In the young Land of the Soviets, hand-to-hand combat developed in a special way. This direction coincided with the vector of the country's development. Popular fist fighting and schools remained in the rejected "heritage of autocracy" technical training hand-to-hand and bayonet fighting, used in the tsarist police and army. But the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, the people's militia and the nascent special services needed the skills of applied hand-to-hand combat. For its revival, instructions are given and specialists loyal to the new government are attracted.
In 1919, a hand-to-hand combat training program was published in the Red Army. In the same year, the Bayonet Manual was approved. In 1923, the first official manual on physical training was published, which was called "Physical training of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and pre-conscription youth." It had sections: "Possession of cold" and "Methods of defense and attack without weapons." Since the old school of training was largely lost, Western boxing took its place, greco-Roman wrestling and oriental judo and jiu-jitsu. In the early 20s of the last century, sport sections, in which they study methods of defense and attack without weapons, possession of cold weapons.
On April 16, 1923, the Moscow proletarian sports society "Dynamo" was established, in which the self-defense section worked under the leadership of Viktor Afanasyevich Spiridonov. In 1928, he published the book Self-Defense Without Weapons, in which he synthesized Jiu-Jitsu with French wrestling techniques. In 1930, V.S. Oshchepkov was invited to the Department of Defense and Attack of the State Center for Physical Culture and Sports as an elective teacher in judo. The curriculum of the department included the study of the basics sports training in classical wrestling, boxing, fencing, bayonet fighting and strength training. It was during these years that striking and wrestling techniques were combined into a single complex of applied nature.
In 1930, for operational officers of the GPU and the police N.N. Oznobishin published the manual "The Art of Hand-to-Hand Combat". The author critically assessed and compared various martial arts known at that time. Based personal experience N.N. Oznobishin developed an original combined system. This was the first attempt in the country to combine hand-to-hand, close-range firefighting and the psychological setting of a fight into a single whole.
Spiridonov, for the first time in world practice, implemented a feedback system, when the Cheka employees, after the arrest of a criminal, filled out special, "prepared in advance" questionnaires, in which they indicated the methods and techniques used to arrest the criminal.
Not only law enforcement agencies, but also the Red Army had to apply their skills in practice.
The events on Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol, as well as the Soviet-Finnish war, showed that the massive use of hand-to-hand combat in modern warfare is unlikely. This is a war of technology, engines and maneuver with fire defeat. The Finnish war also showed the need for comfortable warm uniforms, the absence of which made the classic use of hand-to-hand combat even in reconnaissance difficult. As a result, the Finnish war left very few examples of hand-to-hand combat.
The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War pushed the development of the sporting direction of hand-to-hand combat to the background. In the ensuing battles, applied hand-to-hand combat was used. These contractions are conventionally divided into two categories:
- massive clashes in combined arms combat;
- skirmishes when conducting reconnaissance raids, searches and ambushes.
The first category, although it showed the massive heroism and cruelty of the war, did not require systematic combat from hand-to-hand combat.
Professionally trained military scouts and saboteurs. They were taught to plan the contractions, to carry them out meaningfully, achieving the necessary goal.
There were selected fighters who can think, with good physical characteristics. During the war, the system for their training was improved and well debugged. Here is a short combat episode from the book of a naval reconnaissance officer twice Hero of the Soviet Union V. N. Leonov: “Barinov's platoon is closer than others to the fence. Tearing off his quilted jacket, Pavel Baryshev threw it onto the barbed wire and rolled it over the fence. Tall Guznenkov jumped over the wire on the move, fell, crawled away and immediately opened fire on the barrack doors.
The scouts began to pull off their jackets and raincoats, approaching the barbed wire. And Ivan Lysenko ran to the iron crosspiece, on which the wire hung, bent down, with a strong jerk pulled the crosspiece onto his shoulders, slowly rose to his full height and, spreading his legs wide apart, shouted angrily:
- Go ahead, lads! Dive!
- Well done, Lysenko!
I slipped into the gap formed under the fence.
Overtaking me, scouts ran to the barracks and cannons, to the dugouts and dugouts.
Semyon Agafonov climbed onto the roof of the dugout, near the cannon. "Why is he?" - I wondered. Two officers jumped out of the dugout. Agafonov shot the first (later it turned out that it was the commander of the battery), and the second, the chief lieutenant, was stunned with a blow from the rifle butt. Jumping off, Agafonov caught up with Andrei Pshenichnykh, and they began to pave the way to the gun with grenades.
Agafonov and Pshenichnykh were still engaged in hand-to-hand combat with a gun crew, while Guznenkov with two breeders, Kolosov and Ryabchinsky, were already turning the cannon towards Liinkhamari. The description of the encounter shows a combination of melee and melee combat.
They began to systematize and describe the experience gained after the war. So, in 1945, KT Bulochko's manual "Physical training of an intelligence officer" was published, in which the author, using military experience, describes the techniques and methods of hand-to-hand combat. Moreover, almost everything given in the book has not lost its relevance now.
The NKVD troops showed themselves in many ways. It is worth remembering the unit called the troops of the special group of the NKVD. In 1941, the unit was renamed into a separate special purpose motorized rifle brigade. Many prominent athletes of the Soviet Union served in the brigade: shooters, boxers, wrestlers, etc. Thanks to their experience and skills, prisoners were captured, raids and ambushes in territories captured by the enemy. Moreover, a significant part is silent, only with hand-to-hand combat techniques.
In the war between the Land of the Rising Sun and the USSR, the Japanese did not even think of measuring their strength in hand-to-hand combat with Soviet soldiers. If such fights took place, then our fighters emerged victorious. There is no mention of the practical benefits for the Japanese in these martial arts bouts.
Based on the experience of past wars, the place of hand-to-hand combat in the training of a warrior was determined, as a means of physical and psychological preparation... Hand-to-hand combat was used to develop motor skills and skills, correct orientation in close combat, to be the first to fire a shot, throw a grenade, strike with melee weapons, and perform a technique.
In close combat, first of all, the defeat of the enemy with fire was used, and edged weapons and martial arts techniques were used only in a sudden collision with the enemy, in the absence of ammunition or the refusal of firearms, if necessary, destroy the enemy silently or during capture. This prompted the fighters to instantly navigate in a rapidly changing environment, showing initiative, acting decisively and boldly, fully using the received practical knowledge.
In connection with the change in armament, technology, tactics, tasks and doctrine of warfare, the attitude in the army towards hand-to-hand combat is changing. So, in the "Manuals on physical training" of 1948 from the section "Hand-to-hand combat" actions with improvised means and methods of attack and defense without weapons are excluded.
Since 1952, hand-to-hand combat sports have ceased to be held in the army. In 1967, the cultivation of fencing on rifles with an elastic bayonet ceased in the Soviet army. This is primarily due to the consequences of the military-technical revolution.
Despite the above, interest in self-defense techniques, somewhat fading in one place, was more pronounced in another. The development of hand-to-hand combat from one phase passed into another, it was revived with renewed vigor through the sambo system.
Once again, attention to hand-to-hand fighting was returned by the events on Damansky Island, where the provocations of the Chinese were massive and regular. The Chinese sought to provoke the Soviet border guards to use weapons. As a result, fierce hand-to-hand fighting ensued. Here is how it is described in his book "Bloody Snow of Damansky" Hero of the Soviet Union, the first commander of "Alpha" Major General Vitaly Bubenin, who commanded at that time one of the border posts on this section of the border: "And so it began. Thousands of selected, healthy, strong, furious fighters grappled in mortal combat. A powerful wild roar, groans, screams, cries for help echoed far over the great Ussuri River. The crackling of stakes, butts, skulls and bones added to the picture of the battle. Many of the assault rifles no longer had stocks. The soldiers wrapped their belts around their arms and fought with what was left of them. And the loudspeakers continued to inspire the bandits. The orchestra did not stop for a minute. Another ice battle in Russia since the time of the battle of our ancestors with the knight-dogs ”. The book contains many detailed descriptions of individual and group contractions. The conflict ended with the use of artillery, including multiple rocket launchers "Grad", and combat losses on both sides. Nevertheless, it became clear to everyone that hand-to-hand combat still requires study and development.
The country was entering a stagnant but relatively calm time. The absence and reluctance of changes in society affected the development of hand-to-hand combat.
Nevertheless, since the end of the 60s of the last century, there has been a great interest in karate in the USSR. This type of wrestling was introduced to our country by foreign students who studied at Soviet universities, employees of foreign firms, and Soviet specialists who worked abroad.
Karate was gradually legalized. Official structures either fight him or provide support.
