Games, World Championships, Europe, Russia, etc.). However, the higher the achievement, the less the number of athletes able to reach this level (3% of the country's population aged 16-25).
Elite sports can dominate at certain times in an athlete's life. The training is carried out under the guidance of highly qualified coaches, it uses the latest achievements of science and technology, uses large amounts of training and competitive loads, and athletes go through a thorough multi-stage selection. The expert assessment shows that only 1 out of 65 people who started to study continues to study in children and youth sports school (Children and Youth Sports School), the standard of a master of sports in swimming can be fulfilled by one person out of 34,000 trained.
Analyzing the specificity of the directions of the sports movement, scientists talk about the following main mechanism of the interdependence of the mass character of sports and the level of achievements of highly qualified athletes. The sports results that high-class athletes demonstrate, especially in popular sports, serve effective remedy promotion of active physical education and sports.
Thanks to this, more and more participants are involved in the practice of sports activities and, therefore, the chances of identifying new talented athletes among them increase, who in the future will be able to raise the highest sports achievements to a new level. Therefore, they conclude, the progress of each sport is based along with other aspects and on the inextricable connection of all aspects of the sports movement.
In defining the concept of sport, we used the term “ competitive activity". To explain it, we will have to stipulate a few more concepts.
All sports competitions are held according to certain rules, which regulate the activities of the participants. In addition, each participant sporting events tries to achieve a certain sports result (success). Competitors must fulfill their capabilities or competitive potential to be successful. Therefore, competitive activity in sports is a process regulated by the rules of realizing the competitive potentials of participants, each of whom strives to achieve the planned result.
The overall goal of sports training is to develop the spiritual and physical abilities of athletes.
A specific goal is to achieve high sports results.
Sports training is understood as a specialized pedagogical process of physical education aimed at achieving high sports results by an athlete.
The particular tasks of sports training are: health promotion and all-round physical development of an athlete, education of his moral, volitional and physical qualities, the formation of the necessary skills, the consolidation and improvement of the necessary skills of the chosen sport, the acquisition of special knowledge in hygiene, self-control, etc.
At the moment there are several of the most common classifications of sports: Matveev LP, 1977; Keller B.C., 1986; and others. The most widespread classification of sports included in the program of the summer and winter Olympic Games:
1 - cyclic (rowing, swimming, skiing, cycling, speed skating, cross-country athletics);
2 - speed-strength (jumping, throwing, weightlifting);
3 - coordination complex sports (sports and artistic gymnastics, figure skating ice skating, diving, etc.);
4 - martial arts (wrestling, boxing, etc.)
5 - sports games (football, hockey, volleyball, basketball, water polo, etc.);
6 - all-around (athletics decathlon, modern pentathlon, ski nordic, etc.).
2. Physical fitness of the athlete.
It is aimed at the development of physical qualities and is the basis for improving technology, it is subdivided into general and special.
General physical training - creates a basis for mastering exercises, promotes the development of motor abilities, increasing overall performance. For representatives of many sports, it is the same and promotes the development of the qualities necessary for an athlete to perform successfully in competitions and to be in good physical fitness.
SFP is the basis for maintaining a sports form, rapid mastering of the exercise technique of a sport, achieving a high level of an athlete's functional capabilities and the ability to endure large training and competitive loads. Means of special physical training are exercises of "their" kind of sport, similar in structure to competitive actions.
Modern physical training should be considered as a multilevel system. Each level, which has its own structure and its own specific features.
The lowest level is characterized by a health-improving orientation and is built on the basis of general (conditioned) physical fitness. As the level of physical fitness increases, its complexity and sports orientation increase, and the highest level is built on the basis of the principles of sports training in order to increase the body's functional reserves necessary for professional activity. One of the most important conditions for the implementation of physical training is its rational construction over sufficiently long periods of time. Because it is impossible to prepare for work in a day, not a week, a month, and sometimes even a year. This is a long-term process of motor skills and abilities formation, systematic improvement of physical (motor) qualities, mental preparation, maintenance of the level of working capacity, preservation and strengthening of health. The construction of physical training classes is based on the laws of physical education and sports training.
3. The structure of physical training.
One of the leading experts in theory sports training V.N. Platonov (1986) notes that the modern system of an athlete's training is a complex, multifactorial phenomenon, including goals, objectives, means, methods, organizational forms, material and technical conditions, etc., ensuring the athlete's achievement of the highest sports performance, as well as organizational the pedagogical process of preparing an athlete for competition.
In the system of training an athlete, there are: sports training, competition, out-of-training and out-of-competition factors that increase the effectiveness of training and competitions.
The main aspects of an athlete's training are physical, technical, tactical, mental and integrative training.
Physical training is aimed at improving health, achieving a high level of physical development, and developing the physical qualities necessary for an athlete. It is customary to subdivide it into general physical training (GPT) and special physical training (TFP).
The goal of general physical training is to achieve high performance. Its means are a variety of physical exercises (walking, running, skiing, swimming, rowing, outdoor and sports games, gymnastics, weight exercises, etc.).
SFP is aimed at fostering individual physical qualities, skills and abilities necessary in the chosen sport. It is carried out systematically and helps the athlete to prepare for the competition.
Its means are special exercises and elements of the chosen sport. The ratio of GPP and TFP in the process of sports training changes with the growth of sportsmanship, the proportion of TFP gradually increases. Depending on the qualifications of athletes for general physical training, from 70% (in the initial period of training) to 30% (for higher grades) training time.
Technical training is aimed at teaching an athlete a system of movements corresponding to the characteristics of this sport.
Technical readiness (or in other words, technical skill) of athletes is characterized by what the athlete can do and how he can master the mastered actions. The first group of indicators includes: volume, versatility, rationality of technical actions that an athlete can perform. In the second, efficiency, mastery of implementation (D.D.Donskoy, V.M.Zatsiorsky 1979).
It is very important to single out basic and additional movements in the structure of an athlete's technical readiness. The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport, without which it is impossible to effectively conduct competitive wrestling in compliance with the existing rules. Mastering basic movements is mandatory for the athlete. Additional movements and actions are secondary movements and actions that are characteristic of individual athletes and are associated with their individual characteristics. (Platonov V.N., 1986).
Tactical training... Tactical readiness in the theory and practice of sports training, writes V.N. Platonov, is understood as the ability of an athlete to correctly build a course of struggle, taking into account the peculiarities of the sport, his individual characteristics, the capabilities of rivals and the external conditions created.
Level tactical preparedness an athlete depends on his mastery of the means, forms and types of tactics of this sport. Means of sports tactics are all techniques and methods of their implementation, forms - individual, group and team actions, types - offensive, defensive and contracting tactics.
Tactics is based on strategy, so A.Ya. Gomelsky in his book "The Bible of Basketball" writes that strategy is the main theoretical focus of all team work, which determines the means and methods of preparing for the main competition. The four-year plan to prepare the USSR national team for the Seoul Olympics is the team's strategy in 1985-1988. The strategy involves managing the team in competition.
Tactics are part of a strategy that solves the main tasks of training, taking into account specific capabilities - the resources of the team, the characteristics of opponents, the conditions of the competition. All this determines the tactical and combination baggage of the team.
Mental training is associated with the education of athletes in the process of training moral, volitional and special mental qualities.
Activities in various sports contribute to the formation of a specific structure of mental qualities, so A.Ts. Puni (1984) found that representatives of each sport have their own leading volitional qualities.
4. General physical fitness.
General physical training (GPT) is a process of improving motor physical qualities, aimed at comprehensive and harmonious physical development of a person.
General physical training helps to increase functional capabilities, general performance, is the basis (base) for special training and achieving high results in the chosen field of activity or sport. The OFP can be assigned the following tasks:
- to achieve harmonious development of body musculature and corresponding muscle strength;
- acquire general, endurance;
- to increase the speed of performing various movements, general speed abilities;
- increase the mobility of the main joints, muscle elasticity; to improve dexterity in a wide variety of (everyday, labor, sports) activities, the ability to coordinate simple and complex movements;
- learn to perform movements without undue stress, master the ability to relax.
General physical fitness is associated with the achievement of physical perfection - the level of health and all-round development of physical abilities that meet the requirements of human activity in certain historical conditions of production, military affairs and other spheres of social life. Specific principles and indicators of physical perfection are always determined by the real needs and living conditions of society at each historical stage. But they also always have a requirement for a high level of health and general performance. It should be remembered that even a sufficiently high general physical fitness often cannot ensure success in a specific sports discipline or in various types of professional work. This means that in some cases an increased development of endurance is required, in others - strength, etc. special training is required.
Modern physical training should be considered as a multilevel system. Each level of which has its own structure and its own specific features.
The lowest level is characterized by a health-improving orientation and is built on the basis of general (conditioned) physical fitness. As the level of physical fitness increases, the complexity and sports orientation increase, and the highest level is built on the basis of the principles of sports training in order to increase the body's functional reserves necessary for professional activity. One of the most important conditions for the implementation of physical training is its rational construction over sufficiently long periods of time. Because not for a day, not a week, a month, and sometimes even a year it is impossible to prepare for work. This is a long-term process of motor skills and abilities formation, systematic improvement of physical (motor) qualities, mental preparation, maintenance of the level of working capacity, preservation and strengthening of health. The construction of physical training classes is based on the laws of physical education and sports training.