Along with the development of karate clubs, schools and other martial arts appeared: kung fu, taekwondo, vietvo-dao, aikido, jiu-jitsu, etc. Sports halls of many educational institutions were overflowing with those wishing to master the "secret systems".
This was the time when Bruce Lee made his films that revolutionized the attitude towards martial arts around the world. And in the Soviet Union they acted better than any party propaganda. Naturally, martial arts were associated with bourgeois ideology and developed slowly. But they developed and were refined in the understanding of the Russian mentality. So, A. Shturmin and T. Kasyanov "Russified" karate by transferring the eastern basis to the Russian mentality. Later, Kasyanov went further, creating a sports hand-to-hand combat with techniques of karate, boxing, throws, steps, sweeps and painful holds. Moreover, hand-to-hand combat in this direction included sambo techniques, and Kasyanov considers himself a student of A. Kharlampiev.
In April 1990, on the basis of CSKA, an all-Union educational and certification seminar was held for coaches - teachers of martial arts. The seminar was attended by 70 military instructors. An attempt was made on it to popularize the hand-to-hand combat modernized by Kasyanov among the military and law enforcement officers. On the one hand, the instructors were not ready to accept the new requirements, on the other hand, the eastern basis did not fit the army requirements, as a result of which great success was not achieved. A.A. Kadochnikov was also present at the seminar, who had his own view on hand-to-hand combat.
Kadochnikov was the first in the world to apply an engineering approach to the construction of hand-to-hand combat. Information about him as a Kuban nugget reviving Russian combat systems dates back to the mid 80s of the last century. He worked at the Department of Theoretical Mechanics at the Krasnodar Rocket School, where he summed up the scientific theory for the practice of various actions in hand-to-hand combat. He also succeeded in what T. Kasyanov had unsuccessfully sought. The initiative group, which included Alexei Alekseevich, receives an order for the implementation of research work from the Ministry of Defense. A non-staff reconnaissance company of the Krasnodar Missile School, formed on the initiative of the same group of like-minded people, becomes a practical base for practicing techniques. Subsequently, their initiative turned into the creation of a center for training special forces fighters according to the methods of the Russian combat system, which existed as a military unit until 2002.
In the period from the beginning of the 90s to the present, Kasyanov and Kadochnikov brought up many students who founded their directions in hand-to-hand combat and single combats. The students who worked with Kasyanov created the Budo club in 1992, preserving and improving the ideas of martial arts with the Russian mentality. In 1996, the "Alpha-Budo" club appeared, which is closely associated with the association of veterans of the "Alpha" special forces. In preparing its students, this club synthesizes the eastern principle, the Russian mentality and the spirit of the fighting brotherhood of the special forces "Alpha".
Many founders of modern Russian combat systems began and interacted with Kadochnikov. So, the founder of the Russian system of self-defense ROSS A.I. Retyunskikh from 1980 to 1990 attended Kadochnikov's classes. The creators of the combat army system BARS S.A. Bogachev, S.V. Ivanov, A.Yu. Fedotov and S.A. Ten contacted V.P. Danilov and S.I. Sergienko, who worked together with Kadochnikov, and for their systems borrowed many of the principles of A.A. Kadochnikov's school. Danilov and Sergienko, who served in the Krasnodar special forces training center, after being transferred to the reserve, established their own combat system. In this system, they adapted the experience of training spetsnaz fighters for self-defense actions in everyday life. So there was a collection - a Russian combat system.
Kasyanov, Kadochnikov and many other founders of various directions of martial arts in their publications and interviews often speak with regret about the students who disagreed with them in views and began to develop their own schools and directions. To lament about this is a hopeless business, the modern information age makes knowledge publicly available. Knowledge cannot be closed in a bottle - it will flow out. Knowledge is not a rival resource. Even using them as a commodity has a peculiarity: passing to someone, they remain with the original carrier.
That is why, at the present stage, none of the existing systems will be accepted as the basis for training in the power departments of the country. Law enforcement agencies will use only the necessary of them, forming their own training system, taking into account the tasks at hand.
PHYSICAL TRAINING IN THE ARMED FORCES OF THE USSR - a system of various physical. exercises used in the Soviet Army in the Navy in combination with the observance of hygienic rules by the military, the military regime and the use of the natural forces of nature - the sun, air and water.
Only morally stable, strong-willed, well-trained servicemen with great endurance and versatile physical abilities can successfully perform combat missions. preparedness. In accordance with these requirements, physical training in the USSR VS is aimed at increasing and all-round development among military personnel. the ability to skillful, swift, strenuous actions.
Phys. training in the Soviet Army and Navy is of a military-applied nature. At the same time, by promoting the formation of versatile physically developed, hardened and healthy citizens of the Soviet Union who are doing military service, and by instilling in them physical culture skills, the physical culture in the USSR is an important link in the general Soviet physical culture movement.
The military field in the USSR has tasks common to all personnel of the Soviet Army and the Navy, as well as special tasks that are solved depending on the specific requirements of combat training of a particular type of the Armed Forces or a branch of service. The general tasks of physical physics in the USSR are: the development of large physics. endurance, strength, dexterity and speed in actions; fostering initiative and resourcefulness, courage and decisiveness, self-confidence, attentiveness, quickness of orientation and speed of reaction; developing the ability to act accurately and dexterously in physical conditions. fatigue and nervous tension, as well as the ability to quickly switch from one type of action to another; mastering the skills of accelerated movement by walking, running, skiing, swimming, overcoming obstacles, throwing grenades and hand-to-hand combat; health promotion and hardening, improvement of physical. development of military personnel, etc.
The main forms of physical training in the USSR are as follows: 1) training sessions in gymnastics, movement on the ground, overcoming obstacles and hand-to-hand combat, ski training, swimming, athletics, sports games, and in the Navy also in rowing; 2) morning physical. charging, the content of a cut includes: running on terrain up to 3 km in combination with overcoming natural and artificial obstacles, floor exercise complexes, exercises for two, in a group, speed exercises, exercises on gymnastic apparatus and ship devices, as well as in lifting weights , sailing, rowing on naval boats; 3) physical. exercises in conditions of limited mobility and before duty at apparatus and devices - in the form special complexescarried out at the command of the commander to maintain high efficiency and maintain the combat effectiveness of personnel while serving in aircraft, in ship compartments, in trenches, shelters, wagons, and in other special conditions; 4) passing physical. training in walking and running, skiing, overcoming obstacles, etc.; 5) sports work carried out in subdivisions and units in their free time and on weekends in the form of training and competitions in various sports, selected primarily taking into account the possible complete solution of military-applied tasks for a given type of Armed Forces or branch of service ...
Thanks to the tireless concern of the Communist Party and the Soviet government for the growth of the might of our Motherland, the security of its borders and the maintenance of peace throughout the world, the face of the Armed Forces of the USSR has been constantly changing and improving. With the growth of the Soviet economy, military equipment and weapons developed and improved. The Soviet Armed Forces are equipped with the most modern weapons and military equipment, they have tremendous striking power, high maneuverability, and the ability to quickly and crush actions. All this places extremely high demands on personal physicians. and the moral qualities of the soldiers. And this means that with the development of military art, combat equipment and weapons, the entire system of physical training of troops, the means and methods with the help of which the necessary military qualities and skills are developed in personnel, must accordingly be modified and improved.
From the first days of Soviet power, the Communist Party began to create its own army, an army of a new type. The new army could not be complete without the comprehensive training of its personnel. That is why, from the very first years of the existence of our army, physical training of personnel in unity with political and cultural education began to be widely used in it. During the Civil War, classes were conducted in the system of general military training (Vsevobuch), and in spare parts - in the form of field gymnastics, bayonet fighting, grenade throwing, skiing, walking, running, and various other applied exercises. Later, various programs and instructions on physical training were developed in the USSR VS, and a number of orders were issued for the army and navy. These materials, as well as the governing bodies for physical training and sports, determine the organizational basis of physical training in the USSR.
Specialists in physics are of great importance in the physics industry in the USSR. upbringing, to-rykh prepares the Red Banner Military Faculty of Physical Education at the GDOIFK them. Lesgaft. However, the leading role in achieving a high level of physical. the preparedness of personnel is played by the combined arms commander. The commander of a unit or a battleship nets full responsibility for the entire organization of physical training and sports in subordinate units. The unit commander personally conducts classes with subordinate soldiers and sergeants, organizes morning exercises and other forms of physical training. That is why, along with the training of specialists in physics. upbringing in the army, physical education of all officers is carried out, from the Suvorov military schools to the military academies. After graduating from a secondary or higher military educational institution, an officer has sufficient knowledge and skills to personally organize and conduct physical training classes and mass sports work.
Sports work also took on certain organizational forms in the Soviet Army. In such units as a platoon or company, sports work is carried out with all personnel and is aimed at ensuring that each soldier passes the standards of the TRP II stage and receives at least one of the sports categories at the available applied types sports. This task is being successfully solved by many divisions and units. The annual all-army, district and naval reviews of the state of sports work in military units, on ships and in military schools, which have been held since 1959, are of great help in this. The winners of these reviews are awarded with challenge prizes of the USSR Ministry of Defense.
In larger subunits and units there are national teams in the main sports for the Soviet Army, which include: bullet shooting, ski race, athletics and weightlifting, swimming, gymnastics, boxing, classical wrestling, football, handball, basketball and some others. Freelance instructors (coaches) are trained to train national teams from the best athletes. The military districts and the navy have created sports clubs, which are centers for the preparation of young athletes of the 1st category and masters of sports. The Central Army Sports Club (CSKA) has, in addition, a number of youth sections and schools where sports reserves for the national teams of the Soviet Army are trained.
Management of work on physical. training and sports in the Armed Forces is carried out by the Sports Committee of the USSR Ministry of Defense, formed in 1962.
At regularly held sports competitions - from grassroots championships of divisions and units to all-army sports days - hundreds of athletes every year fulfill the standards of masters of sports and I sports category. In just 3 years (1959 - 1961), 1281 master of sports were trained in the ranks of the Soviet Army and the Navy; in 1961, 157 of the strongest army athletes. won the title of champion of the USSR, 12 - European champion and 25 - world champion. At the II Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR, competing in 22 sports, the army team won 238 medals, of which 68 were gold and 97 silver, and at the I Winter Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR - 31 medals: 13 gold, 10 silver and 8 bronze.
The network of sports facilities is constantly expanding in the Soviet Army. Each military unit, each garrison has a certain complex of physical education facilities: a gymnastic campus, playgrounds for sports games, obstacle courses, and often stadiums and a swimming pool. No regimental or garrison club is built without a gym, basketball, weightlifting or boxing halls.
In order to constantly improve the means and methods of physical training and in the best way bring them closer to the tasks and requirements of combat training, a great deal of military scientific work in the field of physical training and sports is being carried out in the Soviet Army. In the troops, it is performed by a group of special scientific workers, as well as by the departments of the Red Banner Military Faculty of Physical Culture at the GDOIFK im. Lesgaft and departments of physical training of higher military educational institutions. In addition, a lot of professors and teachers of the Military Medical Academy named after V.I. S. M. Kirov, as well as many combat officers and generals - the direct organizers of combat training. The scientific and methodological council for physical training, created in 1947 at the USSR Ministry of Defense, coordinates all military research work in this area.
All work on physical culture in the USSR is based on indissoluble ties with the entire Soviet physical culture movement. Army athletes are part of the USSR national teams at various internationals. competitions. For example, as part of the Soviet team that played at the XVI Olympic Games in Melbourne, there were 81 army athletes. 40 army athletes returned to their homeland with olympic medals, including 13 people. with gold: V. Kuts, A. Vorobiev, F. Bogdanovsky, V. Romanenko, A. Bogdanov, I. Deryugin, V. Safronov, V. Nikolaev, P. Stolbov, L. Egorova, A. Bashashkin, B. Razinsky , I. Beta. At the VIII Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley, army athletes distinguished themselves: skater E. Grishin, skier G. Vaganov and double fighter N. Gusakov. 307 Soviet athletes went to the XVII Olympic Games in Rome, among whom there were 69 representatives of the SA and the Navy. 13 army and naval athletes became champions of the Rome Olympiad: Y. Vlasov, V. Kapitonov, I. Bogdan, V. Ivanov, S. Filatov, V. Tsybulenko, A. Vorobyov, E. Minaev, T. Pinegin, F. Shutkov, G. Sveshnikov, M. Nikolaev and N. Ponomarev. In total, the athletes of the SA and the Navy were awarded 37 Olympic medals. This was their contribution to the common victory soviet sports at the XVII Olympic Games. Over a 6-year period (1956 - 1961), army athletes have updated 245 individual records of the USSR, 84 of them exceeded the highest world achievements.
Every soldier demobilized from the ranks of the army or navy is an athlete to one degree or another. Returning to work at a factory or a collective farm, he becomes an activist in physical education, helps to organize and conduct classes in the lower collectives of physical scientists. culture. This is how the Soviet Army helps to strengthen the country's physical culture movement. In turn, our physical culture organizations constantly provide assistance to the army by preparing an ever better physically developed young generation for military service.
Sources:
- Encyclopedic Dictionary of Physical Culture and Sports. Volume 3. Ch. ed. - G. I. Kukushkin. M., "Physical culture and sport", 1963. 423 p.
The history of hand-to-hand combat in the USSR. Part 3.
Before the start of the Second World War, in which individual episodes include local wars and conflicts that the USSR waged with Finland and Japan at Khalkhin Gol and Lake Khasan, the leadership of the Red Army (Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army) did not pay due attention to the training of personnel to hand-to-hand fighting. It was believed that in connection with the increased firepower of all the armies of the world, with the arrival of light automatic small arms in the troops: pistols, machine guns and submachine guns, the role of hand-to-hand combat will be small and it is necessary only for special units of the NKVD and the border service, and mass there will be no use of hand-to-hand combat.
Therefore, in the NPRB-38 released in 1938 ("Manual on preparation for hand-to-hand combat"), preference was given to the comprehensive training of strength and physical endurance of fighters: overcoming obstacles, possession of melee weapons, methods of movement on various types of terrain, and methods of throwing hand grenades. From the point of view of military training, this was, perhaps, a very correct and correct decision, since already the first battles of 1939-1940 in Manchuria and Mongolia, and especially in the Finnish War, showed how important the level of physical training of the rank and file is. At the same time, the erroneousness of the idea of \u200b\u200bclose combat as only about fire combat became obvious. This was especially clearly manifested in the September 1939 offensive of the Red Army in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Khalkhin-Gol River. In this military campaign, there were hundreds and even thousands of episodes when it was necessary to literally wrest the Japanese out of their positions in close hand-to-hand combat. For the most part, the Japanese were staunch fighters and did not want to withdraw, let alone surrender.
Already by 1941, taking into account the experience of previous battles, the RPRB-41 "Manual for preparing for hand-to-hand combat" was developed and sent to the troops, where much more space was allocated to hand-to-hand combat. The manual included not only the techniques of bayonet fighting: injections and blows with the butt, but also techniques of combat with a rifle without a bayonet, a small sapper shovel, a bayonet as a dagger, as well as unarmed against armed with a rifle or cold weapon - a bayonet, knife or dagger. Sparingly, space was given to the teaching method of hand-to-hand combat, as well as the preparation and maintenance of the simplest equipment: training sticks, wooden rifles with a soft tip and stuffed animals.
The first battles with the Germans showed that hand-to-hand combat almost always occurred where the Red Army troops acted steadily and defended themselves competently. Even during the difficult period of the 1941 retreats, in those sectors of the front where there were units prepared, including for hand-to-hand combat, the Red Army offered fierce resistance. In this sense, the history of the Brest Fortress is indicative, the defenders of which repeatedly engaged in hand-to-hand combat with the Germans, holding the fortress for several months.
Hand-to-hand combat. Preparation of spare parts for the Red Army
As part of the formation and training of new units of the Red Army in 1942, the "Manual on physical training in the spare parts of the Red Army" was published, which was aimed at training reserve personnel. After training of personnel, these spare parts practically all become combat units and are sent to the front. According to the "Manual on physical training in spare parts" out of the total 40 hours of physical training, 25 hours were allocated specifically for the study of hand-to-hand combat techniques.
Of course, these were the simplest, but at the same time effective methods of defense and attack, both with the use of weapons and improvised means (knife, bayonet, rifle, large and small sapper shovel) and without them. For the most part, the level of training of infantry units entering the front at this time began to meet the requirements of that time.
Training in hand-to-hand combat at the front
Practically from the first months of the war, preparation for hand-to-hand combat at the front took a training-practical direction. Troops were trained in the near rear, where they were withdrawn for rest and re-formation for a short time. There was no emphasis on learning many techniques, on the contrary, the infantryman's arsenal of actions was small, but it was trained in combination with other actions of the fighter (overcoming obstacles, throwing grenades) in different conditions battle: when protecting the trench and trench, or vice versa, when attacking them.