5. Special physical training.
(SFP) is a process that ensures the development of physical qualities and the formation of motor skills and abilities that are specific only for specific sports or specific professions, provides the selective development of individual muscle groups that carry the main load when performing specialized exercises. The main means of special physical training are competitive exercises in "their own" kind of sport. The ratio of funds and oFP methods and TFP depends on the individual characteristics of the athlete, his sports experience, the training period and the tasks to be solved. The principle of unity is based on the fact that the adaptive reactions of the body to loads are selective and cannot provide the development of all the qualities necessary for showing a high sports result. Each quality, depending on the biological structure of the movements used, on the intensity of the load, develops specifically. Deviation in one direction or another when using either specific means or general developmental physical exercises does not give the desired effect. The level of development of physical qualities is not the same for representatives of different sports.
The only correct solution to the issue of using general and special physical training is their reasonable combination at different stages of the educational and training process.
On initial stage preparation should be dominated by basic general physical training regardless of the sport. The use of general physical training means for versatile training is also necessary for high-class athletes. AT different types sports for general physical training are used various means specific to this sport. But at the same time it is impossible to fall into another millennium - to use mainly specialized exercises, especially the same ones. This emotionally impoverishes the training process and, secondly, the body adapts to them - the result is the ineffectiveness of the training process.
Special physical training is very diverse in its focus, but all its types can be reduced to two main groups:
- sports training;
- professionally applied physical training.
Sports training (training) is the purposeful use of knowledge, means, methods and conditions, which allows you to directly influence the development of an athlete and ensure the necessary degree of his readiness for sports achievements.
At present, sports are developing in two directions with different target orientations - mass sports and high-performance sports. Their goals and objectives differ from each other, however, there is no clear border between them due to the natural transition of a part of the trainees from mass sports to "big" and back.
The goal of sports training in the field of mass sports is to strengthen health, improve physical condition and leisure.
The goal of training in the field of elite sports is to achieve the highest possible results in competitive activity.
However, with regard to the means, methods, principles of sports training (training), they are similar both in mass sports and in high-performance sports. The structure of the training of athletes who train and function in the field of mass sports and sports of the highest achievements is also fundamentally common.
The structure of an athlete's readiness includes technical, physical, tactical and mental elements.
Technical readiness should be understood as the degree of mastering by an athlete of the technique of the system of movements of a particular sport. It is closely related to the physical, mental and tactical capabilities of the athlete, as well as to the conditions of the external environment. Changes to competition rules, use of other sports equipment noticeably affects the content of athletes' technical readiness.
The structure of technical readiness always contains the so-called basic and additional movements.
The basic ones include movements and actions that form the basis of the technical equipment of this sport. Mastering basic movements is a must for an athlete specializing in this sport.
Additional ones include secondary movements and actions, elements of individual movements that do not violate his rationality and at the same time are characteristic of the individual characteristics of this athlete.
Physical fitness is the capabilities of the functional systems of the body. It reflects the required level of development of those physical qualities on which competitive success in a particular sport depends.
The tactical readiness of an athlete depends on how much he masters the means of sports tactics (for example, techniquesnecessary for the implementation of the chosen tactics), its types (offensive, defensive, counterattacking) and forms (individual, group, command).
Mental preparedness is heterogeneous in its structure. It can be divided into two relatively independent and at the same time interconnected sides: volitional and special mental readiness.
Strong-willed readiness is associated with such qualities as purposefulness (a clear vision of a promising goal), decisiveness and courage (a tendency to take reasonable risks combined with deliberate decisions), persistence and perseverance (the ability to mobilize functional reserves, activity in achieving a goal), endurance and self-control ( the ability to control their thoughts and actions in conditions of emotional arousal), independence and initiative. Some of these qualities may be initially inherent in one or another athlete, but most of them are brought up and improved in the process of regular training and sports competitions.
In the structure of a sportsman's special mental fitness, it is necessary to highlight those aspects that can be improved in the course of sports training:
- resistance to stressful situations of training and competitive activity;
- kinesthetic and visual perception of motional actions and the environment;
- ability for mental regulation of movements, ensuring effective muscle coordination;
- the ability to perceive, organize and process information in the face of time pressure;
- the ability to form anticipatory reactions in the structures of the brain, programs that precede real action.
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