1941, training in hand-to-hand fighting, Belarus Already starting in 1942, much more time was devoted to attacking actions. Often, before an offensive, assault strips were lined up near the front line, which imitated the German defensive line in this sector of the front. Through such a lane in complex training (accelerated attack -\u003e overcoming obstacles -\u003e throwing grenades -\u003e hand-to-hand combat), all units were driven several times. The exercises were conducted separately, platoon, company and battalion. Such training ended with regimental exercises, so the command achieved complete coherence of all combat units: from a simple soldier to a regiment. Hand-to-hand training took up to 15% of the total time allocated for such exercises. Particular attention was paid to the tactical behavior of soldiers in hand-to-hand combat in various conditions of close combat: trenches, communication routes, engineering structures, and, starting from 1943-44, in residential and public buildings.
Reception of fighting from RPRB-41 unarmed with an armed rifle In the new Combat Regulations of the Red Army infantry, adopted in 1942, the position of hand-to-hand combat as the main type of combat was already fixed: in Chapter 1 “ General provisions”It says: "Fire, maneuver, and hand-to-hand combat are the main modes of action for infantry."
In an offensive infantry battle, the task of the infantry was defined as follows - “... skillfully combining fire and movement, get close to the enemy, attack him, destroy in hand-to-hand combat or captureand secure the captured area ... "
No. 67014 / s
Secret
About the work done by the Inspectorate of non-military and physical training of the Red Army
From the time of its formation in April 1924 and until the end of the same year, the Inspectorate of Non-Arms and Physical Training of the Red Army was in charge of issues of territorial formations, non-military, and physical training.
* Number and date of the cover note containing the resolution of C.S. Kamenev's reading of November 21.
In the month of October, p.y. issues of territorial formations were removed from the functions of the Inspectorate and its further work focused on resolving the main tasks in the field of non-military and physical training of the Red Army and the militarization of political and educational work among the population.
The main activities of the Inspectorate in the first period were:
1) in the study and development of issues put forward in March 1924 by the All-Union conference on terformations and in preparatory work for the next training camp;
2) in the management of conducting pre-conscription training;
3) in the management of physical training of pre-conscription age, military educational institutions and military units of the Red Army and the Navy;
4) in the popularization of the ideas of physical development in the Red Army and among the civilian population;
5) participation in the work of departments and departments of the central office on the above issues;
6) in participation in work on physical and non-military training outside the Military Department.
As a result of a survey of a number of military districts carried out in the spring and summer periods of the past year, the Inspectorate collected and processed material on organizing the collection of terrain units, their zoning, deployment, staffing, etc .; at the same time, the organization and conduct of pre-conscription training in individual regions, as well as physical development in military units and universities, was studied in detail.
Describing the activities of the Inspectorate as a whole for the second period of time, in order to fully cover all its functions, it is necessary to dwell on the following significant stages of its work:
1) staff work inside the apparatus itself;
2) activities in the range of their functions are exclusively inspection and, finally,
3) the work of the Inspectorate outside of its apparatus on carrying out certain issues requiring the approval or assistance of other bodies, both military and especially civilian departments.
It is necessary to point out that from the initial steps of its activities, the Inspectorate considered the issues of non-military training in general and, in particular, pre-conscription training as the most important event in the further development of territorial-militia construction, which is the main foundation in new system construction of the armed forces.
This guided the Inspectorate in drawing up its report and theses for the expanded plenum of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, it was guided by this in its internal work and in the work of the commissions of the War Department, and, finally, all of its activities outside the War Department were permeated by this.
At the same time, the course of the Inspectorate was directed towards carrying out work, especially in the field of physical training and militarization, not at the expense of the Military Department, but shifting most of the costs to professional organizations and the population itself.
Three-year plan. In connection with the need to introduce off-arms training into a planned channel at the end of 1924, a three-year (1926-1928) plan with diagrams and calculations was developed, which provided for:
2) the organization of the training apparatus in the areas of territorial and personnel divisions and in areas not covered by military units;
3) the procedure for implementing the normal plan for the training of pre-conscripts;
4) the costs of organizing non-military training of various categories of persons liable for military service.
Development of legal provisions. The shortcomings and sore points of the places that emerged during the period of the pre-conscript gathering in the 1924-25 academic year led to the need for the Inspectorate to develop a number of legal provisions sent to the RKKA GU for further elaboration and legislative implementation, which include:
1) a draft resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the organization of training centers;
2) the draft regulations on the educational center, the head and the head of the station;
3) a draft resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on assistance councils and regulations on them;
4) a draft resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and instructions on involving the commanding staff of the reserve in conducting extra-military training;
5) the chapter "Regulations on the passage of service by the commanding staff of the Red Army" involved in the organization and conduct of non-military training.
Without leaving aside the issue of deepening the principles of the militarization of political and educational bodies, the Inspectorate developed and sent an information letter signed by the deputy head of the USSR Revolutionary Military Council to the Union republics. prev. [RVS USSR] on the planned and carried out measures, with the attachment of all the developed materials and circulars of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, with the aim of carrying them through the appropriate government bodies.
Pre-conscription training management. In addition to a purely theoretical study of issues related to the setting of non-military training in normal conditions, the Inspectorate supervised the ongoing training of pre-conscripts in 1903 and 1904. [birth]. The places were given directives on the procedure for using instructors-organizers, on activities in the field of organizing non-military training of military commissariats (31 / XII-24, No. 135212), on the procedure for passing pre-conscription training by students (16 / II-25, No. 135330) and on preparation of [pre-conscripts] 1903 [birth] (13 / XII-24, No. 59014 / s).
From the summer of 1925, the organizational functions for non-military training were completely transferred to the General Directorate of the Red Army, while the Inspectorate took part in them, leading exclusively only the training side of the matter and inspecting and instructing places. This leadership was expressed in the preparation of programs and guidelines for the training periods. By the current academic year, new 420-hour programs have been developed in cooperation with the Inspectorates for all branches of the armed forces and published for the training of pre-conscripts in various branches of the armed forces.
Tutorials and devices. Providing places with teaching devices and manuals was also part of the functions of the Inspectorate, which by the current academic year has been acquired and sent to the districts:
1) statutes: disciplinary - 9,000 copies; internal service - 5,000 copies, rifle - 3,350 copies, rifle combat verification rule - 2,000 copies, Maxim machine gun - 3,300 copies, hand grenades - 3,100 copies, firing range arrangement - 3,100 copies, rifle , part three - 3,900 copies, infantry combat regulations, part one - 3,900 copies;
2) wall tables: rifle - 4,000 copies, shooting - 4,500 sets, gas masks - 4,500 pieces, means and methods of chemical attack - 4,500 pieces, conventional signs - 4,500 pieces, squad and platoon service - 34,000 pieces;
3) collection "Territorial construction" - 840 copies;
4) 1400 sets of shooting devices.
Material base. The material base of non-military training in 1924 also did not leave the hands of the Inspectorate, which demanded and allocated additional loans in the amount of 450,000 rubles to pay per diems for instructors-organizers, to equip training centers and purchase teaching aids and devices, as well as to retrain command personnel stock (March 1925). At the same time, directives were given on the procedure for using the credits transferred by the center.
Concerned about the provision of a material basis for the ongoing militarization of civilian cultural and educational bodies, the Inspectorate developed and submitted to the interested people's commissariats estimates for the adaptation of reading rooms and clubs to military work.
Physical training. With regard to the physical training of school and pre-conscription ages and the civilian population, a new program for the physical training of pre-conscripts has been developed, which is included in the general collection of programs. Submitted to the scientific and methodological commission of the Main Academic Council to take into account, when drawing up school programs, the requirements of the Military Department for the physical training of schoolchildren of a unified labor school.
In addition to programs developed:
1) the issue of using civic organizations and institutions (trade unions, Glavpolitprosvet, etc.) to conduct physical training of young people;
2) order of the RVS of the USSR dated January 31 of this year. No. 143 on the need for the active participation of Voenveda employees in the councils of physical culture;
3) the issue of taking into account the results of physical training of pre-conscripts in relation to the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR this year for # 568;
4) the draft decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on work in physical culture (for the All-Union Sports Club)
In addition, materials on the physical education of young people have been prepared for the All-Union Teachers' Congress.
With regard to the physical training of units of the Red Army and F:
1) carried out by order of the RVS of the USSR this year. for №151 Regulations on the committees of physical training and sports trips; and
2) developed:
a) a draft order on the introduction of established positions of leaders and overseeing physical training in military units (partially passed by law in relation to divisional overseeing physical training);
b) a normal plan for physical training for the 1924-25 academic year for all branches of the armed forces (announced by the circular of the Chief of Staff of the Red Army of December 19, 1924, No. 135187);
c) instructions for determining the physical fitness of military units and universities (issued by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR of this year No. 568);
d) regulations and rules on winter and summer competitions of military units (announced by the circulars of the Inspectorate dated January 30 of this year, No. 135,290, and of April 24, No. 135,567, and 6 July this year, No. 135,416);
e) programs for the physical training of personnel and territorial units for all branches of the armed forces for two years of service were transferred to the relevant Inspectorates for inclusion in the general list of knowledge that must be completed for the entire time the Red Army soldiers are in active military service;
f) directives to the districts on work on physical training during the camp period (circular of the Chief of Staff of the Red Army of April 24 this year, No. 135,567);
g) instructions and a schematic (approximate) plan of extracurricular sports work in the RKKA (transferred to the PUR for distribution to the field).
With regard to the organization of physical education in universities, the programs of all military schools developed by the UVUZ were considered and edited.
Considered and supplemented by the programs of the courses of physical education of the command staff of the Red Army and the Navy named after t. Lenin.
The tasks of all categories of universities (and academies) in relation to physical education have been established. An instruction is being developed for the organization of physical education at military academies.
Scientific work. The lack of manuals and guidance literature, especially acutely felt in such a new area of \u200b\u200bwork as non-military training and militarization, as well as the need to promote physical culture, put on the agenda the issue of scientific work of the Inspectorate, during the existence of which the following manuals were published:
Physical fitness:
1) "Methods of objective assessment of the results of physical training of military units and universities";
2) "Organization of competitions, physical culture holidays, arrangement of sites";
3) "Sports in the Red Army in the summer";
4) "The system of physical training of the Red Army";
5) "Physical culture of workers";
6) "Throwing hand grenades";
7) "Tests of physical fitness".
For non-military training:
1) "Guidelines for setting up a gymnastic campus at a training center";
2) "Guidelines for the construction of a sapper-camouflage town at a training point" (Inspection of Red Army Engineers);
3) "Handbook-manual for commanding personnel conducting off-arms training";
4) "Guidance to the command-political composition of territorial units."
In addition, the Inspectorate took part in publications: the collection "Territorial construction", the collection "Winter studies", "Companion of the young commander", in the collections published by the Supreme Council of Physical Culture and the Central Committee of the RLKSM; in the magazines: "Military Bulletin", "Krasnoarmeets", "Sputnik political worker", "War and revolution", "News of physical culture of the RSFSR", "Bulletin of physical culture of the Ukrainian SSR", "At the machine tool", "Voice of the worker", etc., in newspapers: Krasnaya Zvezda, Krasny Sport, Pravda, etc.
With the close participation and editing of the Inspectorate, the collection of the Main Political Education Department "The Armed People" was published.
Current activity. The day-to-day activities of the Inspectorate were far from typical clerical work. In its main features, it boiled down to processing with subsequent conclusions of reporting materials for the meetings of the Inspectorate and meetings of the Council for Combat Training of the Red Army, to the current management of the work on conducting training camps [conscripts] in 1903 and 1904 [born] and preparing the training camps in 1925-26. year, as well as to coordinate the organization and conduct of training on the railways.
Occasional work can include the preparation of a report and abstracts on non-military and physical training for the expanded plenum of the RVS in December 1924, as well as the collection and processing of materials on the actual state of all terdivisions with a comprehensive description of each of them. This work was carried out by the Inspectorate in March 1925, when the issues of thermal construction were removed from the Inspectorate, and the desired result was not obtained due to the fact that there were no exhaustive materials in the entire central apparatus. (Inspection report dated April 11, 1925, No. 59051 / s).
Along with this, in its current work, the Inspectorate participated in the development of measures and legal provisions issued by the directorates and departments of the General Directorate of the Red Army and the Headquarters of the Red Army, both on issues of non-military and physical training, and territorial construction (Directorate of Troops Organization, Command Directorate, Legal and Statistical Department, Organizational -mobilization management, etc.).
Work in commissions. The above stages of the Inspectorate's work, on the one hand, contributed to the resolution of the most important fundamental issues of organizing and conducting non-military training and militarization and posed these issues as the most important in the development and resolution of the foundations of the organizational structure of the armed forces, on the other hand, were a consequence of those specific conclusions reached commissions of the RVS for non-military training and militarization. The first - was created in December 1924 under the chairmanship of an inspector. The commission consisted of 2 employees of the Inspectorate, and the issues subject to resolution of the commission were subject to preliminary study in the Inspectorate itself. In the month of May of this year, the Inspectorate completed, developed and carried out through the above-mentioned commission drafts of "Basic provisions of off-arms training" and "Specific measures" for the implementation of this training. The main provisions were determined:
1) the goals and objectives of off-arms training;
2) forms of participation of state and civil organizations in the implementation of non-military training;
3) the volume of pre-conscription training programs;
4) organization of training for pre-conscripts at air and sea fleets and at railway units;
5) the basics of non-military training of pre-conscripts and substitutes;
6) the organization of training camps for non-military training;
7) the bodies in charge of non-military training in military units and other areas and the training apparatus;
8) organization and equipment of military training centers, principles of their zoning and deployment;
9) supply of training centers with teaching aids, military and sports equipment;
10) the procedure for attracting and paying for training commanding personnel. "Specific measures" developed in accordance with the "Basic Provisions" resulted in a plan for non-military training, starting from the 1925-26 academic year.
Second commission - on militarization was also organized under the chairmanship of the inspector in November 1924. 3 employees of the Inspectorate were directly included in the commission, and the commission also relied on the apparatus of the Inspectorate in its work. As a result of her work, the tasks, forms and methods of attracting and organizing public initiative in the field of military training of the population were determined; there have been outlined the bodies that should be involved in the work on military training in the first place; the costs associated with carrying out this work at the local level were determined and organizational forms of managing work in the center and the union republics were outlined. The tasks of using public initiative by the commission are reduced to:
1) attracting the attention of the working people to questions of building the Red Army and Navy;
2) the dissemination of military literacy among the entire mass of the population and, first of all, the basics of shooting;
3) strengthening the physical education of the population;
4) the creation of a military training base in the period between the gatherings of contingents undergoing military training in a non-military order and the change-overs of territorial units;
5) the elimination of illiteracy among the contingents liable for military service.
It is planned to accomplish this task through the inclusion of elements of military and physical training in the system of general labor education and education and the adaptation of all political and educational work also for the purposes of military training.
Inspection. Moving on to the second stage of the Inspectorate's work, it should be noted that over the last academic year, with regard to military training and terformations, the following have been inspected:
By Caucasian Red Banner Army - army management, one personnel division, one national division, two regiments of the Azerbaijan rifle division and one regiment of the Armenian rifle division.
By North Caucasian Military District - two rifle and one personnel divisions and 7 military commissariats of the autonomous regions.
By Volga Military District - three rifle divisions and three territorial districts.
By Kazakh regional military commissariat - two territorial districts and one district enlistment office.
By Siberian Military District - two rifle divisions and two territorial districts.
By Ukrainian military district - four independent territorial districts, one corps territorial district and three rifle divisions.
By - two rifle divisions and three independent territorial districts.
By Western Military District - one rifle division, one corps district and two independent territorial districts.
By Turkestan front - one territorial district, two regional military commissariats and two district military commissariats.
By Moscow Military District - one independent territorial district.
For physical fitness:
By Leningrad Military District - Military-Political, Artillery and Engineering Academy, Physical education courses for the command personnel of the Red Army and the Navy and inspection of non-military and physical training.
By Ukrainian military district - two rifle divisions, one infantry school, one military-political school, three territorial districts, an inspection of non-military and physical training and military sports competitions.
By Moscow Military District - three rifle divisions.
By Volga Military District - three rifle divisions, one rifle regiment, two universities, three territorial districts and an inspection of non-military and physical training.
The physical fitness inspection plan scheduled for the past year was not fully implemented, but the materials received still gave a lot for the further management of the Inspectorate. The current year has shown that the staff of the Inspectorate is completely insufficient to inspect all district centers, units of the Red Army of all types of weapons, areas of pre-conscription training and to monitor physical training in universities and RKKF.
Work outside the Inspection. An extremely characteristic moment in all the activities of the Inspectorate is the stage of its work outside its apparatus. If other bodies of the Headquarters and Directorate of the Red Army can be limited in their functions to the range of relationships within the Military Department, then the Inspectorate, when resolving its main issues, has not only to contact its work with the bodies of the civilian department, but also to carry out a number of decisions directly through the latter. A striking example of this is the following series of service relationships and activities carried out in the field of militarization and physical training:
A. Through the People's Commissariat of Education.
1) Developed together with the Glavpolitprosvet: a) circulars on the organization of military corners and circles in the huts, reading rooms and clubs; b) [draft] resolution of the Council of People's Commissars and instructions on the deployment of military work in the reading rooms; c) a list of military literature for libraries of huts, reading rooms and clubs.
2) GUS - participation of the inspector and his assistant in meetings on the organization of physical training in schools and universities and on the deployment of military work in educational institutions and political education bodies.
3) The Collegium of the People's Commissariat for Education - representation in meetings when considering estimates for the deployment of military work in huts, reading rooms and clubs, as well as the development of a draft resolution of the Council of People's Commissars on the elimination of illiteracy among pre-conscripts and citizens enrolled in the variable composition of terbets.
B. Through the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
Contact was established with the presidium and the cultural department to agree on the issues of militarization of clubs and to involve civilian organizations in the physical training of pre-conscription youth.
B. Through the Central Committee of the RLKSM.
1) Military Commission - a directive was developed and passed through the Central Committee on the involvement of local bodies of the RLKSM in the work on non-military training. Jointly issued a Regulation on military propaganda among the members of the union and on military work in the club.
2) Pioneer Commission - participation in the development of programs for physical training of pioneer teams and methods of promoting physical culture among pioneers.
D. Through the RCP RSFSR.
Participation in the commission for financing non-military training and work in the field of literacy eradication.
D. On the line of VSFC (presidium, plenum, scientific and technical committee, program and methodological commission, editorial board, ski commission and commission for work in the village).
Inspector - deputy chairman of the VSFC, assistant inspector - deputy chairman of the scientific and technical committee, 2 employees of the Inspectorate are chairmen of sections and members of the scientific and technical committee, and 1 worker is a member of the scientific and technical committee.
Active role Inspections in the AFFC made it possible not only to participate in all organizational and scientific and technical work of the AFFC, but also to coordinate the relevant activities of the people's commissariats and organizations represented in the AFFC with the requirements of the Military Department for the psychophysical training of various ages of the civilian population.
On the line of eliminating illiteracy.
Participation in the work:
a) VChKLB in relation to the elimination of illiteracy among pre-conscripts and the variable composition of terbets.
b) All-Russian meeting of regional and provincial liquidators of illiteracy (summing up the results of work and approving plans for the next 2 academic years).
c) the 3rd All-Russian Congress on the Eradication of Illiteracy (identification of robot methods).
The work of the Inspectorate in the special commissions of the Military Department is no less characteristic. The commission of the GU RKKA for the development of the law on compulsory military service was attended by 3 employees, and the Inspectorate itself developed the following sections and chapters: "Pre-conscription training" (section II); "On active military service and variable composition" (Chapter B, Section III); "On active military service of citizens undergoing training in non-military order" (Chapter B, Section III). The commission of the GU RKKA for the development of the Regulations on Terdivisions was attended by 2 workers, and the inspector was the chairman of three subcommissions. 5 employees took part in the RSP commission for the development of the Regulation on work between the gatherings of territorial units, and the Inspectorate itself developed: 1) a chapter on training centers; 2) on the drop of personnel; 3) about authorized persons from among persons of variable composition; 4) about shooting galleries and military towns with a list of equipment items of the shooting gallery; 5) timesheets for the supply of inventory and property of training centers; 6) instruction to the authorized.
In the current work of the Inspectorate, part of the time had to be devoted to coordination, joint development and assistance in resolving issues related mainly to non-military training, territorial development and physical culture. For example:
1) participation in the central psychophysiological commission at the Armed Forces of the Red Army and the Navy;
2) in the Main Committee for Physical Training of the Red Army, work was carried out in accordance with the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR dated February 10 of this year. for # 151;
3) in the Central Testing Committee - participation in the work;
4) in the Directorate of military educational institutions - the coordination of programs for the physical training of universities and all issues of militarization;
5) with the Organizational Department, the issue of organizing territorial regiments in the provincial independent territorial districts was jointly worked out;
6) with the Glavsanuprom, coordination of issues of medical and sanitary services for citizens undergoing non-military training is carried out;
7) with the Supply Directorate - joint development of timesheets for the supply of training centers with residential and engineering property and norms for the supply of artillery equipment;
8) at KUVK the inspector read introductory lectures on territorial construction and 2 employees of the Inspectorate participated as group leaders.
In addition to the above, the Inspectorate took part in periodic congresses and meetings (heads of district departments, heads of political departments of districts, cavalry chiefs, UVUZ, People's Commissariat for Education, VSFC, etc.), at which reports were presented by the inspector or his assistant.
About the work of the Inspectorate in the future ... The above work of the Inspectorate in the past indicates what great prospects are opening up for the Military Department and its work on the creation of the Armed Forces of the Union on a militia basis.
The following list of works that the Inspectorate performs and must carry out in the future in order to fully serve the interests of the Red Army can serve as a characteristic of the role of the Inspectorate and determining its place in the system of modern military development of the Union.
A. For physical training of school and pre-conscription ages:
1) Working out the issues of physical education in a unified labor school, in accordance with the tasks of the Military Department.
2) Development of the foundations and methods of physical education of pre-conscription ages, carried out both by a military officer and by the forces of civilian organizations of the USSR.
3) Study of issues on the use of civil organizations and institutions (trade unions, RLKSM, Glavpolitprosvet, etc.) in order to conduct physical training of young people of pre-conscription ages in accordance with the tasks of the Military.
4) Development of norms and establishment of a procedure for determining the physical fitness of pre-conscription youth and linking this issue with the All-Union Sports Club and with interested institutions.
5) Development of the "Manual for the physical training of pre-conscripts."
B. For the physical training of the military units of the Red Army and the Navy:
1) Development and implementation by law of provisions on leaders and overseeing physical training in parts of the Red Army.
2) Detailing the normal physical training plan of the Red Army units and guidance on issues raised by places.
3) Elaboration of the issues of conducting work on physical education among the turn-overs of the terraces and the periods between training camps, in particular, the organization of military-sports sections in clubs, huts, reading rooms, etc.
4) Study of issues of physical training of command personnel.
5) Development of a methodology for morning physical exercises and special training sessions for physical training of the Red Army.
6) Participation in the development of the issue of medical control over the physical training of the Red Army.
7) Working out questions on physical training of a scientific nature, such as: about the best ways of walking, about the working capacity of a human fighter, etc.
8) Elaboration of questions on the formulation of physical training in foreign armies.
9) Development of programs and instructions for out-of-school sports work in parts of the Red Army.
10) Processing of data on the physical fitness of military units in accordance with the requirements of the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR in 1925 No. 568.
11) Development of the "Manual on physical training of the Red Army".
12) Development of "Guidelines for the use of skis in military affairs."
13) Development of the "Manual for extracurricular sports work in the Red Army and the Navy."
14) Development of the "Memo for the commander and the instructor-organizer for physical culture."
15) Participation in the work of the supply bodies of the Higher Art School and the All-Russian Sports Complex on sports supply and standardization of samples of sports and gymnastic equipment.
B. For the physical training of military educational institutions:
1) Review and editing of programs for physical education for military schools (normal).
2) Development and review of programs for physical education for advanced courses, repetitive, academies and military departments at civilian universities.
3) General observation of the educational work of the Physical Education Courses of the Commander of the Red Army and the Fleet named after t. Lenin.
D. Inspection:
1) Military units of all types of troops (personnel and territorial).
2) Military educational institutions.
3) Training points for pre-conscription training.
4) Sports work between collection of terparts.
5) Monitoring the fulfillment of the requirements of the Military Department in relation to physical training in schools of the 1st and 2nd stages, as well as in civilian universities.
E. On agitation and promotion of physical training:
1) Development of the Regulations and Rules on winter and summer competitions of internal (units and universities), divisional, district and general army.
2) Direct participation in the conduct and organization of all-army military and all-union civil competitions.
3) Management of the activities of the Experimental Military Sports Ground of the Headquarters of the Red Army (OPPV).
4) Direct participation in the work of the press for the management of special departments of physical culture and sports, as well as as authors of articles, notes, etc.
E. Direct participation in the programmatic, methodological and organizational work of the following bodies:
1) Council for preparation [RKKA].
2) Inspections of individual combat arms of the Red Army.
3) Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army.
4) Central psychophysiological commission at the Armed Forces of the Red Army.
5) PUR (extracurricular work).
6) Legal and statistical department (statistical accounting of the results of physical training).
7) Technical Committee of VHU (supply of sports equipment).
8) Central Testing Committee (equestrian sport).
9) The Main Committee of Physical Training - the sports and technical section, the program and methodological section, the agitation and propaganda section.
10) Academic department of the UVUZ (militarization issues).
11) The Supreme Council of Physical Culture - the presidium, plenum, secretariat, editorial board, scientific and technical committee (presidium, plenum, program and methodological commission and sectors), ski commission, commission for work in the village.
12) The main scientific council - the program and methodological commission of Comrade Krupskaya, section of physical culture.
13) Central Committee of the RLKSM - military commission, pioneer commission.
14) Commission for work in the village of the Central Committee of the RCP (b).
The practical implementation of measures to militarize the population requires a long-term planned scientific and organizational work in order to cover the entire thickness of the country's multimillion population.
The pace of deployment of work on the militarization of the population will depend, firstly, on the material capabilities of various regions of the Union, the network of reading rooms, the availability of trained workers, the activity of the trade union, the RLKSM, physical culture and others. public organizations, the organs of the People's Commissariat for Education and from the interested participation of the working people themselves in this work.
In order to direct public initiative in the appropriate direction, so that it meets the requirements for building the Union Armed Forces on the basis of a militia-territorial system, a strictly worked out plan for the deployment of this work is necessary, taking into account all its features, as well as material capabilities.
The work plan for the practical implementation of the militarization of civilian cultural and educational bodies and organizations should take into account:
1) The sequence of carrying out the appropriate types of military training, depending on the tasks put forward by the country's combat readiness. First of all, he must include shooting and physical training.
2) The volume of programs for certain groups of the population, depending on age, the order of military service, the forms of organization uniting certain groups of the population (trade unions, RLKSM, pioneers, clubs, etc.).
3) The most vivid forms and methods of mass work on the militarization of the population, based on proven experience.
4) The sequence of equipment of reading rooms and clubs with shooting ranges, sports grounds, military libraries, diagrams, posters, diagrams, teaching aids, manuals, etc. both in terms of raising funds for equipment, and coverage of the area and the procedure for supplying rifles and ammunition. With still weak local budgets, the center of gravity of the equipment should be shifted to the state budget either in the form of subventions, or the inclusion of these expenses in the state budget estimates. The coverage of the districts should begin with factories and large-scale peasants.
5) The forms of the apparatuses that unite and direct this work, both in the center and in the field, and the procedure for their deployment.
6) The need for workers and the procedure for their training.
7) Forms of management and accounting of work, both in the center and in the field.
8) Delimitation of functions and determination of the relationship between the involved cultural and educational bodies and organizations, both with the apparatuses leading this work and with the military bodies on the ground.
Drawing up a plan requires a serious study of a number of issues included in this plan, as well as their coordination both within the bodies of the Military Department and with civilian bodies and organizations involved in militarization work.
At present, however, there is no clarity on the issue of centralizing this work. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR of July 17, No. 738, the militarization of civil cultural and educational bodies was entrusted to the Inspectorate, and in the political sphere - to the Political Administration of the Red Army. At the same time, the militarization of the population is entrusted to this society by the regulations on the USSR military offensive.
Thus, to carry out the militarization of the population, there are three apparatuses in the center, which are not united by anyone, and as a result - parallelism, the absence of a general plan for the deployment of work, coordination outside the Military Department of the same issues by different persons, etc.
Along with this, it must be noted that this business is gaining more and more importance among the masses every day with the expansion of the network of military corners and circles both in clubs and in huts-reading rooms.
Such spontaneity and unplanned conduct of work of primary importance must be stopped at the root by concentrating all issues of militarization of the population and in coordination with the civil bodies and organizations involved in this work in one central office; the rest of the Voenveda apparatuses, which deal with militarization work, should be entrusted with the elaboration of certain issues of the production plan developed in the militarization central apparatus.
Due to the fact that the issues of physical culture are closely related to militarization, or, rather, the first stage of militarization should be physical culture, and taking into account the past and present work of the Inspectorate in this area, I consider it necessary to insist on keeping the Inspectorate, as the central office , all issues of militarization and physical training with the assignment to it in the field of non-military training only the functions of inspection*.
With regard to the apparatus for militarization and physical training in military districts, I consider it necessary, depending on local conditions, to increase them by 2-3 workers.
As for the work in the field of non-military training, in the opinion of the Inspectorate, together with the issues of terrorist construction in general, they should be concentrated in one competent body, not burdened with other heterogeneous functions.
In conclusion, I consider it necessary to point out that since the working apparatus in the center (headquarters), which began work on terrorist construction and directed it, was the Central Directorate for the Military Training of Workers, from which the Inspectorate was formed, which in the first period of its work retained a well-known attitude towards territorial divisions, insofar as it became necessary in order to implement continuity and transfer experience to the administrations and departments, to which the control of the divisions passed, the Inspection's well-known participation in further work on terrorist construction. The challenge was to get the new bodies fully operational as soon as possible.
The implementation of this task continued until recently, despite the fact that, according to the new regulation, territorial divisions were included in the scope of the Inspectorate's activities only in terms of physical fitness.
This work consisted of participation in the work of numerous commissions, joint development of various issues and others, as indicated in this report.
At present, the organizational structure and tasks of the Inspectorate must be defined "seriously and for a long time", since frequent, almost annual reorganizations do not make it possible to carry out any firm plans [in life], deprive workers of confidence in the correct assessment of their work and disorganize the local apparatus ...
Inspector of non-military and physical training of the Red Army K. Mekhonoshin
RGVA. F. 33989. Op. 1.D. 7.L. 178-196. Script.
* This paragraph is highlighted in the text of the document.
Notes:
Berkhin I.B. Military reform in the USSR 1924-1925 M., 1958.
Congresses of Soviets of the USSR in decrees and resolutions. M., 1939.S. 85.
The report was presented to the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR (as indicated in the accompanying note), pursuant to the resolution of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR dated October 19, 1925 (protocol No. 2, paragraph 1), which read: “At one of the next meetings of the Revolutionary Military Council, hear a report on the work of the Inspections non-military and physical training "(RGVA. F. 4. Op. 18. D. 10. L. & Original). - S. 450.
Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 143 of January 31, 1925 became fundamental in the organization of work on the physical education of the Red Army. It said: “The success of the application of militia principles in the construction of the Red Army, to a greater extent, depends on how successfully the task of organizing pre-conscription military training will be solved. Pre-conscription training itself can by no means be regarded as merely teaching the basics of military affairs and the elimination of political illiteracy during a period of short training sessions. One of its biggest tasks is to provide the Red Army with a physically prepared fighter, i.e. proactive and courageous, with a strong will and perseverance in achieving the goal; with an organism that is completely healthy, tempered, capable of strong, prolonged tension and quick action, trained in a number of military applied skills, etc. " The order emphasized the main role in the unification and direction of all work on physical education and health improvement of the population of the councils of physical culture, created under the relevant local authorities - the executive committees of the councils. At the same time, insufficient attention was paid to the work of the councils of physical culture on the part of military workers, often ignoring them. “Such phenomena,” the order noted, “should not take place in the future. They speak of a lack of understanding of the basic principles of the measures being taken in the Union in the field of military development ”(RGVA. F. 4, Op. 12. D. 48. L. 100 Typographic copies). - S. 453.
Order of the RVS of the USSR No. 151 of February 10, 1925 with the "Regulations on the physical training committees of the RKKA" (RGVA. F. 4. Op. 3. D. 2580. L 107. Typographic copy). - S. 454.
"Instructions for determining the physical fitness of military units and military educational institutions of the Red Army" - announced by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 568 dated May 29, 1925 (RGVA. F. 4. Op. 3. D. 2580. L. 431. Typographic copy. ). - S. 454.
After the victory of the October Revolution, the formation and development of a new proletarian system of physical education in the country and in the army took place on the basis of what had already been achieved in this area in pre-revolutionary Russia. It should be noted that already at the beginning of the existence of the young Soviet republic, this process intensified. This was caused primarily by the outbreak of the Civil War and the need for accelerated preparation of replenishment for the Red Army and the Cheka troops.
On April 8, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a Decree on the creation of volost, uyezd, provincial and district military commissariats, which were entrusted with the tasks of preparing reserves for the Red Army and organizing sports work among the population in the field. The decree stated that military commissariats should organize gymnastic, sports and shooting societies. On April 20, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Decree "On compulsory training in the art of war", which introduced a system of military training for workers. It was carried out at the military training points of the military registration and enlistment offices for 8 weeks (12 hours a week) without interruption from production.
To ensure the organization and management of general military training, the Main Directorate of General Military Training (Vsevobuch) was formed. A prominent party and military leader was appointed its chief. Nikolay Ilyich Podvoisky (1880 1948). Departments and divisions were created under military commissariats, and in the districts - Vsevobuch administrations, which were engaged in the body and military training of workers, the construction of sports facilities, and created sports clubs. At the same time, special attention was paid to the training of pre-conscripts. An integral part combat training youth had physical training, which included field gymnastics and bayonet fighting. Classes were conducted by instructors of pre-conscription training and sports, who were trained in specially created courses. They were opened in Moscow, Petrograd, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, in more than 20 cities. In April 1919, the First All-Russian Congress on Physical Culture, Sports and Pre-conscription Training was held in Moscow, which summed up the first results of the military and physical training of the population. Congress adopted "Regulations on pre-conscription training" , which provided for the further improvement of the content of the physical training of pre-conscripts and the expansion of its program through the use of various sports.
On May 25, 1919, in connection with the anniversary of Vsevobuch, a parade of sportsmen took place on Red Square in Moscow, which was received by V.I. Lenin. Welcoming the participants in the parade, he gave a high assessment of the activities of the Vsevobuch and Komsomol bodies. During the years of the Civil War, more than 11 million people underwent military physical training.
On January 31, 1920, the Main Military School of Physical Education of the Workers of Vsevobuch was opened in Moscow, which trained teachers and leaders with higher physical education for the schools of Vsevobuch, GUVUZ and the Red Army. To strengthen the leadership of physical culture work in the country in 1920, the Supreme Council of Physical Culture (VSFC) was created under the Pchavny Directorate of Vsevobuch. The VSFC was not a government agency. However, the presence in its composition of representatives of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), the RKSM, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (RVSR), the People's Commissar of Millet, the People's Commissariat of Health and other authorities allowed the Council to unite the activities of all departments and institutions in the planned organization of pre-conscription training and physical development of the population. N.I. Podvoisky.
At the beginning of 1922, they approved "Regulations on the sports centers of Vsevobuch"... They were created at the local bodies of Vsevobuch to organize, in accordance with the unified state program, pre-conscription training of young people and physical culture and sports work with the population in factories, factories, schools and other institutions. The centers were managed by the Soviets, which had their own administrative apparatus, the necessary staff of instructors and were centrally financed by Vsevobuch. The number and number of sports centers can be judged by the order issued in February 1922 to the districts of uniforms received by Vsevobuch from the military department specifically for equipping the instructors of sports centers. The figure is an impressive 6600 sets. From 12 to 19 February 1922, the Main Directorate of Vsevobuch organized and held All-Russian competitions in Moscow "Winter Sports Week", in which the combined teams of the district administrations, as well as the strongest athletes of the country participated. There were 250 athletes from 35 cities at the start of the competitions in skiing, skating, hockey, boxing, wrestling and weight lifting. Weightlifters A. Bukharov and Y. Sparre, skaters Y. Melnikov, brothers V. and P. Ippolitov, G. Kushin and other famous athletes performed successfully in the competition.
Since 1920, the General Directorate of Vsevobuch was entrusted with the general management of physical training in the Red Army. Within its structure, an educational and sports department is being created, which is engaged in the preparation of regulatory documents on the organization of physical training in the troops. In January 1922, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic S. Kamenev instructs Vsevobuch to develop "Guide to the physical development of the Red Army".
On October 2, 1922, he signed a draft order prepared by Vsevobuch at his direction, which laid the foundations of the army's system of physical training and sports. Here are some excerpts from this order; "The need for physical education of troops by means of a broad and systematic organization of gymnastics, athletics, sports and games has been irrefutably proven both by the experience of peacetime and even more by the experience of the past world and civil wars ... The entire command staff must assimilate the idea that physical education is part of the training of a fighter as important as drill or literacy ... Because of this:
1. Using all possible means, in fact and unswervingly, carry out gymnastic classes in the troops, starting with ... swimming, football, skiing, etc., and pay special attention to those types of physical exercises that are more consistent with the conditions of service in this kind of troops.
2. Compulsory physical education classes ... should be supplemented and diversified by club classes in athletics, games, shooting sports etc…
3. To establish ... periodic sports and gymnastic performances and competitions both within military units and between teams of individual units and higher military formations.
4. To maintain close contact in work with the General Education, which is responsible for rendering the Red Army all kinds of assistance, both in the sense of allocating the necessary instructor forces and in terms of organizing club and other activities.
On December 19, 1922, the RVSR issued an order announcing "Regulations on the circles of physical education in the clubs of the Red Army and Navy"... In accordance with this Regulation, signed by the Chief Chief of Vsevobuch N.I. Podvoisky, the circle of physical culture was established at the club of the military unit and had a governing body, the Presidium. Any Red Army soldier and commander of a given unit could become a member of the circle. The purpose of the physical culture circles was to organize additional extracurricular activities and trainings for servicemen in various types of physical exercises and sports, as well as their active leisure. The circles were supposed to equip places for physical education, organize trainings in various sports, competitions and holidays, promote physical education, etc. Each circle could have a distinctive name, independent sports uniform and badge. In fact, these circles were small sports organizations (society). The circles of physical education in the army are the latest initiative of the All-Learning Education. His days were already numbered. At the beginning of 1923, in connection with the end of the Civil War, the liquidation of this department began.
In February 1923, his new Chief, instead of N.I. Podvoisky was appointed K.A. Mekhonoshin, and the General Directorate of Vsevobuch itself is included in the Headquarters of the Red Army. Then it is reorganized, after which it completely ceases to exist. Nevertheless, the work done by the General Education on the development of the physical culture movement in the country and the army deserves the highest praise. Many of his undertakings and ideas, which were not fully realized, were subsequently successfully applied in the creation of the Dynamo sports society, which will be discussed below.
In 1922, taking into account the study of the experience of the Civil War, the Physical Training Program of the Red Army was developed. It defined the tasks of physical training and the forms of its implementation: training sessions, sports work (extracurricular activities) and physical training on drill and tactical exercises. Since 1923, the Red Army began to carry out compulsory daily morning physical exercises, performed for 10-15 minutes. The main guiding documents on physical training at this time were published back in 1919 in the Manual for the training of ski units and additions to the Red Army Infantry Regulations entitled "Training in Bayonet Fighting".
And only in 1924 was introduced the manual "Physical training of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and pre-conscription youth". It outlined the goal, objectives, means, forms, methods and other questions of the organization of physical training. This testified to the creation of the foundations of the physical training system of the Red Army. Physical training begins to become an independent type of combat training. In these and subsequent years, the system of physical training in the internal troops differed little from the army. This is due to the fact that the internal troops were guided by the same physical training manual with the Red Army. Physical exercise training programs were also similar in content. In October 1922, by order of the Deputy Chairman of the GPU I.S. Unshlikhta announced the programs and calculation of hours of training with the Red Army soldiers in the units of the GPU troops. In the explanatory note to the program in the section "Drill training and gymnastics" it was written: "This section of training is conducted throughout the course and consists of drill training, gymnastics on machines (apparatus. - Author's note), free movements, sports and training in bayonet battle. Special attention turn to solitary learning ...
Perform gymnastic exercises every day for at least half an hour, alternating floor exercises with sports and machine gymnastics, thus striving for a gradual development of the body. Sports business should be as follows: running, overcoming various obstacles, throwing hand grenades (blanks), discs, pole vaulting and cross-country skiing, where possible. When teaching bayonet fighting, action with a bayonet (chopping stuffed animals and bayonet fighting) should serve as a means to the development of flexibility and strength of the arms, as well as to the eye. "
Sports work in the units of the GPU troops was carried out mainly in the form of circle classes in the Red Army clubs. From the monthly written reports of the political secretariat of the Moscow district to the political department of the troops of the GPU of the Republic, it is clear that football prevailed in sports work, which, on the one hand, was very popular with the Red Army, on the other hand, it did not require large material costs. The development of other sports was hampered by the lack of equipped places for training, sports equipment and uniforms, as well as instructors for sports activities. The requirements of the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic of August 16, 1922, which stated: "Sports and gymnastics classes, as a necessary part of the training of a fighter, are now being introduced into the compulsory training course for troops."
As a first measure in this direction, the chiefs of units and military educational institutions of the Red Army should immediately begin training command staff, Red Army men and cadets football (foot ball), as sports game, the most appropriate to the tasks of military physical education, organizing this game: 1) in the form of a compulsory subject of classes in the number of hours allocated for physical exercises, and 2) in the order of club, entertaining activities outside of duty. ... General management and control over the conduct of football in the Red Army is assigned to the General Directorate of General Military Training. "
A.I. Mikhalev "Strong in body - strong in spirit"